In 1930s, China literature had obvious changes and development in content, form and creative methods. The characteristics of the new democratic revolution era have been obvious since its inception. Not only is the form of vernacular Chinese itself a great revolution, but it also brings literature and people closer. Moreover, in the content of the work, it has brand-new characteristics different from the old democratic literature.
In the literature of China in 1930s, due to the great social changes, a variety of literary and artistic thoughts coexisted and argued with each other, which made the literary creation in this period show a trend of diversified development. Reflected in literature and aesthetics, the confrontation and mutual infiltration between different literary factions have been formed, which has created an extremely prosperous literary landscape and made China's new literature reach its second literary peak since the May 4th Movement.
(This content comes from the Internet) My views on China literature in the 1930s (1927~ 1937).
Performance of literary achievements in the 1930s
Literature in 1930s is the twentieth year of modern literature, from 1928- 1937 before the Anti-Japanese War. Literature flourished in 1930s, especially novels, poetry, prose and drama.
1 There are many literary schools.
There were many literary schools in the 1930s. 1930, the Chinese Left-wing Writers' Union (Left-wing Writers' Union) was established in Shanghai, and a large number of outstanding writers such as Lu Xun, Guo Moruo, Mao Dun, Yu Dafu and Tian Han joined it. The publications of the Left-wing League include Creative Monthly, Cultural Review, Sun Monthly, Pioneer, Germination, Crossroads, Beidou, Literature Monthly, Guangming and Literature Herald. The League has carried out a series of literary activities: (65,438+0) Translation of Marxist literary theory. (2) consciously strengthen communication with the world. The left-wing proletarian literary movement has always been a model of revolutionary realism, which has promoted the development of the proletarian revolutionary movement in China to some extent. In 1930s, after the New Literature Movement Center moved to Shanghai, writers who continued to live in Beijing, Tianjin and other places formed a specific literary school-Beijing School, which was also a major school at that time. They inherited the tradition of "for life" of the Literature Research Association, were faithful to reality, had a sense of common people and national identity, and paid attention to describing the simple and primitive beauty of human nature? The beauty of human nature is to look at the adult world from the perspective of children, such as Lin Shuhua's Brothers and Happy Events. It shows the attachment to a beautiful childhood and the infinite yearning for truth, goodness and beauty. Another literary school, Shanghai School, which looks at Shanghai from the standpoint of modern urban civilization and commercial civilization and tells the stories of Shanghainese in modern language, has also erected its own banner. Shanghai-style writers' works are close to public life, reflecting the sufferings of the lower classes, showing the deformity and morbidity of urban life, providing another type of urban literature, exposing the evils of capitalism and the harm to human nature, drawing lessons from the western stream of consciousness techniques to structure their works, innovating in form, paying attention to excavation, and expressing subconscious and morbid psychology.
There are many excellent authors.
In 1930s, a new literary writer appeared. His subjectivity was enhanced, his ambition was endless, his personality was publicized, he had a sense of autonomy and ownership, and his consciousness was improved. He regarded literature as a kind of work, he consciously pursued and explored literature, art and skills, and he had a strong sense of social criticism, advocating tragedy, criticizing the nature that feudal ideology and morality hurt human nature, criticizing various social drawbacks, and showing a kind of humanistic care. Their energetic creations have brought a new atmosphere to the literary world, such as Ding Ling (1904-1986), the earliest female writer in the history of modern novels in China, who was the pioneer of Chinese feminism in the 20th century. Her novels include In the Dark, Diary of Ms. Sha Fei, Water, Miss Amao and so on. Her works take women as the main characters, showing great concern for women's fate and strong social criticism consciousness. Zhang Tianyi? With the deepening of life experience, satire became his interest in social life. It is the inheritance of Lu Xun's satirical novels. For example, in Laughter, he satirizes people rather than things, and satirizes people's defects rather than people's defects. The narrator always has a healthy ideal personality, and his superb irony skill lies in the clever use of contradictory techniques. His novels not only brought fresh breath to the left-wing literary world at that time with the atmosphere of "revolution+love", but also provided new satirical images and new satirical techniques for the modern satirical gallery in China. Mao Dun actively supported the promotion of the new culture movement, and was one of the earliest revolutionary intellectuals engaged in the * * * production movement in China. His main works include the trilogy of Eclipse, Lin Jiabao and Midnight, and he participated in the debate with Trotskyists (thinking that this has embarked on the capitalist road, and the task of anti-imperialism and anti-blockade should be undertaken by the China bourgeoisie). Emphasize that only under the leadership of China's * * * production party can China embark on the road of independent development? The road to prosperity. Lao She, a writer trained by the Beijing civil society, was the first to introduce the fate thought and psychology of ordinary citizens in China into the field of modern literature in the process of semi-colonization of modern China society and under the fierce impact of western culture, and achieved great success. He is the performer and critic of the most important citizen class in China's modern novels. He is an important citizen painter. He has created 14 novels such as Lao Zhang's Philosophy, 5 novellas such as Crescent Moon, and 3 collections of short stories such as Fair. Exposed the darkness of society. ?
