[Keywords:] environmental problems of rural urbanization
Urbanization in rural areas is a process in which agricultural population is concentrated in cities and towns, and rural areas are transformed into cities and towns, which is an inevitable trend of rural economic development. The key to the process of rural urbanization is to do a good job in the construction of small towns, which will inevitably avoid the ecological environment problems of towns. If we don't pay enough attention to the ecological environment in the process of urbanization, it will deviate from the goal of sustainable development of cities and towns, and then directly affect the implementation of local urbanization and industrialization strategies. Under the new situation, how to give consideration to urbanization and ecological environment protection and choose a road of urban construction that can not only protect the ecological environment, but also realize the coordinated development of urban economy, environment and resources is of great practical significance for further implementing Scientific Outlook on Development and building a resource-saving and livable town.
First, the specific manifestations of environmental problems in rural urbanization
1. The population is growing too fast. Population and nature should be said to interact and influence each other. In a certain sense, rural urbanization can not only make rural population gather in cities and towns, but also reduce the negative impact on the natural environment; But at the same time, it will also increase the burden of urban water, electricity, gas and other resources consumption, and increase the discharge of domestic garbage, waste gas, sewage and other wastes. The development of rural urbanization is naturally accompanied by population growth. However, if the urban population grows too fast, once the waste discharge exceeds the carrying capacity and self-purification capacity of the urban environment, it will bring urban environmental pollution.
2. Biodiversity is decreasing. Various species in the biological world are the basic components of nature and the necessary foundation for human survival and sustainable development. China is one of the countries with the richest species diversity. In the process of rural urbanization, due to the lack of reasonable planning and managers' relatively weak awareness of environmental protection, phenomena such as indiscriminate felling of trees, indiscriminate occupation of cultivated land, and indiscriminate transformation of river ponds have occurred from time to time, destroying the natural habitat of organisms, threatening the biodiversity around towns, and further restricting the sustainable development of urban economy, society, resources and environment.
3. Shortage of land resources. The shortage of land resources is very prominent in Hebei province and even the whole country. Small towns are the inevitable product of the development of rural economy to a certain stage. In the early stage of rural urbanization, many places did not have a clear understanding of the function, nature and positioning of small towns, and their grasp was not accurate enough. They only pursue area expansion, blindly expanding outward, and some even give up the market towns that have already formed, and re-acquire land to build new cities. In this way, the intensive degree of urban construction land is reduced, resulting in the waste of land resources and the contradiction between people and land in rural areas is more prominent.
4. Land subsidence. Due to the increase of building density in urban areas and the large increase of underground facilities such as urban drainage system, the infiltration of rainwater into soil has been prevented to some extent; In addition, people over-extract groundwater, which leads to the continuous decline of groundwater level, and then causes land subsidence. The greater the degree of land subsidence, the larger the distribution range of its subsidence area. Land subsidence will not only cause the loss of ground elevation and the decline of river flood discharge capacity, but also cause the destruction of houses and the torsion and rupture of underground pipelines, thus causing incalculable losses to the local economy.
5. Soil pollution. Because the urban soil is scattered, the area is relatively small and isolated, the soil ecosystem is relatively closed, the process of material cycle transformation is monotonous and slow, and the types and quantities of soil microorganisms are few, so its pollutant metabolic degradation efficiency and environmental load capacity are relatively low. When a large amount of solid waste produced by frequent human activities in cities and towns enters the soil, it will cause soil pollution once it exceeds the self-purification ability of the soil. Because organic garbage can be decomposed, and inorganic garbage will occupy our land resources forever if it is not treated.
6. Township industrial pollution. With the rapid development of township enterprises, urban environmental pollution is spreading from point to area and from part to whole. Judging from the current situation, the environmental problems in the process of rural urbanization mainly come from township enterprises. This is closely related to the extensive management of township industries. If the centralized management of industrial production activities in urban areas is not good, pollutants such as wastewater, waste, waste gas and waste residue discharged by industrial enterprises will be concentrated in one place. When the emission of these pollutants exceeds the purification capacity of the natural system itself, environmental problems will arise.
