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abstract:
In recent years, China's modernization process has been gradually accelerated. Since 265438+the beginning of the 20th century, the level of competitive sports in China has improved rapidly, and it has achieved good results in competitions all over the world. To be sure, to achieve excellent sports results, athletes need not only extraordinary professional quality, but also physical and mental health.
Key words:
Food nutrition management; Sports athletes; Physiological function; Influence;
Introduction:
Food is the most important thing for people, and food is one of the most basic needs for human survival. In the traditional diet, the food is not rich enough, the diet is not healthy enough, and the nutritional combination is unpredictable. With the development of modern society, people pay more and more attention to a reasonable diet. Food can provide energy and various nutrients needed by human body. If certain substances are lacking, people may get sick. This is also why people pay more and more attention to the nutrition of diet, especially athletes who have high requirements for physical level, under the condition of extremely rich food resources. The arduous task of training and competition needs a lot of energy support. Therefore, we find that in the field of sports, excellent athletes usually come from more developed countries, which is closely related to the rich nutritious food provided by the state.
1, dietary nutrients and their functions
1. 1, moisture
The most common is that water accounts for 60% to 70% of the human body. In the whole human body, we can say that water is very important: water is composed of cells and body fluids, and its main functions include lumps: First, it can nourish various organs of the body and play a very important role in the transportation, absorption, metabolism and excretion of nutrients. Second, it can regulate the circulation in the human body and maintain the normal function of the human body. Third, it can eliminate toxins in the body, prevent the accumulation of harmful substances in the body, and help the body's metabolism. Fourthly, it plays a very important role in lubrication. Therefore, athletes who lack water will have metabolic problems and circulatory problems of internal organs, which will lead to an increase in heart rate and even irreversible damage. Therefore, although we have to drink water every day, we must ensure that we drink enough water during exercise to achieve the best results.
1.2, sugar
Sugar is one of the indispensable effective components in human body, and it is also the most abundant organic substance, but too much sugar intake will lead to rapid aging and obesity of beautiful women. This is why many girls should control their sugar intake even if they lose weight. But this is not very good for athletes. They need sugar for high-resolution training. Therefore, athletes should ensure that they have enough sugar, instead of lowering blood sugar like ordinary people.
1.3, lipid substance
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and other elements are components of fat, and many people have a wrong understanding of the concept of fat. They think that fat is useless to the human body and should be forcibly removed. For the sake of health, it is best to eat less fat. In fact, fat is an important energy reserve in our body: the human body releases energy during exercise, so the amount of activity depends on the consumption of sugar. Because fat provides warmth, maintains body temperature and protects important organs during exercise, it is very important for athletes to ensure adequate fat absorption and maintain normal circulation. Obviously, athletes need to eat high-fat food properly to make their exercise go on normally.
2. The influence of new functional components of sports nutritional supplements on athletes' physical function.
2. 1, caffeine
Caffeine is trimethylxanthine, which has a refreshing effect. Coffee, tea and cola all contain caffeine. Besides refreshing, caffeine can antagonize adenosine receptors, regulate muscle contraction and reduce the perception of pain and fatigue during exercise. It is a potential sports nutritional supplement. Experts believe that taking a certain amount of caffeine during endurance training can improve the training effect of athletes. Research has proved that the rebound test and drinking a caffeine-containing vitamin functional drink before the simulated basketball game can improve the average moving speed of athletes. The role of caffeine in sports is mainly reflected in two aspects. First, it inhibits the biological activity of phosphodiesterase. By reducing the decomposition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), antagonizing adenosine receptors and increasing the synthesis of cAMP in cells, the central nervous system can be excited, the attention of athletes can be improved and mental fatigue can be delayed. On the other hand, caffeine can also increase neuromuscular conduction by changing the concentration of calcium ions inside and outside the cell membrane, thus enhancing the contractility of skeletal muscle, reducing the reaction time of exercise and promoting the improvement of exercise ability. However, it should be noted that high-dose caffeine will cause athletes' nervous excitement, so high-dose caffeine should be avoided before the game.
2.2. alanine
L- alanine is a non-protein amino acid synthesized by liver, which can co-synthesize carnosine with histidine. Carnosine has many biological functions. For example, compared with bicarbonate buffer system, carnosine is more receptive to protons and can play a buffering role quickly in high-intensity exercise training. Carnosine can also scavenge free radicals, has antioxidant effect and can delay exercise fatigue; Carnosine is also a Ca2+/H+ exchanger, which can increase the concentration of Ca2+ in sarcomere, increase the contractility of skeletal muscle, regulate muscle glycogen metabolism and excite the central nervous system. As a precursor of carnosine synthesis, exogenous supplementation of L- alanine can increase the concentration of carnosine in the body, thus affecting the physical function of athletes. It is found that a single large dose of L- alanine supplementation can not significantly improve the exercise ability, but will cause skin tingling. Supplementing L- alanine 4-6 g every day for four weeks can increase the concentration of carnosine in muscle by 64%, and even reach 80% in eight weeks, which can obviously improve the performance of high-intensity exercise training. Supplementing L- alanine can improve exercise ability and reduce mental fatigue by increasing the concentration of carnosine in the body. Therefore, L- alanine is an important sports nutrition component, which is suitable for multiple long-term supplements.
