(A) the writing content of practical (cognitive) style is the writer's confirmation of objective facts based on existing knowledge.
(b) Practical (cognitive) writing style aims at exchanging information by providing information.
1, report-refers to the fact that the writer tells the reader directly and objectively in descriptive language, so as to obtain relevant information from it.
2. Interpretation-When the writer confirms the objective facts according to his own cognitive structure and informs the readers, he not only needs to state his cognitive achievements in the form of a report, but also needs to explain the cognitive contents accordingly, so that the readers can not only perceive, but also understand and accept the text ideas that the writer wants to express. This explanation has two basic characteristics-knowledge and objectivity.
2. Analyze the basic characteristics of rational style.
Analytical rational style is a basic style in which the author directly uses the logical form of concept, judgment and reasoning to analyze, comment or theoretically discuss objective things or events.
The analysis of rational style can be divided into two categories:
One is to comment on some phenomena in social life in time, commonly known as "comments"
One is to discuss and study a problem in the field of science, to elaborate and exchange academic views, commonly known as "papers"
From the perspective of human consciousness function, the role and significance of analytical style in embodying the theoretical way of human mastering the world are mainly manifested in the following two aspects:
(1) The analysis of the writing content of rational style is based on the inference of objective facts by existing theories.
(2) The structure of analytical rational style directly reflects the logical characteristics of rational thinking.
3. Basic characteristics of aesthetic style
Aesthetic style-that is, several styles in literary creation, including prose, poetry and novels.
(A) the aesthetic psychological characteristics of literature as art
1, the super-utilitarian feature of aesthetics.
Utilitarianism refers to a direct purpose when people grasp the object (world) through conscious activities.
Ultra-utilitarianism means that there is no direct purpose between the subject and the object, and the subject is of course not fettered by any real or potential interests E68A8462616964757A 6869416F3136533, thus truly entering the realm of free creation of an independent spirit.
Implicit indirect utility has two meanings:
First, as far as aesthetic activities are concerned.
The second is the position and function of aesthetic activities in the process of social existence of the subject.
2. Aesthetic perceptual (image) characteristics
The rational factors and functions combined with the aesthetic perceptual characteristics of art are mainly manifested in two aspects:
First, the creation of artistic image contains the active participation of reason.
Secondly, the effect of artistic image is often to raise people's spirit to a supreme rational realm that is difficult to achieve only by logical speculation. This realm is often an insight into the source of all things and the place of Tao, which can only be understood but difficult to express.
3. Emotional characteristics of aesthetics
(B) the aesthetic characteristics of literature as a language art.
1, the indirectness of shaping artistic image
2, reflecting the flexibility of social life.
3. Reveal the concreteness of the spiritual world
2. Practical stylistic knowledge includes narrative, argumentative, explanatory and practical writing.
(1) Narrative is a style with narrative and description as its main forms and characters, narrative, scenery and objects as its main contents. 1, narrative (1) can be classified into content and expression: ① simple narrative ② complex narrative (2) differences of writing objects: ① narrative mainly written by writers; (2) Narration based on scenery; (4) Narrative based on material writing (2); Explanatory articles are mainly expressed by description and used as an introduction.
1, the classification of expository writing can be divided into description object (content), description of substantive things, explanation of events, explanation of scientific essays, language expression, characteristics of expository writing (1), highly scientific content (2), clarity of structure (3), strict accuracy of language (3) and practicality of writing. 1, practical writing type (1) letter, general letter, special letter (thank you letter, commendation letter, condolence letter, introduction letter, open letter, authentication letter, application, proposal, invitation letter), telegram, remittance (2) notebook, reading notes (3) formal notice. Meeting Minutes (4) Publicity advertisements, speeches, blackboard newspapers, news, newsletters, product brochures (5) notices, posters (6) Etiquette invitations, greetings (congratulatory letters and telegrams), condolences (7) deeds (receipts, IOUs, receipts, IOUs and leave slips).
(1), argumentative essays are classified according to content and purpose: ① general political essays; ② comments; ③ essays (essays, miscellaneous talks, notes); ④ feelings after reading are classified according to argumentation; ① establishment of essays; ② refutation of essays.