3 trilogy works and novellas increased.
What is striking in the 1930s is the surge in the number of novellas. The influential works in this period include Mao Dun's Eclipse, Midnight, Ba Jin's Death, Home, Autumn and Spring, Ye's Ni Huanzhi, Lao She's Camel Xiangzi, Shen Congwen's Border Town and Xiao Hong's Life and Death Field. One of the more influential trilogy works is Eclipse by Mao Dun.
The development of poetry
Loyalty to the times and the sincere feelings of the people will always be the precious character of the mainstream of new poetry and the development of poetry art? The diversified exploration of constant innovation has promoted new changes in new poetry. During this period, new poetry appeared a new situation of various forms of political inclination and multi-directional artistic road exploration. China New Poetry Society was founded, paying attention to the reality of poetry and advocating the popularization of poetry. A number of new poets have emerged, such as Ai Qing Cang Kejia, modernist poetry and symbolism. Famous poets include Dai Wangshu and Feng. They show a strong sense of modernity and centripetal force to the national art tradition in their artistic exploration.
The development of drama
China's modern drama developed greatly in 1930s. In order to promote the proletarian drama movement, some left-wing writers and artists in Shanghai planned to set up the Shanghai Drama Club, put forward the slogan of "proletarian drama" for the first time, and began China's direct leadership over the modern drama movement, which turned the modern drama movement in China into the proletarian revolutionary movement. There are three "China Dramas"-Tian Han and Hong Shen in Ou Yangyuqian. The appearance of Thunderstorm and Sunrise marks the maturity of modern drama culture in China. The drama in 1930s showed the tragic art of our country.
The development of prose
Prose in 1930s inherited the tradition of May 4th Prose and developed under the impetus of the new era. Prose writers give full play to their subjective consciousness and stylistic consciousness, so that all kinds of prose works flourish. Due to the promotion of general literature, prose takes the lead in presenting a prosperous scene in the prose garden. Reportage prose has made great achievements in this period. The most influential essayists in this period are Lu Xun and his essays He Qifang and his lyric essays. Lin Yutang and his humorous sketches. New progress has been made in travel prose, such as Zhu Ziqing's Essays on Europe. , and has high narrative description skills.
The 1930s was an era of great literary achievements, showing the prosperity of various literary styles, which made indelible achievements in the history of modern and contemporary literature in China and laid a solid foundation for the future development of China literature.
Literature in the 1930s
In the literature of China in 1930s, due to the great social changes, a variety of literary and artistic thoughts coexisted and argued with each other, which made the literary creation in this period show a trend of diversified development. Reflected in literature and aesthetics, the confrontation and mutual infiltration between different literary factions have been formed, which has created an extremely prosperous literary landscape and made China's new literature reach its second literary peak since the May 4th Movement.
(A) the left-wing literary movement
The left-wing literary movement is the most important literary movement in the literary and art circles in 1930s, and it is also another milestone in the whole modern literary history of China after the New Culture Movement.
The Great Revolution and its failure promoted the revolutionization of many hot-blooded young people. Proletarian literature in the Soviet Union, Europe and Japan has become increasingly active, which has given them great encouragement. 1On March 2nd, 930, more than 40 writers, including Lu Xun, Xia Yan, Tian Han, Yu Dafu, Rou Shi and Yin Fu, gathered in Shanghai and established the Chinese Left-wing Writers' Union (referred to as the Left-wing Writers' Union). Mao Dun and Zhou Yang also took part in the work of the left-wing alliance after returning from Japan. Qu Qiubai is an important leader of China and an important member of the Left League. ? The activities of the left-wing alliance are to establish publications, cultivate new people, develop creation, translate foreign progressive works and study literary theory. Because the work of the left-wing alliance has a strong political color, a group of * * * party member joined in, using literary tools for class struggle and revolutionary propaganda. Therefore, the Kuomintang authorities severely persecuted, arrested, imprisoned and killed a number of important members of the Left League. Lu Xun was also wanted for a long time, a large number of literary books and periodicals were banned, and some important literary societies were closed down. 1936, due to the unprecedented national crisis and the requirement of establishing an anti-Japanese national United front, the Left League was dissolved automatically. However, the left-wing literary movement is not over yet.