2.3, nicotinamide nucleoside
Nicotinamide nucleoside is a nucleoside form of nicotinic acid (vitamin B3), which has attracted the attention of nutritionists in recent years. It is the precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) synthesized by skeletal muscle. After NAD is reduced (reduced to NADH in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), it can transfer electrons to oxygen, release energy and use it in the process of oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP, which can provide energy for the body. In addition, NADH can also protect cells, reduce oxidative damage, improve the body's repair ability and promote the recovery of damaged tissues. Studies have found that nicotinic acid can be used to prevent neurodegenerative diseases caused by apoptosis. During exercise, exogenous nicotinamide nucleoside supplementation can increase the content of mitochondrial protein. Muscle injury is an inevitable injury in athletes' training. Nicotinic acid supplementation can quickly restore damaged tissues. Nicotinamide nucleoside, as a new type of sports nutritional supplement, its specific mechanism of action is not completely clear, but it is certain that its sports nutritional value is high and it is one of the most potential sports nutritional supplements.
3. Optimization of athletes' dietary nutrition.
3. 1, supply sugar to athletes in time.
Athletes will consume more ATP than ordinary people in the process of daily sports training. Training instructors should strengthen the training and education of athletes' dietary nutrition in peacetime, so that they can fully understand that all activities in the body are energy generated by ATP hydrolysis. As an important energy source of human life activities, its content in human body is not high. For example, the pre-stored ATP energy of human body can only be maintained at about 15s. People running fast 100 meters will directly consume the stored ATP energy. At this time, ATP can only be continuously produced through respiration. Sugar can be not only glycolyzed without oxygen, but also oxidized with oxygen, and exists in the form of free sugar molecules and glycogen. Therefore, training instructors should guide each athlete to supplement the sugar needed by the human body in time on the basis of reasonable diet. Supplementation of human sugar can help athletes effectively delay the occurrence of fatigue and avoid premature emptying of sugar in the body during physical training. When we watch athletes compete continuously, we will supplement sugar by eating some bananas and drinks during the break to promote the recovery of sugar in the body and help ourselves relieve fatigue. In addition, athletes should also supplement about 350g of sugar within 1 to 2 hours before sports competition and training to avoid the increase of human plasma insulin concentration.
3.2. Scientifically supplement the trace elements of athletes.
The book Advanced Sports Nutrition points out that the supply of trace elements will affect the training effect of athletes. For example, taking iron intake as an example, the oxygen in the human body mainly depends on hemoglobin for effective transportation, and the iron content will directly affect the oxygen-carrying capacity of human blood cells. Once athletes are short of iron, they are prone to iron deficiency anemia, leading to weakness of limbs, shortness of breath and fatigue after activities, and rapid heartbeat. After participating in high-intensity sports training, athletes will lose iron in their bodies because of sweating a lot. At this time, iron must be supplemented in time through dietary nutrition, and various foods rich in iron must be arranged reasonably in the dietary plan. Iron-rich foods in life mainly include pig blood, beans, animal liver, kelp, black fungus and so on.
3.3, reasonable control of protein intake.
Protein, as an important material foundation of human life activities, can provide people with a lot of energy. Athletes will consume a lot of protein after completing high-load exercise, and the lack of protein will lead to the decline of human function. At this time, athletes will easily feel tired when they are engaged in any activity. Therefore, protein balance in the body should be restored in time, and appropriate amount of high-quality protein should be taken through healthy food. The reasonable intake of protein can meet the needs of athletes' daily training and promote the all-round development of their physical fitness. Adults should consume at least 30-50g of protein every day. As an athlete, after participating in high-intensity competitions and training, it is necessary to appropriately increase the intake of protein through diet. Common foods rich in high-quality protein in life include eggs, lean meat, milk, soybeans, fish, shrimps and crabs.
label
Although a lot of nutrition is essential to human health, athletes need more nutrition because of long-term training. Short-term malnutrition can be compensated by eating drinks or nutrient solution during exercise; Permanent malnutrition requires proper diet management. Athletes will consume a lot of energy during training and competition. If they lack adequate nutrition, their physical fitness and effectiveness will change. Therefore, in order to improve athletes' health and sports balance, it is necessary to balance nutrition and strengthen diet management.
refer to
[1] Study on the Influence of Food Nutrition on Athletes' Body Shape in Ma Bin [J] Journal of Food Safety and Quality Inspection, 2020,11(6):1884-1888.
[2] Cheng Zepeng. Study on Nutrition Survey and Nutrition Guidance Effect of Juvenile Swimmers [D] .. Shanghai: Shanghai Institute of Physical Education, 20 19.
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