First, the environmental pollution caused by China's economic development.
1 energy pollution. China's economic development is mainly based on the development of heavy industry. In order to pursue output and scale, heavy industrial enterprises mostly adopt low-energy production methods, with incomplete energy utilization and no supporting sewage facilities. The production behavior of enterprises is like wasting energy again and again, which makes China, which is not rich in energy resources, face more problems of resource protection and environmental governance.
2 air pollution. China's main energy supply resource is still coal, and China is the world's largest coal consumer and the second largest crude oil consumer. At present, the air pollution in China is equivalent to the most serious pollution level in developed countries in 1950s and 1960s. Air pollution is mainly soot pollution, and the main pollutants are soot and sulfur dioxide, of which industrial sulfur dioxide emissions account for about 70%. Of the more than 600 cities in China, less than 1% meet the national first-class standards. The total suspended particulate matter and dustfall in large and medium-sized cities in China basically exceed the national standards, which has a destructive impact on people's health in China.
3 water pollution. There are many problems in urban water supply in China. According to statistics, about 400 of the 660 large and medium-sized cities have water problems. 1/4 have reached the police standard. Groundwater resources have been gradually polluted, and 20% of water resources cannot be regenerated into clean water. These water problems are closely related to the sewage discharge in the production process of enterprises.
4 labor pollution. Large-scale production of enterprises will inevitably require more labor, which seems to have nothing to do with environmental protection, but it is not. The products produced by heavy industry in China are mostly non-technical products, and their production posts have no technical requirements for labor, so energy and resources are wasted in the production process. However, because these labor-intensive industries can also reduce the employment pressure of the country, their environmental pollution problems are more easily ignored, which makes the environmental pollution problems naturally take a back seat to economic development, and also makes China's environmental protection problems face more pressure from the demand of economic development. In addition, in the process of reform. With the government gradually lifting the restrictions on population mobility, more migrant workers poured into urban industrial enterprises, and the urban population of China increased until 2004. The urban population of China accounts for nearly 42% of the total population. This further concentrated the urban population of China. This trend of population urbanization is at the expense of the sharp reduction of cultivated land area in China. At the same time, there will be a crisis in grain productivity. The development of urbanization will also change people's lifestyle. In order to adapt to the development of enterprises, enterprise workers must choose a higher quality and faster lifestyle. This urges food production departments to use more fertilizers and pesticides to meet this lifestyle, which will pollute more rivers, lakes and oceans. Land pollution will be more serious.
5 garbage pollution. China's waste discharge is large, and most of industrial waste residue and urban garbage are piled up in urban suburbs and river beaches, which become serious pollution sources because of the low comprehensive utilization and disposal rate. The accumulated storage capacity is 6.5 billion tons, covering an area of more than 50,000 hectares, and the harmless treatment rate of municipal solid waste is only 1.2%. Two-thirds of the cities in this country are besieged by garbage. In addition, with the development of chemical industry in China, toxic and hazardous wastes have also increased. Toxic and harmful solid waste has not been
Strict innocuity and scientific safe disposal have become an urgent environmental problem with serious potential harm in China.
Second, the main causes of environmental pollution in China's economic development
In the past 20 years, China's economy has been growing at an average annual rate of 9%, but there are also many huge obstacles to its future development. Apart from technological progress, the biggest obstacle is resource and environmental factors. Although after entering 2003. A new generation of leaders have begun to pay attention to the seriousness of this problem. And set out to solve this problem, but the contradiction between economic development and environmental protection makes the solution of this problem not optimistic.
China's economic development has laid the bane of environmental pollution from the very beginning. For a long time, "worshiping business" and "dumping business" have prevailed in China, and many domestic policies and measures have reflected the idea that economic development is the top priority. During the signing of the Kyoto Protocol, the Chinese representative said, "China's priority is to eradicate poverty and develop its economy, and it is impossible for the China government to fulfill its obligation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Unless it is economic development. " It is under the guidance of this idea that any practice of wasting and polluting the environment can be passed unimpeded in the name of "developing the economy". The wrong view of political achievements regards "attracting foreign investment" and "exporting" as the primary indicators for evaluating officials' political achievements. Exporting products that pollute the environment is publicly encouraged by preferential "export tax rebate", and foreign-invested enterprises that waste resources and pollute the environment are regarded as distinguished guests. And get preferential treatment with low tax rate. Under the guidance of this policy of exchanging environment for development, China is bound to face the dilemma of the rapid deterioration of the ecological environment, and the high-speed economic growth will become unsustainable.
