Classification basis: computer performance and main components
Discussion on the application of storage elements in the main device period
1 electron tube From 1946 to the end of 1950s, all the operations of scientific engineering calculation electron tubes were controlled by CUP, and there was no system software. Generally speaking, it is written by machine and assembly language.
2 transistor 58 ~ 64 years of scientific calculation and data processing, began to be used for process control. With the system software, the operating system was put forward, and a high-level language appeared.
Small and medium-sized integrated circuits were used in various fields from 65 to 70 years, and time-sharing operating systems and real-time OS appeared in semiconductors.
4 Large-scale and very large-scale integrated circuits 7 1 year ~ Now semiconductors have been widely used, developing towards networking and miniaturization.
(Now, now, microcomputer, Pentium, 486...)- the fourth generation (large-scale, very large-scale integrated circuits)
Principle and structure of modern computer;
Feng? Neumann, a Hungarian-born American scientist, made great contributions to the development of computers and put forward the design idea of "program storage and program control". This is the working principle that modern computers still adopt.
Thought:
① A computer system consists of five basic components: arithmetic unit, memory, controller and input/output equipment, and the basic functions of these five components are specified.
② Data and instructions should be represented in binary in the computer.
(3) program storage and program control (the program is stored in main memory in advance, and the computer can automatically take out and execute the instructions one by one without the intervention of the operator.
1958, China successfully developed the first electronic tube digital computer DSJ- 1, 1965 transistor large general-purpose computer, 197 1 integrated circuit electronic computer TQ- 16, general digital, dsj-/.
Development of microcomputers;
The first microcomputer was designed by M.E.Hoff of Intel company in 1969.
Time generation time digital representative chip
The first generation 1972 8-bit Intel8008
Second Generation 1973 8-bit Intel 8085, M8600 (Motorola) and Z80(Zilog)
Third Generation 1978 16 Intel 8086, M8600 (Motorola) and Z8000(Zilog)
The fourth generation 1985 32-bit Intel8086, Z8000(Zilog), HP-32, NS- 16032, Pentium series.
Computer development trend: giant, miniaturization, networking and intelligence. With the rapid development of computer technology, computers are widely used, and more and more people need to master the basic knowledge and usage of computers. At the same time, people's requirements for information processing are becoming more and more complex, fast and accurate. Computers have become the most important tools for office automation and indispensable assistants and tools for people. In short, a computer is an electronic machine that can automatically perform high-speed operations and logical operations. The electronic computer automatically processes information according to the program. The general process of information processing is that computer users store pre-programmed programs in the computer, and then use the stored program commands and control the computer to automatically perform various basic operations until the expected processing results are obtained. 1946 February, the first modern electronic computer was born in the United States. At the same time, Dr. von Neumann, a world-famous mathematician, first published a preliminary study on the logical structure of motor computer devices. This paper puts forward the theory of storing programs in electronic computers, which lays the foundation for the design of computers with the function of storing programs. Since then, computer science has become the fastest-growing science in the 20th century. Although the first computer was huge and slow, it laid the foundation for the future development of computers. Later, the development of electronic devices promoted the development of electronic circuits and laid a material and technical foundation for the development of computers. As a result, the physical devices of electronic computers have been improved, and there have been four stages of computer development, which are what we call the first generation, the second generation, the third generation and the fourth generation computers. The first generation of computers is the era of electron tube computers, and the second generation of computers is the era of transistor computers. The third and fourth generation computers are integrated circuit computers, which mainly use integrated circuits. With the improvement of computer components, computers tend to be smaller, faster, cheaper and more widely used. The "fifth generation computer" being developed at present is a non-von Neumann computer, which is closer to people's way of thinking. According to international classification, computers are divided into supercomputers, mainframes, small supercomputers and small computers according to their scale and processing power. Workstations and microcomputers are divided into six categories. They are used by governments, banks, enterprises, schools and families. They are widely used in military, scientific research, economy, culture and life. At the same time, they can carry out scientific calculation, data processing, automatic control, design teaching, artificial intelligence, multimedia application and computer network, which provides convenience for our life and production. At present, computers can process text and images. Audio, video and other information and data are represented by two binary symbols "0" and "1". Binary is a counting method in the counting system. The representation of numerical values in the counting system contains two basic elements: radix and "bit weight" of each bit. There are only two different number symbols in binary, radix 2, every two. Binary system has two laws: arithmetic operation and logical operation. Arithmetic operation mainly refers to addition and subtraction. It is enough to master "every binary is one" and "borrow one to make two" and use the operation rule of 1 binary number. Logical quantity refers to the possible states of a thing in both positive and negative aspects. If something exists in truth but not in falsehood, its logical quantity has only two values: truth and falsehood, and the symbol 1 means "truth". Computers use binary counting method, whether it is numerical data, words, images, etc. The computer adopts a unified coding standard, which can be converted into binary numbers for processing, and then the computer converts these information into visual information for display. Common information coding standards mainly include BCD code, ASCII code and Chinese character coding. BCD code represents a decimal number with several binary numbers. There are many coding methods for BCD codes, among which 842 1 code is commonly used. ASCII code adopts seven-bit binary code, which can represent 128 characters, including numbers 0~9, English letters and symbols. , including 94 printed characters and 34 non-printed characters. Chinese character coding includes national code, internal code, input code, font code and so on. These common information codes bring convenience to our typing. This paper enables us to understand the history of computer development. Classification, characteristics and application fields of computers. Basic knowledge such as computer carry counting system and information coding representation gives us a new understanding of computers.