Luo Xianglin has made two great achievements in historiography:
First of all, it pioneered the study of Hakka.
In 1930s, the textbooks of Guangdong Local History and Geography compiled by Huang et al. and some newspapers and local chronicles insulted Hakka people, falsely calling them "non-China people" and adding the word "Jing" to them, which triggered many disputes about Hakka families. Luo Xianglin actively participated in the debate, and based on his years of research on national history and investigation of Hakka culture, he wrote An Introduction to Hakka Studies, which scientifically proved that "Hakka is a branch of the Han nationality", strongly refuted all kinds of arguments that the Hakka people were wrongly labeled as "uncivilized language", "barbaric tribe, inferior nationality" and defended their social status.
In the early 1950s, Luo Xianglin launched another masterpiece of Hakka studies, A Study on the Origin and Development of Hakka. Starting with the composition and evolution of the Chinese nation, this book makes a detailed analysis and textual research on the origin and system of Hakka in the Chinese nation, its distribution, its natural environment and the characteristics of Hakka language. It is a classic of Hakka studies and lays a solid foundation for Hakka studies. Now we collect the records of pure Hakka counties and non-pure Hakka counties in Textual Research on Hakka Origin:
(1) Jiangxi Province: A province of Jiangxi, including counties where pure tourists live: Xunwu Anyuan Dingnan Longnan Qiannan Xinfeng Nankang Dayu Chongyi Shangyou; It is not a pure guest living in the county, but it is known that: Xingguo Du Yun Huichang Ningdu Shicheng Ruijin Guangchang Yongfeng Wan 'an Suichuan Ji 'an Wanzai Pingxiang Xiushui Jishui Taihe.
(2) Fujian Province: Fujian Province, a pure guest living in a county, only: Ninghua Changting Shanghang Wuping Yongding River Leshan Nanping; Its non-pure counties are: Liu Qing Liancheng Mingxi Pinghe Zhaoan Chongan.
(3) Guangdong Province: Chunke County, Guangdong Province, including: Li Anping Heping Longchuan Zijin Renhua Chixi Shixing Yingde Wengyuan Meixian District Meijiang District, Jiaoling Dapu, Xingning Wuhua Plain.
To its non-pure counties: qujiang district Lechang Ruyuan County Lianshan Yangshan Huiyang District Haifeng Lufeng City Boluo Zengcheng District Longmen Shenzhen Baoan District Dongguan Huadu District Qingyuan Fogang Kaiping Zhongshan Panyu District Conghua District Jieyang Raoping District Xinyi Chaoan District Heyuan Fengshun County Fengchuan District xuwen county yangchun city Sanshui District Defense City Hepu Lingshui County Qin County Guangning City Huilai County Ding County Huaxian County Chengmai City Wanning City Chaoyang District Xinfeng Luoding Taishan.
(D) Guangxi Province: There are no pure guest counties in Guangxi Province, but its non-pure guest counties are: Cangwu Pingnan Bobai Yulin Beiliu tengxian and Wuxuan Township County Hengxian Wuming Luchuan Yishan Liuzhou Rongxian Zhaoping Lechun Zhongshan Lipu Sanjiang Luocheng Keyangshuo Mengshan Xingye Longshan moved to Jiangdong Lannandan Xindu Xiuren Fengshan Nanma Liujiang Chongshan Yi Bei Suichuan, and Zhongboning Mingming Jiangchi.
(5) Hunan Province: There are no pure counties in Hunan Province, but non-pure counties are Rucheng, Chenxian, Liuyang, Pingjiang and Yizhang.
(6) Sichuan Province: Sichuan is a province without pure guest counties, but there are more non-pure guest counties than Hunan, including Rongchang Longchang Lu Xian Neijiang Zizhong Xindu Guanghan Chengdu Huayang Xinfanguan County.
(7) Xikang Province: Only one county, Huili County, was moved to Xikang, not a purely Hakka county.
(8) Guizhou Province: Rongjiang County has only one county, not a pure Hakka county, and moved to Guizhou.