3. Summary of Common Stylistic Writing in the Workplace Practical Official Document Writing \x0c I. The meaning of official documents Practical official documents refer to official documents with customary format that are often used by party and government organs, mass organizations, enterprises and institutions when handling official business, referred to as official documents.
\x0c II。 Types of Official Documents 20 12, 16 The Provisions on Official Documents Handling of Party and Government Organs (No.14 [2065438]) jointly issued by the General Office of the Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council on April 6, 2006 stipulates that the main types of official documents include: resolutions, decisions and orders (. \x0c three. Official documents have distinctive features; The policy is statutory; The authoritative style is normative; The language is simple and limited; X0c four. The request for writing common practical official documents (1) is applicable to the request and approval from higher authorities.
1. What are the characteristics of asking for instructions? Targeted 2, the classification of instructions? Indicative request? Unique? Timeliness? Grant the request? Grant the request? Batch processing \x0c3. The structure, content and writing method of the request. Title (organ+reason+language, reason+language) main sending organ (there is only one main sending organ, and multi-source instructions are not allowed, and leapfrog instructions are not allowed). Reason for the request+conclusion of the request (if not, please explain; If not, please approve. ) Signing time \x0c Request Example χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ
1. What is the difference between asking for instructions and reporting? At the end of time and content processing, please indicate that you can only submit one batch of requests. Only instructions and approvals can be given in advance. You must answer whether it is correct or not. Please give instructions on the reporting work, and you can report more things before, during and after reflecting the situation. You can report one thing for reading, but you don't have to reply to this report. Please review \ X0c2, characteristics of the report, one-way expression of the sentence 3, classification of the report, comprehensive report, special report, periodic report, irregular report \x0c4, structure, content, writing method, title, first issuing authority+cause+main sending authority of the language (there may be one, There may also be more than one) the beginning (explain the reason, purpose, significance and basis) the main body (state the matters to be reported) the conclusion (this report is hereby reported, specially reported, and the above report is for review) \x0c reporting example χ χ: For χ χ, According to χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ 2 χ 2 χ 2 χ 3 χ 2 χ 2 χ 2 χ 3 χ 2 χ 2 χ 2 χ 3 χ 2 χ 2 χ 3 χ 2 χ 2 χ 3 χ 2 χ 2 χ 2 χ 3 χ 2 χ 3 χ 2 χ 2 χ 2 χ 2 χ 2 967 Prevent language misuse \x0c (3) Notify the higher authorities to issue rules to convey matters that need to be known or implemented together, as well as official documents such as appointment, dismissal and employment of cadres. 1. What are the characteristics of the notice? Extensive? Knowledge? Timeliness \x0c2. Classification of notices? Forwarding, forwarding, and publishing notices? Indicative notice? Transaction notice? Meeting notice? Notice of appointment and removal \x0c3. The structure, content and writing method of the notice: issuing authority+cause+subject of the title of the language+text of the language (general writing method). The cause and basis of the notice+matters to be notified+implementation requirements are hereby notified to this unit. Conclusion \x0c notification example χ χ χ: For χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ The relevant matters are hereby notified as follows:1.χ χ χ (topic, agenda) 2. χ χ χ (time and duration) 3. χ χ χ (reporting time and place) 4. χ χ χ (participant) 5. χ χ χ χ (the preparations that participants should make) 6. ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○967
In addition to the decisions made at the meeting, they can also be made by the leading organs. Stability 1, the characteristic of the decision is binding 2, and the classification of the decision determines the command decision 18 \ X0c3. Structure, content and writing of the decision: issuing authority+cause+title meme+beginning (explaining reason, purpose, meaning and basis), text (specific content of the decision) and conclusion (hope, call and requirement). This decision shall come into force as of the date of promulgation or terminate naturally 19 \ X0c decision example the State Council's decision on accelerating the development of township enterprises in the central and western regions (1February 4, 99310). Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party [1993]10, China's townships and towns.
However, due to various reasons, the regional distribution of township enterprises is unbalanced. In the vast central and western regions, which account for about two-thirds of the national population, the output value of township enterprises is only one-third, which has become an important reason for the economic development gap between the central and western regions and the eastern regions of China. The 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out: "We will continue to vigorously develop township enterprises, especially support and accelerate the development of township enterprises in the central and western regions and ethnic minority areas.
