I. notional words
1. Noun n.: Noun is a part of speech and a notional word, which refers to entities or abstract things such as people, things, things, time, places, emotions and concepts. Nouns can form sentences independently. Pronouns can usually be used in phrases or sentences. Nouns can be divided into proper nouns and common nouns. Proper nouns are the proper names of a person, a place or an institution, such as Peking and China. Capitalize the first letter of proper nouns. Common nouns are nouns of a class of people or things or an abstract concept, such as books and sadness. Pronouns are parts of speech that replace nouns. Most pronouns have the functions of nouns and adjectives. Pronouns in English can be divided into personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, reflexive pronouns, interactive pronouns, interrogative pronouns, relative pronouns, connecting pronouns and indefinite pronouns according to their meanings, characteristics and functions in sentences. 3. Number) num. Words that mean "how much" and "which number" are called numerals. Its usage is equivalent to nouns or adjectives. Numbers are divided into cardinal number and ordinal number. One of the main parts of speech in many languages. A word that is mainly used to modify nouns and express the characteristics of things. Adjectives are used to modify nouns or pronouns and express the nature, state and characteristics of people or things. Adv: it is a word used to modify verbs, adjectives and whole sentences, explaining concepts such as time, place, degree and way. Adverb is a kind of half-empty and half-real word. Adverbs can be divided into time adverbs, place adverbs, way adverbs, degree adverbs, question adverbs, connection adverbs, relationship adverbs, frequency adverbs and explanation adverbs. Verb (verb) V: Verbs are words used to describe or express various actions. Basically, every complete sentence has a verb. To express the second action, you can use infinitive, gerund, equivalent connectives, subordinate connectives or add clauses.
Second, function words
7.article)article: the article is a function word, which cannot be used alone and has no meaning. Used before nouns to help express the meaning of nouns. The article can be said to be the symbol of nouns, without which it cannot exist independently. The number or characteristics of the theme expressed. Preposition) prep. Preposition is a function word used to express the relationship between words and sentences, and it cannot be used as a sentence component alone in a sentence. Prepositions are usually followed by nouns, pronouns or other parts of speech equivalent to nouns, and phrases or clauses are its objects. A preposition and its object form a prepositional phrase, which is used as an adverbial, predicative, complement or prepositional object in a sentence. Prepositions can be divided into prep. Prepositions such as locative prepositions, mode prepositions and cause prepositions. 9.Conj: Conj is a function word, which can not be used as a sentence component independently, but only plays the role of connecting words with words, phrases with phrases, sentences with sentences. Conjunctions can be mainly divided into four categories: coordinate conjunctions, turning conjunctions, selective conjunctions and causal conjunctions. 10. auxiliary words: auxiliary words are function words attached before or after words, phrases and sentences to express structural relations or some additional meaning. There are three kinds of auxiliary words: structural auxiliary words, tense auxiliary words and mood auxiliary words. 1 1.Interj。 Interj is a grammatical term. Words that express exclamation, call and reply.
Third, the judgment word
In modern Chinese, conjunctions expressing conditions, concessions and turning points often contain a morpheme from the judgment word "yes", and other languages have similar situations. There are common "yes" and "no" in English.
Four. modal verb
Modal verbs are a kind of verbs with certain significance, but it is considered possible, necessary or necessary to use them together with the verb prototype and its passive voice to add modal color to the predicate verbs and express the speaker's attitude and views on related behaviors or things. Modal verbs are followed by verb prototypes. 1) Modal verbs can't express what is happening or has happened, but can only predict or estimate the occurrence of something. 2) Modal verbs can only be followed by infinitives, without to, except ought and have. 3) Modal verbs have no person, and the number changes, that is, the third person singular of modal verbs does not add -s. 4) Modal verbs have no non-predicate forms, that is, infinitives, participles, etc.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) interjection
An interjection is a word used to express emotions, such as those expressed when speaking. It does not constitute the grammatical component of the following sentence, but it is related to it in meaning. The following sentences roughly explain the nature and reasons of this emotion. Interjection is one of the most expressive words in spoken English and has a wide range of uses. Learning it plays an important role in improving English communicative competence and expressing complex thoughts. There are many exclamatory sentences in English, but they are rarely summarized in current grammar works, which makes many people unable to understand sentences containing exclamatory sentences. The usage of some interjections is summarized as follows: 1. Oh means surprise, accusation, pain, praise and chagrin, which can be translated into "Oh", "Oh", "Ah" and "Ah". 1. "Oh, who's that?" Mr. Black asked. "Oh, who is it?" Mr. Black asked. 2. "Oh, you are so blind!" He cried. "Oh, you are so blind!" He shouted.