(9) Taiwan Province Province: Taiwan Province Province has no pure guest counties, but its non-pure guest counties are Miaoli, Hsinchu, Changhua, Kaohsiung and Pingtung.
Secondly, it established the position of genealogy in China.
In 1960s, Luo Xianglin wrote a book "A Study of China's Genealogy", which revealed the writing object of China's genealogy, and expounded the population migration, social evolution, the rise and fall of cultural relics, genetic eugenics and their relationship with the history of China, as well as the future development direction of China's genealogy. It has opened up another new historical discipline after Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Dunhuang and Bamboo Slips, and has become an important branch of China's historical science.
Luo Xianglin's main works include: China Genealogy Research, China Ethnic History, General History of China, Tang Yiwen Village, Fu Bingchang and Modern China, Cultural History of Tang Dynasty, Cliff Buddha in Guilin in Tang Dynasty, Nestorianism in Tang Dynasty, Collection of Hakka Historical Materials, Textual Research on Hakka Origin and Introduction to Hakka Studies. Vacuum education popular in Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong and Malaya, the origin and culture of Baiyue, the general examination of Lanfang University in Kundian, Borneo and Luofangbo, the study of Pu Shougeng in West Borneo and Luofangbo, the study style of Chen and Guangdong, the chronicle of Yan Shigu, the cultural exchange between Hong Kong and China, Sun Yat-sen University.
Appendix 1:
The Formation of Hakka Clans by Luo Xianglin
What is Hakka? Historians in China have always believed that the Han people who moved south from the Central Plains are called Hakkas. Because there was a "guest-giving system" in the Tang and Song Dynasties, there was a "guest", compared with the local aborigines. In the entry of "Hakka" in Ci Hai, it is said that during the Yongjia period of the Western Jin Dynasty (early 4th century), some Han people in the Yellow River valley moved south to cross the river because of the war. By the end of the Tang Dynasty (the end of the 9th century) and the end of the Southern Song Dynasty (13), a large number of them passed through the south of the Yangtze River and went down to Jiangxi, Fujian, eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong, and were called "visitors". In recent years, many scholars have published many academic papers and have different views on the definition of "Hakka", including the following points:
(1) As the appellation of ethnic groups, the word "Hakka" has its own stipulation in connotation, which is determined by its characteristics of being different from other ethnic groups, and it is not a relative appellation with the aborigines who originally lived in this area. If the saying that the title of "Hakka" is symmetrical with the local indigenous residents can be established, then the refugees who have lived in other places in history can be called "Hakka" after they settle down, but this is not the case.
(2) In history, the so-called "guest-giving system" customers were actually farmers who were displaced by war and oppression under the cruel feudal exploitation and land annexation since the Han and Wei Dynasties, and they were called "refugees" or "tenants". In the Tang Dynasty, there were even "principal households" and "customers" in the household registration. "Customer" actually refers to tenants and tenants. Owners and customers take ownership of land as the distinguishing standard. Owners who lose land are "customers", and customers who can own land become "owners". It can be seen that the title of "Hakka" can't be that the word "Hakka" comes from "Hakka system".
(3) If the "guest" of the "guest-giving system" refers to the ethnic group that moved from the Central Plains, then the Han people who moved from the Central Plains and settled in Zhang Quan in southern Fujian are called "Heluo people" and their dialect is "Heluo dialect"; People who have settled in eastern Fujian are generally called "Fulao people", and their dialect is "Fulao dialect". People who live in Guangzhou (including most of the Pearl River Delta) are called "Guangfu people", and their dialect is "Cantonese". They are not called "Hakkas".
(4) It is considered that the Han nationality in Du Nan, Guan Yi is the establishment household, but it is the main household, and the aborigines are not the establishment households, but the customers, so the customers of the "guest-giving system" are not the Han nationality who guides the relocation.
(5) It is considered that the Han people who moved before the Tang and Song Dynasties are the main households and the customers who moved during the Tang and Song Dynasties.
