The first one: Dr. Sun Yat-sen.
Sun Yat-sen, a great revolutionary forerunner.
On the land of China in the early 20th century, democratic capitalism developed tenaciously, the national bourgeoisie broke through various fetters and stepped onto the political stage, and a new group of intellectuals quickly formed. When China's democratic revolution enters a new stage of development, it is inevitable to need and cultivate a great figure-Sun Yat-sen, who stands at the forefront of the revolution and guides the historical journey. A great revolutionary pioneer in this new stage of development.
Sun Yat-sen, a famous writer, was born in Cuiheng Village, Shan County, Guangdong Province. He studied in Hong Kong College of Western Medicine in his early years and practiced medicine in Macau and Guangzhou after graduation. But he felt sorry for the decline of his motherland, and then gave up medicine and joined the revolution. 1894, Sun Yat-sen arrived in Tianjin, wrote to Li Hongzhang, and put forward the revolutionary political proposition of "making the best use of people, land, materials and goods", but it was met with a cold reception. Through this incident, Sun Yat-sen understood that "there is no way to do it again by peaceful means". Since then, Sun Yat-sen has embarked on the revolutionary road of struggling for the rejuvenation of the motherland. In this year, Sun Yat-sen gathered overseas Chinese in Honolulu, established the first bourgeois revolutionary group in China, Zhong Xing Society, and put forward the revolutionary idea of "expelling the Tatars, restoring China and establishing a coalition government". 1895, the armed uprising in Guangzhou was aborted due to the leakage of the plan, but at the same time, because of this incident, the bourgeoisie had completely broken with the Qing government and fired the first shot of the democratic revolution with the armed uprising.
He first put forward the idea of overthrowing the rule of Qing dynasty by violence; He has been running for the China revolution all his life; He was still thinking about his unfinished business until the last moment of his life. He is the forerunner of China revolution-Dr. Sun Yat-sen.
Sun Yat-sen once claimed to be the second Hong Xiuquan and regarded Hong as the "first anti-Qing hero". Some people think that this is because Sun has received western education and is not bound by the traditional concept of loyalty to the monarch, so he dares to call himself so. This theory was also adopted in history textbooks during the Republic of China. As for "Sun Cannon", the nickname of Sun Wen, the political enemy at that time, existed before the Revolution of 1911. Cannon means "unrealistic person" in Cantonese, suggesting that Sun Wen's words are exaggerated and untrue. In addition, when Sun Wen was studying in Hong Kong College of Western Medicine, he often advocated anti-Qing in public, and everyone he heard was timid and shunned, but Chen Shaobai, Lielie and Yang Heling all echoed him and were the nicknames of the four bandits. In the documents of the Qing government and the imperial court, all articles are written on his name "Wen", plus three water heads, which is called. The word "Wen Wen" comes from Biographies of Qu Yuan in Historical Records: "Ann looks at it with her own body, and who is the receiver?" Critics of this article either call it "obscure", "covered with dirt and dust" or "stained".
As far as the concepts of civil rights and human rights are concerned, Sun Yat-sen first accepted the influence of civil rights. During the formation of his theory of civil rights, human rights were first brought into the category of civil rights. When he criticized the feudal autocratic monarchy, he discussed a large number of issues, both civil rights and human rights. Because civil rights and human rights are two concepts that are both related and different, and their meanings overlap and have the same aspects, Sun Yat-sen and even many modern thinkers talked about human rights consciously or unconsciously to varying degrees when discussing civil rights. Sun Yat-sen's exposition of human rights has both conscious and unconscious aspects. Sun Yat-sen introduced and publicized the western concepts of democracy, freedom, human rights, equality and fraternity, and finally served to overthrow the feudal monarchy and establish the government's civil rights program.
Sun Yat-sen made full use of China's traditional spirit of democracy, equality and people-oriented, and combined with the characteristics of China's long-term feudal autocracy, made a beneficial exploration of China's political development goals and models, thus laying a theoretical and practical foundation for the realization of China's political modernization.
First of all, Sun Yat-sen advocated democratic politics because he deeply realized the reactionary and decadent feudal autocracy in Qing Dynasty. In his view, the root cause of China's backwardness lies in the cruel political oppression and economic exploitation of China by the feudal autocratic system, and it is also the root cause of China's modern national crisis. Therefore, in order to save the deep national crisis in China and make China truly embark on the road of prosperity, it is necessary to replace the feudal monarchy with bourgeois democracy and system. As he said, "China has been an absolute monarchy for thousands of years, which is unacceptable to equal and free citizens". Therefore, to carry out a political revolution, "when it comes to the result of that political revolution, it is to establish democratic constitutionalism." Secondly, Sun Yat-sen believes that the establishment of a bourgeois democratic republic in China is an inevitable trend of historical development and a basic requirement of national progress. Sun Yat-sen pointed out that the mainstream of world development has now reached the era of civil rights, and democratic politics has become an irresistible trend. It should be said that Sun Yat-sen's above understanding reflects his accurate grasp of the law of social and historical development in China since modern times.
