1. Theory is a genre of ancient prose. From the content point of view, style can describe things, explain things and make comments; Most of them are about one thing and a discussion, which requires the author's profound views on a certain problem. This kind of "theory", its narration and discussion are all to show the author's views on a certain problem or phenomenon in social life. Essentially, it belongs to a style of argumentative writing, which is similar to modern essays or essays. In junior high school, I learned Ma Shuo, speaking and borrowing books.
Table is a special style in ancient China. In ancient times, courtiers wrote letters to the monarch with various names. The Warring States period was collectively referred to as "book", and "book" was the general name of letters and opinions. In the Han dynasty, this writing method was divided into four subcategories: chapter, performance, speech and discussion. Liu Xie wrote in Wen Xin Diao Long. The chapter table reads: "Zhang Xie-en, with scattered play, expression, discussion of differences." It can be seen that the main function of table is to express the loyalty and hope of courtiers to the monarch, and "moving with emotion" is a basic feature of this style. In addition, this style also has its own special format, such as saying "what did I say" at the beginning, and often saying "I'm afraid, I nod my head and die" at the end. Our junior high school textbooks choose examples from Zhuge Liang's "Teacher's Watch", that is, "Table".
3. Preface, also called "preface", "preface" and "introduction", is an article placed before a book or text. In ancient times, another kind of preface was farewell speech, which was called "the preface of giving words", and its content was mostly words of praise, emphasis or encouragement to the relatives and friends given. For example, Song Lian's Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Dongyang is a gift preface written by the author to his hometown. There is also a preface written in front of a poem, called "preface to a poem", which tells more about the content of the story or the source of the poem, such as Su Shi's Mink Head. "When is the bright moon?" was ordered: "Chen Bing Mid-Autumn Festival, drunk, drunk, writing this article, pregnant." This preface explains the origin and process of lyrics.
4. It became a style to engrave ancient words on articles to warn yourself or state achievements. Generally, rhyme is used, the form is short, the text is concise, and the content contains praise and warning. What we have learned is Liu Yuxi's Humble Room Inscription.
5. Documentary is an ancient prose genre. "Remember" in classical Chinese is equivalent to the form of "remember" in modern Chinese. For example, Little Stone Pond is Little Stone Pond, which describes the whereabouts and scenery of Little Stone Pond. Most of these articles are travel notes, which are prose genres used to describe travel experiences, political life, social features, customs, mountains and rivers, and places of interest. Followed by some ordinary narrative prose or "miscellaneous notes" (including such as "Peach"
Preface to Hua Yuan Ji). In addition to the above two articles, we also studied Yueyang Tower, Zuiweng Pavilion, Man Jing's Travels and Nuclear Ship.
6. Pass an article about your life. Generally speaking, most of them describe the life stories of people who are more influential and outstanding in history. Narration, description and other methods are often used to express the life style of characters. This style is used in history books. Generally written by others, such as Zhang Hengchuan. , but also write their own biographies, such as Tao Yuanming's biography of Mr.
7. Books are letters, and letters of the ancients were also called "books" or "letters". They are an applied style. They record many things and express their feelings. The literary functions of Yi Yu are varied: it can express feelings, such as Sima Qian's Letter from Renan and Lin Juemin's Letter from His Wife; You can also write landscapes, such as Wu Jun's "With Zhu Yishu"; You can write personal events and feelings, such as Ji Kang's Breaking Up with Shan Juyuan. You can also pay homage to dignitaries, encourage later learning, and form a unique tradition of calligraphy and prose. These letters are beautifully laid out and of high quality.
2. What are the styles of classical Chinese? As far as its basic form is concerned, classical Chinese can be divided into "poetry" and "prose".
poetic sentiment
China's ancient poetry has two sources, namely The Book of Songs and Songs of the South. On this basis, later generations developed various genres, including: poetry (Book of Songs), Sao style (Chu Ci), ancient style (ancient style, Han, Wei and Six Dynasties), modern style poetry (quatrains, regular poems) and so on. ), words, Sanqu and so on.
writing
As far as its language style is concerned, Wen can be divided into two categories: ancient prose (mainly prose) and parallel prose (mainly parallel prose). As far as its content and function are concerned, it includes two categories: literariness and practicality. Different people have different views on stylistic classification. For example, there are as many as 38 categories of Selected Works, and the first 25 articles of Wen Xin Diao Long are basically about stylistics. Later, there was Yao Nai's Collection of Ancient Literary Words in Qing Dynasty, which was divided into 13 categories, including argumentative essays, prefaces and postscripts, recitations, written words, gift prefaces, imperial edicts, biographies, epitaphs, miscellaneous notes, inscriptions and postscripts, eulogies, ci fu and funeral offerings.