In short, people have different opinions. We believe that the definition of Hakka should be based on the scientific scale, which can neither be completely determined from the origin, nor can we abandon historical facts to speculate or reason. Although the origin theory can explain the historical fact that the Central Plains nationalities moved south to form Hakka in a certain sense, it can't explain the historical fact that the complex multi-ethnic groups of Han nationality evolved into Hakka, let alone the complex evolution of the multi-ethnic groups of Han nationality, especially the evolution result after moving south. "... To define Hakkas, it is necessary to make a comprehensive and essential scientific summary of Hakkas, that is, to make a scientific summary from the perspective of combining the connotation of the national concept with the characteristics that constitute the people, that is, personality, especially the personality characteristics of Hakkas, and to give an accurate definition ... So, what is Hakkas? I think it can be summarized as follows: the unique and stable Hakkas of the Han nationality formed due to historical reasons have the same interests and unique and stable Hakka language, culture, folk customs and emotional mentality (that is, Hakka spirit). Anyone who meets the above stability is called a Hakka, otherwise he cannot be called a Hakka. "
"Hakka, as an important ethnic group in the Han nationality, has its own characteristics in the process of its formation and development, except its own region, language, economic life and psychological quality, so it has similarities and differences with its own historical and cultural characteristics, which is manifested in the unity of * * * and personality, and the existence of generality and particularity. The challenges faced by Han, Hakka ancestors and their descendants who migrated to the south, as well as the formation and development of their own ethnic groups, are naturally different from those in the Central Plains. On the one hand, the objective living environment forces them to make some appropriate adjustments to their original psychological quality; On the other hand, the interaction, integration and even struggle with indigenous people and other nationalities in the process of migration will change their original psychological factors in one way or another. In this way, under the mutual influence of geographical environment, historical tradition, ethnic integration and economic life, the psychological quality of the Han nationality in the Central Plains who moved south will naturally be adjusted, changed and reintegrated in one way or another. Once this adjustment, change and re-integration are completed, Hakka people will eventually form. "
In particular, Hakka dialect, as a "living fossil" of ancient Chinese, is still popular in Hakka areas such as eastern Guangdong, western Fujian and southern Jiangxi, and has become an independent dialect system in modern Chinese. The final formation of this unique dialect system is also an important symbol of the formation of Hakka. Therefore, the formation of Hakka clans should also be marked by four factors: * * the same region, * the same language, * the same economic life and * * the same psychological quality. "Of course, the primary factor of forming a clan is people. Only by having superior crowd strength can we form a self-superior environment and develop a personality based on self-origin and integrated with the new environment, and continue to maintain and develop. " The formation period of Hakka clan is from the Five Dynasties to the Zhao and Song Dynasties, which has a history of nearly a thousand years.
Generally speaking:
1. Hakka is one of the unique and stable ethnic groups of the Han nationality (the Central Plains nationality). In ancient history, Central Plains people had merged with Baiyue or other ethnic minorities after moving south. After thousands of years, their physical and mental temperament remains unchanged and has unique stability.
2. Hakka dialect is a unique language of Hakka people. The languages of Hakka people in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces are basically the same or the same (except that the languages of some counties are influenced by other language families, but the basis of Hakka dialect is still retained, but the intonation is different). For example, the languages of Changting City and Ninghua Zhiping people are exactly the same; The Hakka dialect in Changting can be completely connected with the Hakka dialects in Meizhou, Guangdong and Gannan, Jiangxi. Overseas Chinese who have returned home for 50 or 60 years will never forget that they can speak Hakka fluently in their hometown. Hakka dialect has nothing to do with Cantonese (Guangfu dialect), Fulao dialect (Mindong dialect) and Heluo dialect (Zhang Quan dialect), but it has many similarities with the phonology of Zhongzhou (Zhengzhou area) in Henan Province. Professor Huntington of Yale University in the United States said: Hakka dialect originated in the north, and their dialect ... is like Henan in Zhongzhou. Zhongzhou dialect is a dialect of Zhengzhou, Henan province, which is very similar to Hakka dialect.