7. The ecological environment has deteriorated. The development of rural urbanization will inevitably affect the ecological environment of cities and towns to some extent. Due to the rapid expansion of urban construction scale, the speed of urban environmental infrastructure construction is difficult to keep up with the needs of urban development. So far, there are no systematic sewage pipes and centralized sewage treatment plants in some towns, and most urban sewage is discharged nearby without treatment; Some towns mainly adopt simple disposal methods such as open-air stacking. Untreated sewage and randomly stacked solid garbage can easily destroy the environment around the town. Second, the causes of environmental deterioration in the process of rural urbanization
1. Lack of scientific and reasonable urban planning. At present, most towns adhere to the policy of "planning first when building towns". However, the construction of some towns is arbitrary, lacking scientific and reasonable urban planning guidance, and blindly pursuing "high, large, new and comprehensive", which leads to the proliferation of urban construction stalls, messy urban layout, improper land distribution and unclear functional zoning, which not only brings inconvenience to urban management, but also wastes land resources and increases the difficulty of urban environmental management. The unreasonable layout of urban planning directly leads to the deterioration of urban ecological environment.
2. Lack of environmental awareness. Urban environmental protection is an important function of government public management and social service, but some urban people's governments often ignore the guidance of sustainable development indicators and fail to attach importance to environmental protection. In the process of rural urbanization, the traditional way of resource development and utilization has not changed fundamentally. Emphasis on development and construction, light on environmental protection; Pay more attention to current interests than long-term interests; The phenomenon of building factories to revitalize towns without pollution control and destroying forests to build houses without greening still exists in some towns. Some people mistakenly believe that natural resources are inexhaustible.
3. Overutilization of natural resources. Whether natural resources can be used rationally will directly affect the effectiveness of environmental protection. In the process of natural resources being processed into products and production excreta returning to the natural environment, if resources cannot be fully and reasonably utilized and optimized, production excreta will accumulate too much and may cause pollution. On the other hand, if we can recycle and comprehensively utilize natural resources and improve the conversion rate of natural resources, then the production waste will inevitably be reduced and the pressure on the ecological environment will be reduced accordingly.
4. The ability of environmental monitoring is weak. First, the current environmental protection laws and regulations lack compulsory means and operability, and the standards of sewage charges and penalties for illegal acts are low, which objectively causes the problem of difficult environmental protection law enforcement. Second, the environmental management system can not meet the actual needs of environmental protection work, the environmental management mechanism is not perfect, the unified supervision function can not be effectively exercised externally, and the situation of up-and-down linkage and coordination can not be formed internally. Third, the construction of environmental law enforcement capacity is weak and the law enforcement equipment is backward, which also seriously affects the normal development of environmental monitoring and the improvement of environmental law enforcement efficiency.
5. The construction of urban environmental protection infrastructure lags behind. Urban environmental protection infrastructure construction has an important impact on urban economic and social development. Compared with the construction of urban environmental protection infrastructure, the construction speed of environmental protection infrastructure in small towns obviously lags behind that in small towns. The construction of environmental protection infrastructure in a considerable number of cities and towns can not meet the development speed of urban construction and can not keep up with the needs of urban environmental protection. The collection and treatment capacity of garbage and sewage is not strong, and the utilization rate of clean energy is not high, so it is difficult to solve some pollution problems such as smoke, sewage and garbage that are easy to solve by conventional technology.
6. Urban economic development and ecological environment are not harmonious. Some towns unilaterally pursue economic benefits and ignore ecological and environmental benefits. Economic benefits and eco-environmental benefits are interrelated and influence each other. Economic benefits are often rapid and obvious; However, ecological and environmental benefits often have a certain lag and accumulation. Generally speaking, economic benefits are easily valued by people, because it is directly related to people's own rights and interests. However, if we only pursue certain economic benefits and ignore the corresponding ecological and environmental benefits, it will often be counterproductive.
7. Insufficient investment in urban environmental protection. In terms of investment in environmental protection personnel, the number of urban environmental management personnel is still small, especially the grass-roots environmental protection forces at the front line of environmental supervision are weak, which is far from meeting the needs of urban environmental management. Moreover, most people engaged in environmental protection work are transferred from other management departments and technical posts. In terms of financial investment in environmental protection, the government and enterprises have not invested enough in environmental infrastructure construction. It can be said that the imperfection of environmental infrastructure directly restricts and affects the improvement of urban ecological environment.