Intransitive verb others
1, Gerund: Gerund is an unqualified verb, which has the characteristics of both verbs and nouns. It can dominate the object and can also be modified by adverbs. Gerund changes in tense and voice. 2. Verb infinitive: Definition of infinitive: It consists of the prototype of the to+ verb. The infinitive is an indefinite verb. Non-finite verbs refer to verbs that cannot act as predicates alone in a sentence, and are divided into infinitive, gerund, present participle and past participle. 3. Word segmentation: [participant] a word with both verb and adjective characteristics; English verb adjectives, especially those ending in -ing or -ed, -d, -t, -en or -n, have the function of adjectives, and at the same time show various verb features, such as tense, voice, adverbial and object. Edit the sentence elements of this paragraph. Generally speaking, a sentence consists of two parts, namely, the subject group and the predicate group. Professor Ward teaches college students English. Professor Ward teaches college students English. In the sentence, Professor Ward is the subject part, while teachers English to college students is the predicate part. Sentence members are part of a sentence and play a certain role. A sentence consists of different sentence components. The components of a sentence include subject, predicate, object, attribute, complement, adverbial and predicative. Subject is the subject of sentence narration, which can be carried by nouns, pronouns, numerals, nominalized adjectives, infinitives, gerunds and subject clauses. Predicates describe the actions or characteristics and state of the subject. The predicate is assumed by the verb. The object is the object or receiver of the action, usually after the transitive verb or preposition. Objects can be nouns, pronouns, numerals, nominalized adjectives, infinitives, gerunds, object clauses, etc. Subject and predicate are two major components of English sentences. Except for a few sentences (such as imperative sentences and exclamations). ), a sentence must have the meaning expressed by both the subject and the predicate in order to be complete. The subject is aimed at the predicate, and the predicate is the theme of the sentence. Predicates are used to explain the subject and provide information for the subject. For example, they are working. The theme is them, so what are they doing? It seems that there is no predicate. Generally speaking, the position of subject and predicate in English is the same as that in Chinese, that is to say, the subject comes first and the predicate comes last. Then, which words can be used as subject and predicate, when the verb is inverted, and the subject and predicate are consistent, I will say them one by one.
subject
Subject is the main body of the sentence and the object of the whole sentence. A word usually used as a noun or equivalent to a noun, usually placed at the beginning of a sentence. The plane just took off at the airport. The plane just took off from the airport. I respect his privacy. I respect his right to privacy. Subject is the object of sentence statement, indicating who or what. It means that the sentence is about "who", "what", "what" and "where". Nouns, pronouns, numerals, gerunds, To do infinitives and a sentence can all be used as subjects.
predicate
Predicate is a statement or explanation of the subject's action or state, indicating "what to do" and "what" or "how". The position of the predicate verb is generally after the subject.
target
The object, also called the addressee, refers to the recipient of the action (verb). Objects are divided into direct objects and indirect objects (indirect objects are also called object complements), in which direct objects refer to the direct objects of actions and indirect objects refer to objects that are not direct but are affected by actions. Generally speaking, transitive verbs must be followed by at least one object, usually a direct object. Some transitive verbs need two objects, usually one of which is the direct object and the other is the indirect object. Nouns, pronouns, numerals, gerunds, To do infinitives and a sentence can all be used as objects, while to do infinitives are used as object complements.
attribute
Attributive is used to modify, limit and explain the nature and characteristics of nouns or pronouns. Adjectives, nouns, pronouns, numerals, prepositional phrases, infinitives (phrases), participles, attributive clauses or words, phrases or sentences equivalent to adjectives can be used as attributes. In Chinese, "de" is often used. The relationship between attribute and head language is the relationship between modification and being modified, restriction and being restricted. In Chinese, between the head and the attribute, some need to use the structural auxiliary word "de", some don't, and some are optional. "De" is the sign of attribute.
adverbial modifier
In English, sentence elements that modify verbs, adjectives and adverbs are called adverbs. The function of adverbial: adverbial explains the place, time, reason, purpose, result, condition, direction, degree, way, accompanying situation, etc. Adverbials generally take adverbs, prepositional phrases, participles and participle phrases, infinitives or words or phrases equivalent to adverbs. Its position is usually placed at the end of a sentence, but it can also be placed at the beginning or in a sentence.
supplement
English complement acts on the subject and object, which has a distinct attribute description or limitation function and is indispensable in syntax. Complement is a component that plays a complementary role. The most common is the object complement. Nouns, gerunds, adjectives, adverbs, infinitives, present participles and past participles can all be used as object complements in sentences.
