Literally, a reference is a document cited in the writing process, such as an article or a book. The following is the difference between the references and notes I carefully sorted out. Welcome to share.

A complete paper consists of six parts: title, abstract, key words, text, notes and references. Annotation refers to the explanation of some professional words in the paper. Generally, it can be found in two ways, one is through professional reference books (professional dictionaries). Another simplest method is to enter professional words in search engines (Baidu, Google, Yahoo, etc.). ) go find it. Many authors don't understand the difference between references and annotations, and quite a few people put references as annotations under the current page, which is not standardized.

The Data Standard for Retrieval and Evaluation of Academic Journals in China (CD-ROM Edition) clearly stipulates: "References are the reference books that authors refer to when writing papers and works", which are generally listed at the end of the article; Annotation is a further explanation or supplementary explanation of a specific content in the text of a work, which is usually printed at the end of the page. The serial numbers of references are marked with square brackets, and the notes are marked with numbers and circles (such as ① ② ...) ".Thus, there are significant differences between references and notes, and authors should strictly distinguish them when writing works.

References and annotations are of great significance to a scientific research paper. Although it is not necessary for every paper to have references and annotations, complete and standardized references and annotations can make the paper more scientific and objective, increase the credibility of the paper, and be conducive to the establishment of large-scale databases and the exchange, processing, retrieval, evaluation and utilization of literature data. For this reason, Tsinghua University's China Academic Journal (CD-ROM Edition) has formulated a set of technical specifications-China Academic Journal (CD-ROM Edition) Retrieval and Evaluation Data Specification, and put forward some suggestions on the names, codes, labels and formats of the main items of retrieval and evaluation data (including references and annotations). 1999, the Press and Publication Administration issued a document, requesting that all periodicals entering the CD-ROM version can be consulted. The formulation and implementation of this standard is conducive to the informationization of scientific research results. However, there are some obvious differences in the specific labeling of references and annotations in various journals, which makes this issue more random and confusing. Therefore, this paper attempts to analyze this problem and discuss the difference and treatment between the two.

I. Connotation of "Reference" and "Annotation"

(1) About "references",

In the process of writing academic papers, we must mention other people's research results, because according to the law of scientific research, any research is carried out on the basis of previous research. This process of referring to other people's scientific research results is to refer or quote.

The interpretation of Ci Hai (version 1999) is: "Reference: refer to other things he said; Participation "; "Literature: originally refers to classics and sages. The latter refers to books and cultural relics with historical value. It also refers to important books and materials related to a certain subject. Today, it is the collective name of all carriers that record knowledge, that is, various carriers (such as paper, film, tape, CD-ROM, etc. ) As for "references" which record human knowledge in the form of words, images, symbols, audio and video, there is no special entry.

Let's look at the relevant provisions of several detailed rules.

According to the Rules for the Description of Bibliographic References (GB77 14-87), Bibliographic References refer to "relevant books and materials cited for writing or editing works". Of course, the "quotation" here can be a direct quotation from the original text or an indirect quotation, that is, drawing on and absorbing his ideas and viewpoints; The word "Wen Hou" is obviously different from the text, that is, what is placed behind the text.

"China Academic Journals (CD-ROM Edition) Retrieval and Evaluation Data Standard" says: "Reference is the bibliography that the author refers to when writing." What is emphasized here is the word "reference", that is, these documents have played a reference role for the author to write this article.

There is such a provision about references in the Arrangement Standard of Social Science Journals of Colleges and Universities in China (Revised Edition): "The description of references should conform to GB77 14-87" The Description Rules of References at the End of Documents "and" The Data Standard for Retrieval and Evaluation of China Academic Journals (CD-ROM Edition) ",and the sequential coding system should be adopted, and the citations should be coded continuously with Arabic numerals in the order in which the cited documents appear in the paper. If a document is repeatedly quoted in the same text, it is marked with the same serial number. If you need to indicate the specific source of the quotation, you can put parentheses after the serial number to indicate the page number or the name of the chapter, section and article, and the font size is smaller than the text. " From this passage, we can see that the specification does not explicitly discuss what is a reference, but basically follows the practice of the first two specifications, and clearly includes quotations in the reference.