3. What are the styles of classical Chinese? 1. Proverbs are a genre of ancient Chinese. From the content point of view, style can describe things, explain things and make comments; Most of them are about one thing and a discussion, which requires the author's profound views on a certain problem. This kind of "theory", its narration and discussion are all to show the author's views on a certain problem or phenomenon in social life. Essentially, it belongs to a style of argumentative writing, which is similar to modern essays or essays. In junior high school, I learned Ma Shuo, speaking and borrowing books.
Table is a special style in ancient China. In ancient times, courtiers wrote letters to the monarch with various names. The Warring States period was collectively referred to as "book", and "book" was the general name of letters and opinions. In the Han dynasty, this writing method was divided into four subcategories: chapter, performance, speech and discussion. Liu Xie wrote in Wen Xin Diao Long. The chapter table reads: "Zhang Xie-en, with scattered play, expression, discussion of differences." It can be seen that the main function of table is to express the loyalty and hope of courtiers to the monarch, and "moving with emotion" is a basic feature of this style. In addition, this style also has its own special format, such as saying "what did I say" at the beginning, and often saying "I'm afraid, I nod my head and die" at the end. Our junior high school textbooks choose examples from Zhuge Liang's "Teacher's Watch", that is, "Table".
3. Preface, also called "preface", "preface" and "introduction", is an article placed before a book or text. In ancient times, another kind of preface was farewell speech, which was called "the preface of giving words", and its content was mostly words of praise, emphasis or encouragement to the relatives and friends given. For example, Song Lian's Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Dongyang is a gift preface written by the author to his hometown. There is also a preface written in front of a poem, called "preface to a poem", which tells more about the content of the story or the source of the poem, such as Su Shi's Mink Head. "When is the bright moon?" was ordered: "Chen Bing Mid-Autumn Festival, drunk, drunk, writing this article, pregnant." This preface explains the origin and process of lyrics.
4. It became a style to engrave ancient words on articles to warn yourself or state achievements. Generally, rhyme is used, the form is short, the text is concise, and the content contains praise and warning. What we have learned is Liu Yuxi's Humble Room Inscription.
5. Documentary is an ancient prose genre. "Remember" in classical Chinese is equivalent to the form of "remember" in modern Chinese. For example, Little Stone Pond is Little Stone Pond, which describes the whereabouts and scenery of Little Stone Pond. Most of these articles are travel notes, which are prose genres used to describe travel experiences, political life, social features, customs, mountains and rivers, and places of interest. Followed by some ordinary narrative prose or "miscellaneous notes" (including such as "Peach"
Preface to Hua Yuan Ji). In addition to the above two articles, we also studied Yueyang Tower, Zuiweng Pavilion, Man Jing's Travels and Nuclear Ship.
6. Pass an article about your life. Generally speaking, most of them describe the life stories of people who are more influential and outstanding in history. Narration, description and other methods are often used to express the life style of characters. This style is used in history books. Generally written by others, such as Zhang Hengchuan. , but also write their own biographies, such as Tao Yuanming's biography of Mr.
7. Books are letters, and letters of the ancients were also called "books" or "letters". They are an applied style. They record many things and express their feelings. The literary functions of Yi Yu are varied: it can express feelings, such as Sima Qian's Letter from Renan and Lin Juemin's Letter from His Wife; You can also write landscapes, such as Wu Jun's "With Zhu Yishu"; You can write personal events and feelings, such as Ji Kang's Breaking Up with Shan Juyuan. You can also pay homage to dignitaries, encourage later learning, and form a unique tradition of calligraphy and prose. These letters are beautifully laid out and of high quality.
4. Four styles of classical Chinese 1. Judgment sentence
The common linguistic signs of judgment sentences are: this also, this also, this also, this also, this also, this also, this is, this is, and so on. Writing, auxiliary words and previous words or phrases form noun phrases, such as "person (or thing)"; Also, mood particles, which indicate judgment, can be translated into "le" or not.