predicative
Predicates are used to describe the identity, nature, character, characteristics and state of the subject. Predicates are usually served by nouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositional phrases, infinitives, verbs -ing and clauses, and are usually located after verbs (be, become, apparent, seem, look, sound, feel, get, small, etc.). If the predicative of a sentence is also acted by a sentence, then the sentence acting as predicative is called predicative clause. Edit the verb tense in this paragraph The tense in English grammar is a form of verb, and different tenses are used to express different times and ways. It is a verb form that expresses behavior, action and state under various time conditions. So when we say tense structure, we mean the verb form corresponding to tense. The following are sixteen basic tenses that are common in English, and all other tenses are based on them. The so-called "time" is the time period in which the behavior occurs or the state exists, namely: present, past, future, past and future; The so-called "state" is the state of a behavior or state when it occurs. There are four states: general state, progressive state, finished state or finished progressive state. By combining tenses, the following sixteen tenses are formed: simple present tense, simple past tense, simple future tense and simple past future tense; Present continuous tense, past continuous tense, future continuous tense and past continuous tense; Present perfect tense, past perfect tense, future perfect tense, past future perfect tense; Present perfect continuous tense, past perfect continuous tense, future perfect continuous tense, past future perfect continuous tense.
present tense
1. Concept: indicates frequent occurrence; What happens regularly; It always happens; And the truth 2. Adverbials of time: always, naturally, oft, some times, every week (day, year, month …), once a week (day, year, month …), Sunday (Monday …), 3. Basic structure: the prototype of the verb (if the subject is the third person singular, the verb should be changed to the third person singular) 4. Negative form: subject +am/is/are+no t+ others; If the predicate verb in this state is an action verb, add don before it. If the subject is singular in the third person, use not and restore the action verb. 5. General interrogative sentence: put the be verb at the beginning of the sentence; Ask questions with the auxiliary verb do. If the subject of the third person is singular, use does. Restore action verbs at the same time. It seldom snows here. He is always ready to help others. He is always ready to help others. Actions speak louder than words. Facts speak plainer than words.
Simple past tense
1. Concept: an action or state that occurred at a certain time in the past; Habitual and regular actions and behaviors in the past. 2. adverbial of time: before, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, finally (year, night, month ...), at 1989, just now, 5 years old, one day, a long time ago, once upon a time and so on. 3. Basic structure: subject+verb past tense or be past tense+noun 4. Negative form: subject +was/were+not+ others; Add did before the action verb and restore the action verb at the same time. 5. General interrogative sentence: was or are put at the beginning of the sentence; Ask questions with the past tense did of the auxiliary verb do and restore the action verb at the same time. She often helps us these days. She often came to help us in those days. I didn't know you were so busy. I didn't know you were so busy.
the simple future tense
1. Concept: indicates the action to be taken or the state of being and the intention, plan or preparation for doing something. 2. adverbial of time: tomorrow, the next day (week, month, year …), soon, in a few minutes, from …, the day after tomorrow, etc. 3. Basic structure: subject +am/is/are+ will +do+ others; Subject+will/should+do+other 4. Negative form: subject +am/ yes/not going to do it; Subject+Will/Should Not Do+Other 5. General question: put it at the beginning of the sentence; Will/shall mentioned the beginning of the sentence. They will compete with us in study. They will compete with us for study. It will rain. It will rain.
past future tense
1. Concept: looking at the future from the past based on a certain moment in the past, often used as an object clause. 2. Adverbial of time: the next day (morning, year …), next month (week …), etc. 3. Basic structure: subject +was/were+going+do+ others; Subject+will/should+do+other 4. Negative form: subject+was/were+not+going to+do; Subject+would/should+not+do.5. General questions: was or are at the beginning of the sentence; Will/should mention the beginning of the sentence. He said that he would go to Beijing the next day. He said that he would go to Beijing the next day. I asked who was going there. I asked, who is going there?
present continuous tense
1. Concept: indicates the actions and behaviors that are going on at the present stage or when speaking. 2. Adverbial of time: now, now, heaven, etc. Look and listen to 3. Basic structure: subject +be+ do+other 4. Negative form: subject +be+ not+do+other 5. General problem: put the be verb at the beginning of the sentence. 6. Example: How do you feel today? How do you feel today? He is good at his lessons. He did well in class.
Past continuous tense or past continuous tense
1. Concept: indicates the behavior or action that is happening or going on at a certain time or moment in the past. 2. Adverbial of time: yesterday at this time, at that time or when the leading predicate verb is an adverbial of time in the general past tense. 3. Basic structure subject +was/were+doing+ other 4. Negative form: subject +was/were+not+do+others 5. General question: put was or were at the beginning of the sentence. At that time, she worked in a certain department of the People's Liberation Army. At that time, she worked in the People's Liberation Army. I was reading a newspaper when he came in. I was reading a newspaper when he came in.