"This is of great economic and political significance to gradually narrow the gap between the eastern and western regions, revitalize the economy of ethnic minority areas, change the face of poverty and backwardness, consolidate and develop the overall situation of unity and stability, and achieve prosperity. To this end, we have decided as follows: 1. Raise awareness, strengthen leadership, and take accelerating the development of township enterprises as.
4. Practical writing style; First, meaning; Practical style is the general name of all kinds of practical articles, which refers to solving practical problems; Second, characteristics; First, from the content, practical writing is to solve a practical problem; Secondly, from the aspect of form, the practical article soybean oil fixed posture; Third, characteristics; 1, the theme is single, focused and clear; ; 2. The materials are diverse, authentic and powerful; ; 3. The structure is reasonable, precise and fixed; ; 4. The language is accurate, concise, simple and solemn; Chapter I Administrative Documents; (1) Overview; 1, the concept and characteristics of official document practical writing I. Meaning Practical writing is a general term for all kinds of practical writing, which refers to articles written to solve practical problems and have specific uses in social life.
Also called practical writing. Second, characteristics: from the content, practical writing is written to solve a practical problem or a specific job, and its content is closely related to real life and reflects real life; Secondly, from the formal point of view, the practical article soybean oil fixed posture has the outstanding characteristics of standardization or certain stylization.
Third, the characteristics of 1, the theme is single, concentrated and clear; 2. The materials are diverse, authentic and powerful; 3. The structure is reasonable, precise and fixed; 4. The language is accurate, concise, plain and solemn.
5. What are the three writing processes of summarizing style? The following steps are commonly used to write a summary: 1.
The pre-writing stage (1) clarifies the main idea. The work summary to be written should be based on the actual work needs.
Therefore, before you start writing, you must first understand the main idea of the summary, that is, the theme and purpose of the summary. The following must be included in a clear theme.
(1) You must have a clear understanding of the central content of the summary. For example, the improvement of related work is mainly to put forward the status quo, existing problems, solutions and matters that need coordination.
Another example is the request, which emphasizes the problem that the superior should answer or solve. (2) clearly understand the sending scope and reading object of the abstract.
It is necessary to make it clear whether to report the work to the superior, or to promote and introduce the experience to the relevant individuals, to read it to the leaders and relevant departments, or to convey it to all personnel. (1) clearly summarize the specific requirements.
Have a clear understanding of the other party's response, whether to let the receiving organ implement it or refer to it, study it for reference, and solicit opinions. In short, the summary must have a clear understanding of the methods adopted, the problems expounded and the goals achieved.
Only by understanding these problems can we start writing. (1) Collect relevant information.
For example, writing a short summary, special material collection and investigation are unnecessary. After clearly summarizing the main idea, you can start writing after a little consideration. If the problem is complicated, it needs to be analyzed and synthesized in detail.
If the abstract is long, it is often necessary to collect relevant materials for further investigation and study. The possession of materials is the starting point of summary and the basic kung fu.
Only "possession of details" can better possess materials. The so-called nuance, one is to have a detailed understanding of the whole process of practice.
For example, a year's work can be divided into several stages, and we should know what we have caught in each stage, what difficulties and problems we have encountered, how to solve them and what the results are. The second is to correctly grasp typical cases.
Typical examples are not necessarily "advanced models". A typical contradiction, a typical practice, a typical effect, and a typical opinion of the masses are all acceptable.
For these examples, it is necessary to understand the cause and effect and summarize the cause and effect clearly. The third is to master key data.
Absolute figures and percentages should be clear, so as to be aware of them. The fourth is to master all kinds of background materials.
Background refers to the history and environment of the work, such as the past situation of the unit, the situation of the brother unit, the climate at home and abroad, and the relevant policies and decrees of the state. What to know, to sum up the development and relationship. The possession of materials depends on the usual accumulation, that is, to be a conscientious person at ordinary times, we must always pay attention to it everywhere, record the materials with reference value, and sort them out when appropriate.
