This paper analyzes the causes of emergency logistics, introduces the concepts and connotations of emergency logistics and emergency logistics system, expounds the elements, characteristics and design principles of emergency logistics system, and gives the operating conditions of emergency logistics system.
Emergency logistics; Emergency logistics system; System characteristics; Cao Zuo Jian
First, the causes of emergency logistics analysis
The demand for emergency logistics comes not only from "natural disasters" but also from "man-made disasters". The main reasons can be divided into the following categories:
1. Natural disasters. Accidents will happen. At present, it is impossible to estimate the additional logistics cost caused by the emergency logistics demand caused by natural disasters every year, which should be the largest emergency logistics cost in China.
2. Decision-making mistakes. Due to the incompleteness of information needed for decision-making and the quality limitation of decision-makers, once the decision-makers make mistakes, they will cause material losses, which are often reflected in the logistics system.
3. The international environment is very complicated. With the strength of China, China's international environment has become more complicated, and China's dependence on foreign trade has reached 65% in 2006. The land, sea and air logistics routes from abroad to China are often threatened and interfered by war, which adds a lot of risks to China's economic development. As long as China becomes stronger, this risk will increase. Therefore, it is of great strategic significance to establish China petroleum emergency logistics system.
4. Consumer rights protection. In order to protect the rights and interests of consumers, it is now more free and convenient for consumers to return goods to businesses. There are quality problems in automobiles, household appliances and other products, and manufacturers must recall them. Once such a recall occurs, the cost of emergency logistics will definitely devour the sales profits of these products. In order to protect the rights and interests of consumers, manufacturers must establish an emergency logistics system to deal with emergency returns, recalls and other events.
In addition to the above four reasons, there are also reasons from the third party that can lead to the emergency logistics needs of manufacturers, such as road construction detour, which will extend the transportation time and delivery time, and the wrong information transmission will lead to the arrival of goods, which will affect the construction period and market sales.
Second, the concept and connotation of emergency logistics
There are many concepts about emergency logistics, and this paper tends to adopt the Definition of Logistics Terms (GB/T 18354-2006): a logistics activity that prepares for possible emergencies and can be put into practice quickly when the events occur.
Emergency logistics actually refers to a special logistics activity that provides emergency support for the needs of materials, personnel and funds when a crisis occurs. In many cases, emergency logistics realizes its logistics benefits through the realization of logistics efficiency, and even becomes a pure consumption behavior in some cases, only considering the realization of logistics efficiency. Emergency logistics is generally characterized by suddenness, weak economy, uncertainty and unconventional.
Third, the concept and characteristics of emergency logistics system
Logistics system refers to an organic whole with specific functions, which is composed of a number of interdependent dynamic elements such as materials, packaging equipment, loading and unloading machinery, transportation tools, storage facilities, personnel and communication links in a certain time and space. The components of logistics system mainly include six aspects: fluid, carrier, flow direction, speed, flow rate and process.
Emergency logistics system refers to an interconnected, coordinated and interactive organic whole composed of various logistics elements, logistics links and logistics entities in order to complete the sudden logistics demand.
The characteristics of emergency logistics determine that the emergency logistics system has the following characteristics different from the general internal logistics system or supply chain logistics system:
1. Characteristics of "time" element in emergency logistics system. Emergency logistics system should not only have six basic elements of general logistics system, but also have a unique element "time". Due to the sudden characteristics of emergency logistics, that is, the great uncertainty of emergency logistics demand time and the urgency of emergency logistics demand time constraint, "time" is an important system factor in emergency logistics system, that is, emergency logistics system has seven elements: fluid, carrier, direction, flow, process, speed and time.
2. Rapid response capability of emergency logistics system. The suddenness and randomness of emergency logistics determine that the emergency logistics system should have the ability of rapid response and the characteristics of one-time and temporary. This characteristic determines the regularity, stability and circulation of emergency logistics system, which is different from general internal logistics or supply chain logistics system.
3. Openness and expansibility of emergency logistics system. The randomness and uncertainty of emergency logistics demand determine that the design of emergency logistics system should be open and extensible. The demand and supply of emergency logistics is uncertain before the emergency, but it must be incorporated into the emergency logistics system after the emergency.
Fourth, the design principles of emergency logistics system
The goal of emergency logistics system is to get the needed emergency materials at the lowest cost in the shortest time, transport the emergency materials to the appropriate demand place at the appropriate time with the appropriate means of transportation, and deliver them to the demanders in an appropriate way. The characteristics of emergency logistics determine that the emergency logistics system has the following special design principles:
1. Pre-prevention and post-emergency of emergency logistics system should be combined. The ex post selectivity of emergency logistics demand determines that efficient emergency materials information system and emergency transportation information system should become a part of emergency logistics system. Before the outbreak of emergencies, it is of great significance to establish a national large-scale information system or data warehouse with the theme of emergency materials and emergency transportation tools for the efficient operation of emergency logistics system after the outbreak of emergencies.