Future continuous tense
1. Concept: indicates an action that is in progress at a future time, or an action that starts and continues at a future time. Often used to express inquiries, requests, etc. 2. adverbial of time: soon, tomorrow, this evening, Sunday, by this time, two days later, tomorrow evening 3. Basic structure: subject +shall/will+be+ present participle+other 4. Negative form: subject +shall/will+not+be+ present participle+other 5. At this time the next day, they will be sitting in the cinema. At this time the next day, they were sitting in the cinema. He won't go to the party.
In the past, in the future
1. Concept: indicates an ongoing action in the past or in the future, and is mainly used in object clauses, especially indirect speech. Basic structure: should/would+be+ present participle 3. They said they would come. They said they would come. He said he couldn't come because he had a meeting. He said he couldn't come because he had a meeting.
the present perfect tense
1. Concept: the influence or result of an action that happened or has been completed in the past on the present, or the action or state that started from the past and continues to the present. 2. adverbial of time: not yet, ready, just now, never, once, so far, so far, starting from+time point, lasting+time period, recently, recently, the past few years and so on. 3. Basic structure: subject +have/has+p.p (past participle)+other 4. Negative form: subject +have/ you +not+p.p (past participle)+other 5. General question: there is or is not at the beginning of the sentence. 6. I wrote an article I wrote a paper. Great changes have taken place in this country in the past few years.
past perfect tense
1. Concept: based on a certain time in the past, actions or behaviors that occurred before or completed before a certain action in the past, that is, "past past". 2. adverbial of time: before, until the end of last year ($ TERM, month ...), etc. 3. Basic structure: subject +had+p.p (past participle)+other 4. Negative form: subject +had+not +p.p (past participle) +others 5. General question: put it away. As soon as we got to the station, the train had already left. When we arrived at the station, the train had already left. By the end of last month, we had reviewed four books. By the end of last month, we had reviewed four books. Basic structure: subject +Had+p.p (past participle)+other ① affirmative sentences: subject +had+p.p (past participle)+other ② negative sentences: subject +had+not+p.p (past participle)+other ③ general interrogative sentences: Had+ subject +p.p (past participle).
Future perfect tense
1. Concept: the behavior or state that starts before some time in the future. 2. Adverbial of time: It's time to …; To+end of time phrase (future); By time+ clause (future) 3. Basic structure: subject +be going/will/shall+have+p. p (past participle)+other 4 cases: Great changes have taken place in this area by the time you come back. Great changes will take place when you come back.
the past future perfect tense
1. Concept: indicates actions that will happen before a certain time in the past and a certain time in the future. Often used in subjunctive mood, it means contrary to past facts. 2. Basic structure: Should/would have done something. Example: I think you have left by this time. I think you have left now. He insisted that they should finish it before 8 o'clock. He told them that he would finish it before 8 o'clock.
present perfect progressive tense
1. Concept: indicates the action that started from a certain time in the past and continues to the present. This action may have just begun, it may continue, and it may continue into the future. 2. Basic structure: subject+you/once+once+do+other 3. Adverbial of time: from+time point, for+ time period, etc. I have been sitting here for an hour. I have been sitting here for an hour. The children have been watching TV since six o'clock. The children have been watching TV since six o'clock.
Past perfect continuous tense
1. Concept: indicates that an ongoing action or state has continued until a certain time in the past, but it has not been completed and has continued until now. 2. Basic structure: subject+have+bee+doing+others 3. When she took the exam, she choked with a bad cold. She had been suffering from a bad cold before the exam. Have they been expecting this news for some time? Have they been expecting this news for some time? 4. Special meaning: ① Unfinished: He has been writing this novel. He is already writing a novel. He didn't finish it. He has been studying the significance of this proof. He once learned this proverb. He has studied hard. We have been studying what the enemy said. We have always kept what the enemy said. (But we don't understand) 4 Recent situation: He has been complaining to his wife. He had a quarrel with his wife. He keeps asking me the same question. He keeps asking me the same question. (Repeat) 6 Emotion: What has he been doing? What did he do? (impatient)
Future perfect continuous tense
1. Concept: indicates that the action will start from a certain time and continue to a certain time in the future. Whether to continue depends on the context. Basic structure: will/will do 3. By the end of this year, I will have worked in this factory for 20 years. By the end of this year, I will have worked in this factory for 20 years. If we don't worry, the shop will be closed before we get there. If we don't hurry, the shop will be closed when we get there.
past future perfect continuous tense
1. Concept: indicates the action to be performed from a certain time in the past to a certain time in the future. Basic structure: should/would+have+bee+present participle 3. He convinced me that he would have lived there for 30 years by the end of the year. He told me that he would have lived there for thirty years by the end of the year.