There are several paragraphs about references in the "Specification for the Arrangement of Natural Science Journals of National Colleges and Universities" (revised edition): "In order to reflect the scientific basis of the paper and the author's serious attitude of respecting other people's research results, and to provide readers with the sources of relevant information, a list of references should be listed at the conclusion of the paper (when there is no thank-you paragraph) or after the thank-you paragraph", "The list of references should generally be limited to the most important documents directly read by the author and published in official publications." This paper not only points out the purpose of listing references, but also puts forward some requirements for their contents.

(2) About "notes":

Cihai (1999 edition): "Annotation: also known as annotation, refers to the interpretation of words and quotations in books and articles." Annotation, as an attachment of books and papers, first appeared in Han Dynasty. It used to have the names of biography, annotation, reason, training, annotation, sparseness, chapter and sentence, and was later called annotation, as opposed to Bai Wen. At that time, the so-called "Bai Wen" refers to the pure text in pre-Qin works without annotation, sound training and reconciliation.

Let's take a look at what the relevant specifications say about "comments":

Annotation is a further explanation or supplementary explanation of a specific content in the text of a work. -China Academic Journals (CD-ROM Edition) Retrieval and Evaluation Data Specification)

"Annotations are mainly used to explain or explain the title, author and some content in the article." -"The National Journal of Social Sciences in Colleges and Universities" (Revised Edition);

Annotations can be used to explain the title, author and some content. -Specification for the Arrangement of Natural Science Journals of Colleges and Universities in China (Revised Edition)

It can be seen that the three specifications are basically the same in terms of annotations, but slightly different in the objects of annotations. Technical Standards and Specifications of China Academic Journals (CD-ROM version) are limited to the main content, and the other two specifications extend to the description of titles (or articles) and authors.

(3) the difference between references and notes:

The above are excerpts from "references" and "notes" in various specifications. Regarding the difference between them, the Technical Standards and Specifications of China Academic Journals (CD-ROM Edition) clearly tries to distinguish them from the aspects of content, form and arrangement position:

"References are the bibliographies that the author refers to when writing, which are generally listed in the text; Annotation is a further explanation or supplementary explanation of a specific content in the text of a work, which is usually printed at the end of the page. The serial numbers of references are marked with square brackets, and the notes are marked with numbers and circles (such as ①, ② ...). " This kind of regulation tries to distinguish the two, which has strong maneuverability in actual writing. In practice, there are often two situations: one is that all citations are regarded as references, and the other is that there are few or most notes in the paper.

Second, the problems in practical work

These rules seem very clear. However, in practice, more facts are that the authors of academic papers and journal editors have too much randomness and confusion on this issue because of inaccurate regulations and past habits. We might as well look at a few examples:

Educational Research (China Journal Square Double-effect Journal) P30,No. 1, 2003;

Precautions:

(1) Fan Hao. Ethical essence and ethical spirit premise of education [J]. Educational Research, 200 1, (1).

② Wang Xiaoxi. Economic theory and enterprise development [M]. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University Press, 1998.66-7 1.

Note that the text of 1 is as follows:

Recently, Professor Fan Hao wrote an article about the ethical essence and spirit of education, and put forward an important conclusion that ethical spirit is the core of the humanistic essence of education and education is an ethical entity. (1) (page 25)

It can be seen that the "notes" here are obviously "references" according to the Technical Standards and Specifications of China Academic Journals (CD-ROM Edition), but they are marked with numbers and circles in the external form of "notes".

Let's look at some examples in the 6th issue of Journal of Nanjing Normal University (Social Science Edition) in 2004 (China Journal Square Double-effect Journal and China Comprehensive Humanities and Social Sciences Core Journal):

In the Middle Ages, he held high the banner of liberalism and preached that "Jesus was an advocate of the principle of free exploration, a great hero of creating civilization, and officially liberated mankind from superstition" [1](p.83). (P5)

Here, a direct reference is regarded as a reference:

References:

[1] Friedrich Bauer. Moral system [M]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 1998. (Page 8)

Look again:

It is in this sense that Hegel said that freedom, as a universal spirit and a fundamental provision of the existing world, self-awareness and human's fundamental will, is not only inherent in nature, but also inherent in human beings. In addition, freedom is realistic only as will and subject. (P5)

However, the indirect reference to Hegel's point of view here is neither marked as a quotation nor a comment.

Let's see:

Therefore, although there are provisions to exclude judicial review in Britain, the courts always make the legal provisions to exclude judicial review either completely invalid or only occur in a small scope according to the principle of "ultra vires is invalid". (1) (page 49)

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