The left-wing literary and art movement has made great achievements in propagating revolution, cultivating new people and prospering creation, and made valuable contributions to the establishment of a national, scientific and popular culture. However, due to the "Left" influence, there are many problems in theory and practice of this movement, such as violating the artistic laws and ignoring the artistic characteristics of literature and art, which leads to the tendency of formulation and conceptualization in creation; Another example is the politicization of literary and art groups, which leads to closed-doorism and excludes a group of progressive and talented writers; ? Another example is the endless internal political debate. Labeling and beating sticks breed sectarianism and open-door views.
(B) a bumper harvest of literary creation
The 1930s was the golden age of modern literature in China, with great achievements in literary creation, abundant talents and fruitful results.
The highest achievements in novel creation are Mao Dun, Lao She and Ba Jin. Mao Dun's Midnight is a realistic masterpiece. With its grand background, momentum and structure, it shows the social features of China in 1930s. The works successfully shaped Wu Sunfu, a typical national bourgeoisie, and truly showed the complex personality characteristics of the protagonist. This work is a peak in the history of modern literature, and also marks the maturity of China's modern novels. Like Midnight, Mao Dun's Spring Silkworm closely follows the pulse of the times, reflecting the author's concern for current events and profound experience of social life. Lao She's Camel Xiangzi and Crescent Moon are his representative works of realism in this period. With their unique ideas, lively language and simple and refined expression techniques, they created vivid characters and expressed the tragic fate of small people in the dark reality. Ba Jin's Home is a shocking tragedy and an indictment of the dying system that caused the tragedy. The works are burning with fiery passion, exquisite and beautiful in style and full of youthful vitality. It still has a large number of readers. Other novelists with high achievements in this period are Ding Ling, who is famous for describing the inner world of intellectual women. Shen Congwen is unique in describing the customs of Xiangxi border town; Zhang Tianyi and Sha Ting bitterly exposed and satirized the gray mentality of ordinary citizens; And Ai Wu who is good at discovering truth, goodness and beauty from humble souls. ?
If 19 17 to 1927 is the stage of the birth and gradual growth of new poetry, then? In the 1930s, there were many poetry clubs with different schools, and their creation was prosperous. Among them, the "proletarian poetry school" represented by Yin Fu and Jiang Guangci, that is, the proletarian revolutionary poetry school, pays attention to selecting explosive and sharp themes, and advocates that poetry directly serves the liberation of the proletariat, but ignores the forging of rich and moving poetic images. ? The Chinese Poetry Society was founded in 1932? The main members are Pu Feng, Mu, Yang Sao, Ren Jun and Wang Yaping. His creative practice has expanded the expressive field of poetry, showing strong idealism and heroism, with strong, rough and magnificent power beauty. In addition, modernist poetry, represented by Dai Wangshu and Bian, deliberately pursues the hazy beauty and prose beauty of poetry, expanding the content and form of poetry. Dai Wangshu is a modernist poet. In his early poems, the images are hazy, which mostly show personal confusion and sadness. In his later poems, he was inspired by War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, and most of his poems expressed warm patriotic feelings. Ai Qing was also an accomplished poet in this period. Ai Qing is obsessed with the theme of pursuing light and democracy. His poems are full of melancholy and enthusiasm, showing rich and vivid images, symphony-like inner melody and oil painting-like dignified colors. His masterpiece Dayan River-My Nanny caused a great sensation after its publication. This poem praises a poor peasant woman and casts an angry and profound spell on the unfair world. Cang Kejia and Cang Kejia's poetry creation has obvious realistic characteristics. They pursue the simplicity, simplicity, conciseness and quickness of poetry, enhance the unique aesthetic taste of poetry, express the sufferings of rural areas in China and the poet's deep feelings, or inspire readers' thinking through metaphors. The poet's creation in the field is also remarkable. His long poems "The Story of Rural China" and "To the Fighter" show the artistic characteristics of the poet's realism and militancy with high-pitched and passionate tone and burning emotion.