China's per capita land area and resource reserves are far below the international average. In order to achieve sustainable economic development in China, we must invest more funds for governance and technology, encourage enterprises to use the most environmentally friendly production methods and make effective use of resources. However, the pursuit of economic quantity by Chinese enterprises and government departments often makes them ignore or give up this part of investment, which leads to the serious backwardness of environmental protection and related financial support and technological development in China. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, the government invested 36 billion yuan (about 4.5 billion US dollars) mainly for pollution control and prevention, nearly twice the sum of the sixth, seventh and eighth five-year plans (986-2000). But this figure is still lower than 1% of GDP. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the investment in environmental pollution exceeded 1% of GDP for the first time. It reached 1. 18%. But this kind of investment can't meet the basic needs of environmental protection. According to the research of the State Environmental Protection Administration and the World Bank, the annual loss caused by environmental pollution accounts for 4% to 8% of GDP, and the total loss caused by ecological damage accounts for 13% to 15% of GDP. China Green National Economic Accounting Research Report 2004 pointed out. In 2004, the economic losses caused by environmental pollution in China accounted for 3.05% of the annual GDP, and the treatment expenses accounted for 1.80% of GDP. If all pollutants discharged into the environment in 2004 are treated at the current treatment technology level, the one-time direct investment will be about10.08 billion yuan, accounting for about 6.8% of GDP in that year. At the same time, it also needs to spend another 287.4 billion yuan (virtual treatment cost) in management and operation costs every year, accounting for 1.80% of GDP in that year. There is a considerable gap between all these capital requirements and our investment.
China's economic development is constrained by the shortage of resources, but this is only a superficial phenomenon. The root of the problem lies in the extensive mode of economic growth in China. Economic growth mainly depends on a large amount of investment in resources, resulting in a large amount of waste of resources and the wrong image of resource constraints. Moreover, this development model of extensive economic has also caused a serious imbalance between the product structure and the import and export technology structure in China, and the final result of its development will lead to a sharp deterioration of the environment. If our country has a good market economy and changes the extensive economic growth mode, it will promote the continuous progress of technology, continuously develop new resources, improve the utilization rate of resources and realize the effective allocation of resources. At this time, the phenomenon of resource shortage will really disappear.
Effective measures to realize win-win situation of economic development and environmental protection
At present, China is in a period of rapid industrialization and at the peak of environmental pollution and resource consumption, and the environmental situation is far from the requirements of building a well-off society in an all-round way. How to protect the environment while accelerating development? Promoting the harmonious development between man and nature is one of the most severe challenges facing China in the 2nd/KLOC-0 century.
1 Take environmental protection as a basic national policy and strengthen cooperation among various departments. The most important thing is that governments at all levels, management departments at all levels and leaders at all levels should firmly establish Scientific Outlook on Development Thought and implement comprehensive decisions on environment and development. At the same time, we should establish a correct view of political achievements. It is necessary to replace the traditional GDP accounting system with green GDP accounting system, and bring environmental protection into the performance evaluation of governments at all levels.
Take environmental protection as an industry, allocate more capital and technical resources to environmental protection industry, accelerate the transformation of advanced environmental protection scientific and technological achievements into productive forces, gradually form an environmental protection technology research and development system, and regard environmental protection industry as a new economic growth point. Actively promote the process of environmental protection industrialization, gradually standardize the environmental protection industry market, actively promote the socialization, specialization and marketization of environmental protection facilities operation, and establish a macro-control and operation system of environmental protection industry that is compatible with the market economic system.
3. Take the development of circular economy as the key task of economic development in the new period, and completely abandon the traditional development model of extensive economic. The effective development of circular economy needs the support of a perfect legal system. Developing circular economy is different from traditional recycling. It does not rely on planning to realize the recycling of waste materials, but develops through strict implementation of legal standards and market operation. Therefore, in the process of circular economy construction, China still needs to continuously strengthen the construction of environmental legal system, and give relevant departments effective law enforcement power to effectively promote the all-round development of circular economy under the perfect legal framework of circular economy.
Take international cooperation as an important tool to solve China's environmental protection problems, promote China's international cooperation in the field of environmental protection through official and unofficial channels and through policy discussion and dialogue, improve China's ability in environmental policy, management, technology and aspects, and actively introduce environmental protection funds and advanced environmental management concepts. Provide impetus and support for environmental protection in China. [