In addition, Sun Yat-sen personally presided over the formulation of the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China and other laws that are beneficial to the national economy and people's livelihood. The Provisional Constitution affirmed the revolutionary spirit and democratic spirit against feudal autocracy. Its most important value is that the basic law recognizes that sovereignty belongs to the people. It is clearly stipulated that "the sovereignty of the Republic of China belongs to all the people." Comrade Mao Zedong said, "The Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China in the first year of the Republic of China was a relatively good thing at that time; Of course, it is incomplete, flawed and bourgeois, but it is revolutionary and democratic. " Its democracy and basic ideological principles are of historical significance.
Sun Yat-sen put forward the principle of "harmony among five ethnic groups" based on the national conditions that China is a unified multi-ethnic country with a long history. Sun Yat-sen believes that it is a very important condition to "revitalize China", adhere to the basic principles of democracy and "live in harmony with all ethnic groups in China". After he took office as interim president, he repeatedly stated that "harmony among the five ethnic groups" was one of the basic principles of the founding of the country. Its root lies in the unity of the people of all ethnic groups, and its purpose is to realize the reunification of the Chinese nation. He said: "The foundation of the country lies in the people. It is the unity of the Japanese nation to unite the Han, Manchu, Mongolian, Hui and Tibetan nationalities into one person. " Externally: "Peace and pacifism will increase friendship with our friendly countries and make China more important to the international community." For "the behavior of humiliating the country and the psychology of exclusion in the Qing Dynasty, everything should be purged." The idea of "harmony among five ethnic groups" includes three interrelated aspects: equality, unity and unity of all ethnic groups on the basis of building a unified new country; (2) National unity is the great democratic unity of the people of all ethnic groups, and its soul is people's sovereignty; (3) On the basis of the principle of national independence, realize the independence of the Chinese nation, get along well with all countries and nationalities, and oppose flattery, humiliation and blind xenophobia.
"Harmony among the Five Ethnic Groups" has developed Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary nationalism and enriched the content of his thought of democratic nation-building. It has played a positive role and has important historical reference significance. As Sun Yat-sen said, "not taking revenge as a matter" is conducive to overcoming the revenge mentality of ethnic estrangement, ethnic intolerance and xenophobia created by the reactionary ruling class. Within the scope permitted by the bourgeois revolution, it regards ethnic issues as a part of the general problems of the democratic revolution, links and combines the opposition to ethnic oppression and the realization of ethnic equality (including Manchu), and links and combines the destruction of the old system with the establishment and construction of a new system. As Lenin said, "the bourgeois nationalism of every oppressed nation contains universal democratic content against oppression, and it is this content that we unconditionally support."
In the history of human rights thought in China for nearly a hundred years, Sun Yat-sen's human rights thought is undoubtedly an important milestone, which is deeply branded with civil rights and reflects the tortuous course, difficulties and obstacles of China's human rights thought since modern times. Sun Yat-sen's human rights thought is civil rights, not human rights. This determines that Sun Yat-sen's human rights thought is essentially collective selfish departmentalism. Collectivism has always been dominant in China's ideological circle in the 20th century. Correspondingly, Sun Yat-sen's thought of civil rights and human rights has exerted influence in different ways in different periods since its formation. The human rights thought marked by humanitarianism is individualism in essence. Individualism has always been at a disadvantage in China's ideological circle in the 20th century. Accordingly, in the new period of emancipating the mind and reform and opening up, to study Sun Yat-sen's human rights thought, we have to re-recognize the practical value and theoretical significance of Sun Yat-sen's human rights thought on the basis of summing up the experience and lessons of human rights thought in the past century. Contemporary China certainly needs to study and publicize civil rights, but it also needs to know and advocate human rights.
The development of China's modern human rights thought has followed two routes from the beginning: one is the ideological route of humanism. The former accepts the tradition of modern western individualistic human rights theory more in theoretical origin; The latter is more influenced by China's ancient people-oriented thought tradition in theoretical origin. Sun Yat-sen's human rights thought hovers between two routes in different periods and on different issues. However, from the overall and structural point of view, Sun Yat-sen's human rights thought has obvious collectivism tendency. Sun Yat-sen's thought of civil rights and human rights is very different from the liberalism and liberal ideological line represented by Yan Fu, Chen Duxiu and Hu Shi. ?