1, lotus, the gentleman of flowers. ("Ailian said")
2, Chen Shengsheng, Yangcheng people also. (The Chen She Family)
3. Tadashi. (Cao Gui Debate)
4, husband war, brave also. (same as above)
5. When standing, it was Fu Su, the son. (The Chen She Family)
6. Dongpo is the one crowned in the middle and has a lot of stubbornness. ("nuclear ship")
Second, inverted sentences
1, verb inversion. Always emphasize predicates. I'm very sorry, but you are not well. ("Yu Gong Yi Shan")
2. Preposition object. There are two situations. One is a negative sentence. If the object is a pronoun, it is usually preceded by a predicate to highlight and emphasize the object. For example, city residents don't know it. The second is interrogative sentences. If the object is a pronoun, it is often prepositioned to emphasize the object. What crime did Song commit? ("lose")
3. The guest hangs upside down. Who are we going home with? The object "who" comes before the preposition "and". It should be "Who am I going to return to?
4. Adverbial postposition. The grammatical rule of modern Chinese is that adverbials must be placed in front of predicates to modify predicates, but classical Chinese is often inverted, and adverbials are placed behind predicates to emphasize adverbials.
Sacrifice the captain's head. (Chen She aristocratic family) The adverbial "headed by the commander-in-chief" is placed before the predicate "sacrifice" and should be "headed by the commander-in-chief".
5. Attributive postposition. According to the grammatical rules of modern Chinese, the attribute is always placed in front of the subject and the object head, which plays a limiting or modifying role. But in classical Chinese, it is often inverted sentences, and the attribute is placed behind the subject and object.
Such as: plus five, plus eight. The attributives "Wu (ge)" and "Ba (fan)" precede the object head words "Ren" and "Chuang" respectively. Five people, eight windows.
Three. elliptical sentence
There are many kinds of ellipsis sentences.
1, save the theme. For example:
(1) Take a boat and enter from the mouth. (Peach Blossom Garden)
The subject "fisherman" was omitted from the beginning of the sentence.
It was a great surprise to see the fisherman. (same as above)
The subject "This middleman (or Peach Blossom Garden middleman)" was omitted at the beginning of the sentence.
2. Save the predicate. such as
High spirits, then decline, three exhausted. (Debate) After "in" and "three", a subject "drum" is omitted; Omit a subject "Qi" before "decline" and "exhaustion".
3. Save the object. For example:
(1) has never been queried. (Peach Blossom Garden)
The object "fisherman" is omitted after "question".
(2) make it in line with Taiwan Province. (childhood fun)
The object "zhi" is omitted after "yes".
4. Leave out the preposition "Yu". For example:
(1) Pay the owner of the farm. (Wolf) The preposition "Yu" is omitted after "accumulated salary".
(2) However, what is the ghost in the first step? (The Chen She Family)
Fourth, passive sentences
The common language symbol of passive sentences is "for", such as: "Its seal was obtained for the group." (Trap)
Another is that "the emperor feels sincere." (Gong Yu Yishan) The word meaning is flexible and passive.
5. What is the concept of classical Chinese style? 1. When it comes to an ancient style, you can describe it or comment on it, all to illustrate a truth.
There is not much difference between it and On, so later reasoning, analysis and other articles are collectively called argumentative essays. To some extent, it is similar to modern prose or miscellaneous feelings, with changes and inconsistent writing.
Such as Ma Shuo, Shi Shuo, Ailian Shuo, Snake Catcher Shuo, Six Kingdoms Lun and Guo Qin Lun. 2. Table is the style of ancient courtiers writing letters or stating some opinions to the emperor.
In addition, there is a special style of discussing state affairs, called "sparse"; It was used by courtiers to answer the emperor's inquiries about political affairs, which was called "right". For example, Liezi, Chen Qingbiao on Storing and Sparing, Longzhong Dui, etc.
3. I remember an ancient narrative style, which contains many narratives, scenes and objects, and can describe the beauty and strangeness of famous mountains and rivers. You can also write down national events and express the author's thoughts and feelings.
Such as Yueyang Tower, Xiaoshitang, Travel Notes of West Lake, Shi Zhongshan, Zuiweng Pavilion and Peach Blossom Garden. In addition, there is a "nuclear ship" based on interpretation.
4. Inscription is a kind of writing carved on objects in ancient times, which is used to record a person's life and career, to warn himself or praise his achievements, and later became a style. Commonly used writing methods, such as "humble room inscription".