The second is to rely on special investigation, that is, after accepting the task of writing a summary, we will investigate purposefully within a certain range. Where should the collection of summary data start? Specifically, there are the following points: ① The implementation of the collection plan.
Including the completion of the plan, typical figures, cases, statistical data, charts, main achievements, existing problems, the gap from the requirements of superiors or unit leaders, whether there are mistakes or mistakes, etc. Pay attention to collecting these materials at ordinary times. Sometimes, the opportunity is fleeting, and it will be troublesome to do it later.
(two) access to the historical archives of the unit. Including the year-end comprehensive summary of the unit over the years, phased individual special summary, report materials, publicity materials, etc.
Access to information can also rely on the data collection room and archives of the unit to collect. (3) Learn from the successful experience of brother units.
This still depends on the usual attention accumulation, in addition to network browsing is also a good way. ④ Listen to the opinions of leaders.
Leaders play the role of decision makers and commanders in the work of their own units. They generally have a general view of the overall work, and they have a lot of materials that can set a tone and build a framework for the summary. We must respect their opinions. The author can meet with the leaders, talk alone, or attend some meetings of the leading organs.
⑤ Listen to the opinions of the masses. Individual conversations or symposiums are all ways to listen to the opinions of the masses.
As for holding a symposium (investigation meeting), * * * made a classic exposition: "Three to five, seven or eight is the best number of people in a symposium, so you should inform them before the meeting, let them finish talking at the meeting and discuss according to different opinions. The author should attend, listen calmly, record properly, and don't rely on telling.
"6. Form survey. So you can have data and understand the whole book.
Relevant forms should be designed as required, scientific, able to explain problems, simple and easy to answer and count. Send it to the relevant units and individuals and ask them to fill it out truthfully item by item.
Then classify and count according to the recovered morphology. ⑦ Conduct in-depth study on the relevant principles, policies, theories and leadership instructions of the Party and the State.
Theoretical preparation and finding out the intention of leaders can get twice the result with half the effort. When trying to figure out the leadership intention, we should always pay attention to the implicit expression of some details of the leadership.
For example, in the mid-term teaching quality inspection, school leaders will go to the grass-roots units for on-site inspection and listen to the report. During this period, leaders will naturally reveal their likes and dislikes and behave differently. The author should try his best to grasp the main points of the abstract.
Of course, the specific opinions of leaders are more important. (2) Analysis and research.
After you have the materials, you must analyze and study them. In fact, after every investigation and obtaining some materials, we must analyze them.
It is more necessary to master rich materials and make a comprehensive and systematic analysis. About analysis, * * * is "divided into two" in layman's terms, that is, "get rid of the rough and get the essence, get rid of the false and keep the true, from here to there, from the outside to the inside".
Specifically, it is to analyze rough and accurate materials, remove the rough and keep the fine; Divide the true and false materials into two parts, remove the false and keep the true; Further, analyze those accurate and true materials from the point of view of connection and development; Finally, grasp the essence through the phenomenon, draw the law and draw the inevitable conclusion. Various specific methods can be used in the analysis.
Simple and easy methods include queuing method, sorting queuing method, peeling bamboo shoots layer by layer and mutual comparison method. Analyze various materials, weigh their respective weights, find out their own characteristics, and gradually sort out their achievements, practices, problems and experiences.
That's it, just.
6. Summary of Common Stylistic Writing in the Workplace Practical Document Writing I. The meaning of official documents Practical official documents refer to official documents with customary formats that are often used by party and government organs, mass organizations, enterprises and institutions when handling official duties, referred to as official documents.
Two. Types of official documents 20 12, 16 On April 6, 2006, the Regulations on Handling Official Documents of Party and Government Organs (No.14 [20 12]) jointly issued by the General Office of the Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council stipulated that the types of official documents mainly include: resolutions, decisions and orders (orders. Three. Official documents have distinctive features; The policy is statutory; The authoritative style is normative; The language is simple and limited; And the timeliness is limited. Four. The request for writing common practical official documents (1) is applicable to the request and approval from higher authorities.