It is true that, when analyzed realistically, there is no shortage of gold, no one is perfect, Sun Yat-sen is a man, not a god, and his theory and practice are not perfect. For example, he lacked in-depth research on the embryonic state of capitalism in old China at that time and the weak characteristics of the national bourgeoisie. His lack of understanding of Yuan Shikai, Duan, Chen Jiongming and other old and new warlords, the serious contradictions and differences within the revolutionary party, and the lagging understanding of the establishment of revolutionary military forces are all limitations of his personal thoughts and actions. However, compared with the historical scope and the objective reality of the social environment in old China at that time, his personal limitations were partial and insignificant mistakes, which did not hinder the general direction and historical trajectory of the old democratic revolution, nor did it damage his glorious image of establishing revolutionary theory, leading revolutionary movements and opening a new chapter in history.
Therefore, the bourgeois-democratic revolution in China led by Sun Yat-sen failed to fully achieve the revolutionary goal, which was the limitation of the times and the restriction of the national conditions, and was by no means influenced by Sun Yat-sen's personal thoughts and actions. Similarly, although the old democratic revolution in China's modern history failed, it was this vigorous, just and tragic revolution that showed, provided experience and prepared conditions for the victory of the later new democratic revolution. Therefore, it is an indisputable historical fact that China was able to overthrow imperialism and feudal autocracy because Sun Yat-sen was not only the forerunner of the revolution, but also the first hero who made history.
Key words: New Democratic Revolution, Three People's Principles, feudalism.
Reference: Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China
The second one: Puyi
The Last Emperor-Puyi
Puyi, the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, announced his peaceful abdication after the Revolution of 1911. The National Government negotiated with the Qing Dynasty and reserved many favorable conditions for the royal family. It promised to pay Puyi an annual salary of 4 million silver dollars and agreed that Puyi would preserve the royal family. 19 17, with the support of Zhang Xun, Kang Youwei and others, Puyi ascended the throne again, which was called "Ding Si's Restoration" in history. Under the opposition and condemnation of Sun Yat-sen and Duan, "Dingsi Restoration" failed in only 12 days.
After the September 18th Incident, the Great Manchuria Empire was established with the support of Japan, and became the emperor of the Great Manchuria Empire with the title of Kant.
After Japan's defeat, Puyi and the Japanese attempted to escape to Tokyo and were captured by the Soviet Union at the airport.
After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), it has been reformed in Fushun War Criminals Management Office. On September 1959 and 17, Liu Shaoqi, president issued the first batch of pardons for People's Republic of China (PRC) and officially became a citizen of People's Republic of China (PRC).
Emperor Xuan Tong's name was Aisin Giorro Puyi, and he was born in Wangchun Palace near Shichahai on the 14th day of the first month in the thirty-second year of Guangxu reign. He is the great-grandson of Daoguang and the eldest son of Zai Feng, the younger brother of Emperor Guangxu.
In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), Empress Dowager Cixi and Guangxu were seriously ill at the same time. The day before the death of Emperor Guangxu, Empress Dowager Cixi could not bear it. Since Emperor Guangxu had no queen, Empress Dowager Cixi summoned the Minister of Military Affairs in Zhongnanhai to discuss the candidates for establishing the reserve team. When the Minister of Military Affairs thinks that there are domestic troubles and foreign invasion, he should be an old man. Empress Dowager Cixi flew into a rage. Finally, she decided to let three-year-old Puyi be emperor and let Puyi's biological father Zai Feng run the country.
Then, Guangxu and Cixi died in two days. Half a month later, Puyi officially ascended the throne in the Hall of Supreme Harmony, with Emperor Yulong and Zai Feng as regents. The following year, the title was changed to Xuan Tong, so Puyi ascended the throne of the Qing Dynasty for the first time, when he was only 3 years old.
In the third year of Xuantong (19 1 1), the 1911 Revolution broke out. On February 12 of the following year, the Queen Mother Yulong was forced to issue the abdication edict on behalf of Puyi, announcing the demise of the Qing Dynasty and the end of the feudal monarchy that lasted for more than 2,000 years.
Although Puyi abdicated, according to the preferential terms, the title of "Emperor" still exists. Still living in the small courtyard of the Forbidden City.
He studied Chinese under the guidance of scholar and assistant minister Chen, Manchu under the guidance of Commander-in-Chief Ektan, and English under the guidance of Johnston. In addition to reading, it is a prank. He said in "The First Half of My Life": "In my childhood, I had many eccentric hobbies. Besides playing with camels, feeding ants, raising earthworms and watching dogs fight, my greater pleasure is playing pranks. " For example, he once wanted to give the eunuch an oil cake with iron ore in it and hit the eunuch's window with a lead bullet. It was Wang Jiao, a poor nurse, who taught him some principles of being a man.