There are also inscriptions on stone tablets that describe the life of the deceased and praise the memory, which are called "epitaphs", such as Han Yu's "Liu Zihou Epitaph". Fu was born in the Warring States and prevailed in the Han Dynasty. It pays attention to rhetoric, antithesis, rhyme and layout narration. It is often to borrow things to write feelings and express their feelings.
Such as "Red Cliff Fu" and "Epang Palace Fu". 6. Biography is an article used to record someone's deeds (main activities and life). "Biography" is generally narrated by others, and there are also "autobiographies" that describe their lives.
Such as Biography of Mr. May 6th, Biography of Children's Areas, Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru, etc. 7. Books are in the form of letters. Today's letter format evolved from the ancient "book" form.
Such as Zhang Shu, Li Ling's Answering Su and Zhu's Si Yuan Shu. 8. Foreword is also called "preface" or "introduction", just like modern "introduction" and "preface".
If it is to explain the purpose of writing and introduce the content, it belongs to explanatory text, such as "litchi map preface"; If it is a comment on the author and works, it is an argumentative paper, such as the preface of the biography of the actor; There are also articles that give people words about a specific thing, such as Preface to Send Dong Shaonan to Hebei and Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Dongyang. Wang Xizhi's Preface to Lanting has a strong expressive color. 9. Irony: The ancient style of euphemistically persuading others to accept the opinions of subordinates by means of metaphor and suggestion.
Ruheng is planning to ban Er Du as Er Du Fu because of its satirical admonition. -"Used to be? 6? 1 Zhang Hengchuan "; In the Warring States Policy, Zou Ji satirizes the minister, and Zou Ji satirizes the minister.
Style refers to an independent text style (or style and system), which is the norm and mode of text composition, a unique cultural phenomenon and the product of long-term accumulation of certain historical content. It reflects the overall characteristics of the text from content to form and belongs to the category of form.
The composition of style includes superficial textual factors, such as expression techniques, theme nature, structural type, language style, morphological format, and deep social factors, such as the spirit of the times, national tradition, class imprint, writer style, communication context, reader experience, etc. The characteristics and division of style often depend on the strengthening, prominence or variation of some factors in its hierarchical structure.
Style usually refers to the text structure and overall speech style gradually stabilized by different communication environments and communication purposes. As a concrete program, it can not only become an important object of concern in the theoretical system of disciplines, but also provide the most practical example of rules for people's application.
Because of this, related disciplines, such as writing, literature and art, philology, grammar, rhetoric, article study and so on. , mostly to discuss this content. (See Misunderstandings in Style Classification and Applied Writing, No.9, 2003) The objective existence of style is a social and cultural demand, but more importantly, it depends on its own unique function.
Hans Robert Jauss, a German, thinks in "Towards Reception Aesthetics": "The formal type of literature is neither a writer's subjective creation nor a concept reflecting order, but mainly a social phenomenon. The existence of types and forms depends on their functions in the real world. "
Each style has functions and aesthetic effects that cannot be replaced by other styles. As Lessing said in Hamburg Drama Review: "Poetry of various genres can't improve everything, and at least two genres can't produce exactly the same perfect effect; But each school can do its best to improve itself within its own scope and do better than other schools-this is its specific purpose.
In a sense, style can also be said to be expression, choice, style and even an emphasis. Every style has a certain function of expressing real social content, which is the essential feature of style and the premise of its emergence and existence.
When expressing the same ideological content, it can choose among various reciprocal ways, that is, choose the most appropriate formal coat to reproduce the ideological content. In the process of conception and creation, writers always choose the genre structure and its provisions that best meet their creative intentions and goals.
Because some people regard style as the selectivity of artistic creation. It is often based on the possible richness of genres that have always been presented to writers.
It can represent a writer, a certain period, a certain ... anywhere, only in the text character of the text, or in the words of D.H. Lawrence, in his' struggle for language consciousness'. "From the perspective of reception aesthetics, style is a focus of readers.
Dacre Rifatelle said in the Standard of Stylistic Analysis: "Stylistic style is regarded as an emphasis (expressive, emotional or aesthetic) attached to the information conveyed by the language structure without changing the meaning. In other words, language expression and style emphasis. "
The meaning of style does not mainly come from its own attributes, but fundamentally depends on the characteristics of a non-verbal individual or culture, and can also be said to depend on the deep structure of a national culture, such as thinking mode and psychological mechanism. And the latter is ultimately to be controlled.