1. What are the characteristics of asking for instructions? Targeted 2, the classification of instructions? Indicative request? Unique? Timeliness? Grant the request? Grant the request? 3. The structure, content and writing of the request title (organ+reason+language, reason+language) is the main sending organ (there is only one main sending organ, and it is not allowed to ask for instructions from multiple heads, and it is not necessary to ask for instructions), and the reason for asking for instructions+the conclusion of asking for instructions (if it is not appropriate, please give instructions; If not, please approve) Examples of signing written time requirements χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ χ 9
1. The difference between asking for instructions and reporting lies in the nature of time and content. At the end of processing, please indicate that the instructions and approval of the approval request can only be given in advance, and you must reply appropriately. Please give instructions on the reporting work and reflect the situation. You can report one more thing, or you can report the whole story, but you don't have to report it or return it. Please review 2. The characteristics of the report, the declarative expression of one-way expression, the classification of the report, the comprehensive report, the special report, the periodic report and the irregular report, the structure, content and writing method of the report, the title of the first issuing organ+the reason+the language reason+the main sending organ of the language (there can be one or more), and the beginning (explain the reason, purpose, significance and basis) text (state the report matters). Report example χ χ: For χ χ, according to χ χ, we carried out χ χ work (general situation, general practices, general steps and general results). Now the relevant situation is reported as follows:1.χ 2 χ 2 χ 2 χ 2 χ 3 χ 2 χ 2 χ 3 χ 2 χ 2 χ 2 χ 2 9 χ 2 χ 2 χ 2 χ 3 χ 2 χ 2 χ 3 χ 2 χ 3 χ 2 χ 2 χ 2 χ 3 χ 2 χ 2 χ 2 χ 2 χ 3 χ 2 χ 2 χ 2 χ 2 χ 2 χ 2 χ 2 χ 2 χ 2 χ 2 χ 2 967 Clear-cut? Prevent language misuse (3) Notify the higher authorities to issue rules to convey matters that need to be known or implemented, as well as official documents such as appointment, dismissal and employment of cadres. 1. What are the characteristics of the notice? Extensive? Knowledge? Timeliness II. Classification of notices? Forwarding, forwarding, and publishing notices? Indicative notice? Transaction notice? Meeting notice? Notice of appointment and removal. Structure, content and writing method of the notice: issuing authority+cause+title of language+subject of language (general writing method). According to+notice matters+implementation requirements, we are now informing our unit of the example of conclusion notice χ χ χ χ: For χ χ, we decided to hold a meeting. The relevant matters are hereby notified as follows:1.χ χ χ (topic, agenda) 2. χ χ χ (time and duration) 3. χ χ χ (reporting time and place) 4. χ χ χ (participant) 5. χ χ χ χ (the preparations that participants should make) 6. ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○967
In addition to the decisions made at the meeting, they can also be made by the leading organs. Stability 1, the characteristic of the decision is binding. 2. The classification of the decision determines the command decision 18 3, the structure, content and writing of the decision. Issuing authority+reason+language title reason+language beginning (explanation of reason, purpose, meaning and basis) text (specific content of the decision) Conclusion (hope, call and requirements) This decision is over and is published. 19 decision example the State Council's decision on accelerating the development of township enterprises in the central and western regions (1February 1993 14) Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China [1993]10, township enterprises in China have sprung up suddenly and made great contributions to rural development and national economic growth.
However, due to various reasons, the regional distribution of township enterprises is unbalanced. In the vast central and western regions, which account for about two-thirds of the national population, the output value of township enterprises is only one-third, which has become an important reason for the economic development gap between the central and western regions and the eastern regions of China. The 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out: "We will continue to vigorously develop township enterprises, especially support and accelerate the development of township enterprises in the central and western regions and ethnic minority areas.
"This is of great economic and political significance to gradually narrow the gap between the eastern and western regions, revitalize the economy of ethnic minority areas, change the face of poverty and backwardness, consolidate and develop the overall situation of unity and stability, and achieve prosperity. Therefore, it is decided as follows: 1. Raise awareness, strengthen leadership, and take accelerating the development of township enterprises as the strategic focus of economic work in the central and western regions (omitted) 2. Implement measures to adapt to the economic development of the central and western regions.