2. Time efficiency is more important than economic benefit. The suddenness of emergency logistics, the imbalance of flow and the urgency of time constraint determine that time efficiency is more important than economic benefit in the design of emergency logistics system. The emergency logistics system should design the procurement mechanism and transportation mechanism of emergency materials, compare the transportation capacity, transportation path and transportation scheme of various vehicles, and give a satisfactory scheme. The design of emergency logistics system should also include the use of GPS, GIS and other means to control and dispatch the transportation process.
3. Market mechanism coexists with administrative mechanism and legal mechanism. Emergency logistics is mostly aimed at sudden and disastrous natural or social hazards, and it is a part of the whole society or the public. Therefore, the design of emergency logistics system depends not only on market mechanism, but also on administrative mechanism and legal mechanism.
Verb (verb's abbreviation) Analysis on the Operation of Emergency Logistics System
The operating conditions of emergency logistics system refer to the conditions that the administrative management system, public policy, legal system and technical support facilities of the whole society should have in order to ensure the efficient operation of emergency logistics system, complete various functions of the system and achieve the goals of the system after an emergency.
Monitoring and early warning mechanism
Monitoring and early warning is the basis of all emergency rescue, disposal and treatment. Functional departments at all levels should carefully collect, summarize, sort out and analyze relevant information according to relevant national laws and regulations, and submit relevant information to the public for linkage. The leaders in charge or management departments shall, jointly with relevant experts in health, epidemic prevention, geology, meteorology, fire protection, flood control and environmental protection, make risk prediction and assessment, put forward early warning opinions and take countermeasures in advance.
National mobilization mechanism
The national mobilization mechanism in emergency logistics can inform people of the time and place of disasters, the types and scope of disasters, the difficulties in disaster relief, the progress of work and the ways and means for people to participate in disaster relief through the media and communication.
(C) government coordination mechanism
The key to deal with emergencies lies in the effective play of government functions, including: effectively coordinating, organizing and mobilizing various international and domestic resources; Timely put forward opinions, measures or plans to solve emergencies; Organize to raise and allocate emergency materials and emergency relief funds; According to the need to urgently mobilize the relevant units to produce emergency relief materials; Take all measures and methods to coordinate, dredge or eliminate human factors and non-human obstacles that are not conducive to emergency material support.
(D) Legal guarantee mechanism
Legal protection plays a vital role in dealing with major natural disasters, public health emergencies and security incidents, and can regulate the rights, responsibilities and due obligations of individuals, associations and government departments in extraordinary times.
"green channel" mechanism
In order to ensure the smooth delivery of emergency materials, during major disasters and disaster relief, a "green channel" mechanism can be established between regions and countries, that is, one or more special channels or procedures for emergency support can be established and opened, and emergency materials can be given priority when necessary, which can effectively simplify the operation cycle and improve the speed, thus improving the efficiency of emergency logistics, shortening the operation time of emergency logistics and minimizing the loss of life and property.
(six) emergency reporting and information release mechanism
The emergency report of emergencies is an important channel for decision-making organs to master the information about the occurrence and development of emergencies. The release of emergency information with a realistic and scientific attitude is the embodiment of the government's responsibility to the society and the public, which is conducive to alleviating the tense atmosphere in society. The timely collection and transmission of information is an important means of emergency logistics support and effective disaster relief.
(7) Emergency fund reserve mechanism
The capital flow in emergency logistics activities is a management link that cannot be ignored. For the current demand of China's economic construction and development, the invasion of unexpected events will have a negative impact on the region and even the whole country. No matter how the emergency fund is raised and managed, it is very important to be legal, planned and regular.
(eight) emergency logistics system technical support platform
Establish emergency material information system or data warehouse, emergency logistics vehicle information system or data warehouse, emergency logistics plan database, and build an emergency material transportation scheduling platform automatically generated by emergency transportation plan and an emergency material transportation monitoring platform based on GPS and GIS.
Emergency logistics is still a new concept in China, and the emergency logistics system in China is still far from perfect. It is necessary to strengthen the theoretical and practical research of emergency logistics system and constantly improve the theory of emergency logistics system. The establishment of emergency logistics system needs the establishment and perfection of logistics software and hardware infrastructure, laws and regulations as a guarantee. We should actively learn from the experience of advanced countries and establish an efficient and fast emergency logistics system as soon as possible.
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