The essay creation in 1930s not only inherited the tradition of May 4th prose style, but also showed different artistic expressions and diversified styles. First of all, there has been a new upsurge in prose creation. Lu Xun engaged in essay creation with fighting spirit and achieved fruitful results. A number of new essay writers are constantly emerging, among which Qu Qiubai, Mao Dun,,, Nie Gannu,, Pakistan and others have great influence. Lyric prose has made great progress than before. The works of Bing Xin, Zhu Ziqing, Yu Dafu, Zhou Zuoren, Liang Shiqiu, Xu Zhimo, Feng Zikai, Liang Yuchun, Shen Congwen, He Qifang, Lu Li, Li Guangtian, Wu Boxiao, etc. have broadened the scope of prose creation from different angles and enriched the forms and styles of modern prose. The humorous sketches and leisurely sketches represented by Lin Yutang are rich in cultural connotation, calm and wise, popular and vivid, humorous and natural, which inject fresh aesthetic interest into prose creation. In addition, another great achievement of prose creation is the prosperity of reportage. This new literary genre has the characteristics of news documentary, authenticity and artistic appeal of prose, which has aroused great interest of readers. Mao Dun's reportage collection A Day in China (1936) shows a cross-section of social life in which ugliness and sacredness, light and darkness are intertwined. Xia Yan's "The Bonded Worker" reveals all the ugly connotations of the bonded worker system through the one-day hell life of the bonded worker. These two works represent the highest achievements in the initial stage of reportage.
In 1930s, drama creation began to show prosperity. The dramatic movement has developed rapidly, and the dramatic art has gained unprecedented popularity. After the failure of the Great Revolution, the upsurge of drama movement centered on Shanghai was set off, and progressive drama groups were established one after another, which promoted the development of drama creation, not only the number increased obviously, but also the artistic level was greatly improved. Cao Yu is the most accomplished playwright. His Thunderstorm and Sunrise reveal the tragic theme of the people at the bottom of society and show the tragedies of different characters' personalities and fates with the structural forms of European classic dramas, sharp and tense dramatic conflicts and personalized character language full of actions and subtext. These two plays mark the maturity of China's modern drama and are still deeply loved by the audience. Besides, Xia Yan's Sai Jinhua, Qiu Jin and Under the Roof of Shanghai, Tian Han's Moonlight Song and Song of Rejuvenation, and Xiong Foxi's The Butcher? Li Jianwu's Taiping Heavenly Kingdom? Chen Hong's rural trilogy and Song Zhi's Wu Zetian have enriched China's drama creation from different aspects with different brushstrokes.
(C) the development of literary criticism and literary theory
Throughout the whole process of literature in 1930s, it was the largest, strongest and most attended proletarian literature. Qu Qiubai has achieved the most in this respect. He translated the literary papers of Engels, Lenin, plekhanov and lavr Gai, and also wrote many combative articles, actively advocating and promoting the literature popularization movement with the greatest enthusiasm and energy. His Preface to Lu Xun's Miscellaneous Essays closely follows the whole process of the modern literary movement, deeply analyzes and evaluates Lu Xun, and involves some major issues in the construction of revolutionary literature, making an important contribution to the development of China's modern literary theory.
Although Lu Xun has no systematic literary theory works, his position in several major literary theory debates and many literary viewpoints scattered in papers, essays and letters have added luster to literary criticism and literary theory in the 1930s. In the discussion of the popularization of literature and art, Lu Xun always insisted on the unity of accepting foreign cultures and inheriting national traditions, and put forward the famous idea of "takenism". Lu Xun also believes that the healthy development of literature and art requires active literary criticism, and the responsibility of critics is not only to "cut off evil grass", but also to "water beautiful flowers" and oppose unprincipled "excessive praise" and "abuse".
As one of the pioneers of China's modern literary criticism, Mao Dun actively advocated the literary idea of "for life", insisted on the position of "critics first, then real literature", and carried out systematic literary criticism based on Novel Monthly and Literature Xunkan.
The left-wing literary world, represented by Qu Qiubai, Lu Xun and Mao Dun, advocates realistic literary creation for life, and has a wide-ranging debate with the liberal literary theory that emphasizes "divorced from reality" and "eternal human nature" and the argumentative school that advocates "spiritual literature"; This paper criticizes and refutes the aesthetic viewpoint of "Beijing School" writers that literature should keep a "distance" from the times and politics and pursue the eternal literary value and "tranquility" of human nature. These debates have always focused on the nature of literature, the relationship between literature and politics, the relationship between literature and life and the times, and failed to discuss the internal characteristics and relations of literature and art, as well as the aesthetic category. However, through the great impetus formed by controversy, criticism and counter-criticism, the development of China's modern literary criticism and literary theory has been promoted.