First, the course of China's modernization
The historical conditions faced by China at the beginning of modernization are quite different from those of developed countries. The modernization of developed countries is the result of gradual evolution and accumulation within their societies, and China's initial exploration of modernization is a response to the aggression and stimulation of foreign industrialized countries. To sum up, there are mainly the following stages:
(1) The Opium War was founded in New China.
The lesson of the Opium War is that "you will be beaten if you fall behind". The Westernization Movement hopes to realize the country's prosperity by learning western technology. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, the bourgeois reformists launched the Reform Movement of 1898. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Revolution of 1911 led by the bourgeois revolutionaries turned the study of western modernization to the institutional level. The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the feudal monarchy and carried out the practice of reconciliation between the bourgeoisie and the state, but they still failed to realize the dream of national prosperity. China people's previous exploration in modern times was our first attempt at modernization, which failed to make our country move towards modernization and prosperity. The reason is that we failed to achieve national independence, failed to clear away obstacles such as feudal forces, and our understanding of modernization was limited to "modernization is westernization" and failed to embark on a Chinese-style modernization road.
(2) From the founding of New China to the reform and opening up.
The victory of the new-democratic revolution and the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) provided institutional guarantee and a stable social environment for China's modernization, which transformed China's modernization process from a capitalist model to a socialist model. The government-led modernization process began at the beginning of the founding of New China. The modernization process of new China fully embodies the characteristics of modernization in developing countries: purposeful, planned and catch-up modernization process; Introduction and acceptance of foreign models. [1] The new China established on the basis of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society has a weak economic foundation and a huge gap with other industrial countries in the world, which greatly inspired China's determination to realize socialist modernization. In the 1950s, it was put forward that "backward agricultural countries should be transformed into advanced industrial countries". We learned from and imitated the experience and model of the Soviet Union, and once put too much emphasis on the construction of heavy industry and infrastructure. The imbalance in the proportion of agriculture, light industry and industry prompted Mao Zedong and other leaders to start thinking about how to take the road of industrialization in China. Mao Zedong put forward the general policy of developing the national economy with agriculture as the foundation, industry as the leading factor and agriculture as the key point, and a set of policy of "walking on two legs". [2] In the 1960s, the goal of "marching into the four modernizations" was put forward. During the Cultural Revolution, due to the mistake of expanding class struggle, the work focused on class struggle, and modernization came to a standstill.
(C) Since the reform and opening up
1978 12, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party was held, and a new era characterized by reform and opening up began. At the beginning of reform and opening up, in order to unite people and inspire them to forge ahead, the goal of "four modernizations" was mentioned again. 1In the autumn of 978, Deng Xiaoping visited Japan after returning to China, and gained a deeper and more specific understanding of modernization. In March, 2006, Deng Xiaoping emphasized that "the current construction should also be suitable for China's national conditions and embark on a Chinese-style modernization road" [3] 1979 10. He first proposed the specific goal of revising modernization. He said: "We have made great efforts to realize the four modernizations by the end of this century. Later, it was changed to Chinese modernization, that is, the standard was lowered a little. In particular, the gross national product will not be very high on average. " [4] The basic line of the Party in the primary stage of socialism put forward by the Thirteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly stated that the goal of the Party in the primary stage of socialism is to build a prosperous, strong, democratic and civilized modern country. The 13th National Congress will also formulate the strategic concept of "three-step" development in Deng Xiaoping, that is, the first step, from 198 1 to 1990, to achieve a GNP ratio of 65438+. Second, from 199 1 to the end of the 20th century, the gross national product will double and reach a well-off level; The third step is to quadruple the gross national product by the middle of 2 1 century, reach the level of moderately developed countries, basically realize modernization, and then continue to advance on this basis. [5] The 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China further concretized the third step of the "three-step" strategy, including the goal of "two hundred years". It is predicted that by the mid-20th century, when People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded100th anniversary, it will basically realize modernization and build a prosperous, strong, democratic and civilized socialist country. The report of the 19th National Congress put forward the goal of China's modernization process, that is, to basically realize socialist modernization by 2035, and to build a "prosperous, strong, democratic, civilized, harmonious and beautiful socialist modernization power" by 2050.