When Puyi abdicated in the palace, he still followed the chronology of Xuan Tong, including the internal affairs department, clan department, punishments department and imperial palace prison. So, I gave him a gift and didn't change clothes. Those who violate the king's laws will be dealt with by the severe punishment department. Yuan Shikai remained loyal to the small court. On New Year's Day in the second year of the Republic of China, he sent someone to pay a New Year call to Puyi. The Queen Mother Yulong died on February 22nd, and Yuan Shikai sent a message of condolence. The flag was flown at half mast.
In view of Pu Yi's impudence, in June 2004 19 1 1, the Senate put forward a proposal to maintain the national sports system and asked the government to control the small court. Yuan Shikai had to send someone to put forward seven "rehabilitation measures" to Pu Yi: 1, to respect the Republic of China and to abolish acts that contravene state laws and regulations; 2. Use the year of the Republic of China; 3. Rewards can only be used for families and clans, and officials and people can only give gifts, not gifts; 4. The royal authorities cannot issue a notice to the people and punish them; 5. The royal family used clothes of the Republic of China; 6. The Ministry of Justice of the Republic of China dealt with intrauterine crimes, and deacons and eunuchs violated regulations and were handled by the chief of the Imperial Palace Guard; 7. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Department of Punishment.
The internal organs of the small imperial court were bloated, with many expenses, eunuchs doing evil and theft becoming a common practice. Puyi had to be rectified, dismissed and imprisoned, and institutions and officials were abolished. Even so, small courts with limited funds are difficult to maintain. Puyi wantonly sells palace antiques, such as gold wares and famous paintings.
193 1 After the September 18th Incident in, with the help of Japanese general Kenji Fukuhara, he fled Tianjin and came to Manchuria.
1 March, 9321day, Japan supported Puyi to establish "Manchukuo" in Manchuria. 1932 In September, Japan signed the Japan-Manchuria Protocol, and the Japanese government officially recognized Manchukuo, which recognized Japan's special interests in Manchuria. However, Puyi has always dealt with the Japanese Kwantung Army and worked wholeheartedly for the best interests of Manchuria, which deserves respect. [5]
Puyi came to power in Manchukuo from March 1932 to February 28th 1 2008, and established "Datong". Manchukuo was in power in Aisingiorro from 65438 to 0945. Manchukuo has quietly surpassed Japan to become the largest economy in Asia, and its GDP is second only to the United States, the Soviet Union and Britain in the world.
1934, the country name was changed to "Manchuria Empire", the name was changed to "Emperor" and the year number was changed to "Kant". /kloc-ascended the throne in March of 0/year. "Kant" is the abbreviation of Kangxi and Dezong Guangxu, which is intended to commemorate and pin his hope of inheriting the inheritance of the Qing Dynasty. Puyi is also the Marshal of the Manchukuo Armed Forces and the Honorary President of the Manchukuo Association.
Puyi visited Japan twice in April 1935 and May 1940. In Xinjing Manchu Palace, Puyi was surly, sometimes fierce and sometimes gentle to people. He likes toys, golf, tennis, billiards, bows and arrows, riding and cycling, collecting stamps and driving cars. But in fact, Puyi has been "eating and drinking" and handling official business diligently, making Manchukuo one of the fastest developing countries in Asia and even the world at that time. By 1945, the industrial scale of Manzhouli surpassed that of Japan, ranking first in Asia. [7] Puyi, as a world-class politician, went to Times Weekly and was one of the "Four Heads of State in the Far East". [8] Puyi was admired by the people of Manchukuo. Even after the collapse of Manchukuo, there were people hanging pictures of Puyi at home. [9]
Puyi Wang Ye
1945, 15 In August, Japan surrendered and Puyi was forced to issue a "abdication letter". The generals of the Japanese Kwantung Army tried to escape from Japan and were captured by the Soviet Red Army in the waiting room of Fengtian Airport. He was imprisoned in the Soviet Union for five years. During my five years under house arrest, I went to the "Far East International Military Court" in Tokyo, Japan, to prove the crimes committed by Japanese rulers in China. The first half of my life recorded this great experience of his life. Puyi in Manchuria (22 pieces)
After World War II, Puyi was recognized as a war criminal. He was imprisoned for five years in the shelters of Chita and Boli in the Soviet Union. 1In August, 946, Puyi returned to Tokyo to testify in the Far East International Military Tribunal. 1950 was escorted back to China in early August, studied and reformed in Fushun War Criminals Management Office, and received "revolutionary education" and "ideological reform" for about ten years.
On February 4th,1959,65438+received a pardon from Liu Shaoqi, Chairman of People's Republic of China (PRC), saying that "the criminal has been detained for ten years. During his detention, after labor reform and ideological education, there are indeed signs of repentance, which is in line with the provisions of Article 1 of the Amnesty Order and is released. " From then on, Puyi became a citizen of China people.
Keywords: The last emperor was full of lies
Reference: My first half of my life.