3. Hakka people have special Hakka culture and customs. Yongding's round and square earth buildings were left over from the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with heavy and magnificent structures. Ninghua Anle, Anyuan, Changting Fangtu and Xuancheng, Guangdong Xingning, Meizhou Meixian District, Changting's nine halls and eighteen wells mark the architectural art of Hakka, and its unique structure is the witness of Hakka's large houses living in groups. In particular, the unique architecture of Yongding earth building has attracted the attention and appreciation of the world architectural community. "Yongding earth building is the cultural wealth of Yongding people, China people and the people of the world." The settlement of Baijia surname and the military island in Zhongshan, Wuping are cultural phenomena worthy of attention in Hakka studies.
The Biography of Wang Dao in the Book of Jin said: "Russia and Luo Jing were overthrown, and the gentry women in Zhongzhou fled to the left of the river ..." Due to the southward migration, the Han nationality in Dongting Lake, Poyang Lake and Taihu Lake was formed. Poyang Lake tribe is the ancestor of Hakkas. They are Han people. They first lived in Shanxi and Henan, fled to Anhui, Hubei, Jiangsu and Jiangxi, and then moved to Gannan and western Fujian along Poyang Lake.
According to "Jiaying County Records", "Today's aborigines are mostly from the late Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty. People who meet with eyes and ears ask where they come from, mostly from Ninghua in Tingzhou and Ganzhou. Its language and voice are close to Gan Ting ... "Now the genealogy and genealogy of many clans in Jiashi are clearly recorded, and they moved in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, with sufficient evidence.
Hakka is a branch of the Han nationality in the Chinese nation, namely Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. Hakka people live in the areas connected with the three provinces of western Fujian, eastern Guangdong and southern Jiangxi. There are 33 pure Hakka counties here, which have been the pioneers of Hakka people for thousands of years. Ninghua Shibi Village in Tingzhou was a transit point for Hakkas to move southward before Song and Yuan Dynasties. Meizhou, Xingning, Tai Po and other places are the transit points of Hakkas in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. Most of them are from eastern Guangdong, southern Guangdong, western Fujian and southern Fujian. Shantou and Xiamen are two famous overseas Chinese ports in China since the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. The genealogy of Hong Kong compatriots and overseas Chinese (some of whom are Hakkas and their descendants) preserved in commercial ports in Hong Kong, Shenzhen and Nanyang Islands, as well as the research data on the origin of overseas Hakkas, all show that their ancestors were Han people from the Central Plains who went south to Fujian, once lived in Shibi, Ninghua and Tingzhou, then went to Shantou, Guangdong via Changting, Shanghang and Yongding, or went to sea from western Fujian and southern Fujian via Xiamen, or migrated to Hong Kong, Shenzhen and Guangzhou.
After several great migrations, Hakka has a long history. Hakka children are distributed on five continents, and their footprints inspire the whole world. They wander around the world, live in foreign countries, and the tradition of patriotism and love for their hometown has been passed down from generation to generation. Hakka is one of the most widely distributed and far-reaching ethnic groups in the contemporary world.
Appendix II:
Luo Xianglin's Hakka Migration
Hakka is a systematic and unique Han tribe. Due to the invasion of Chinese frontier tribes, Hakka ancestors gradually moved south from the Central Plains. After Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries and unified China, he built the Great Wall of Wan Li to guard against the intrusion of nomadic people in the border areas. Xuan also sent Wei Tu Sui to lead 500,000 troops in Lingnan to stop the invasion of South Vietnam. Qin Shihuang also drove the exiles stranded in Henan, Anhui and Fujian to Xing 'an, Guangxi, where the construction of flexible canals was unpopular. At Huazui, the exiles stranded in Henan, Anhui and Fujian were driven to Xing 'an, Guangxi, and a Lingqu was built. At Huazui, the Tingjiang River, Xiangjiang River and Lijiang River were opened to transport troops and food and continue to fight in southern Xinjiang. After Qin's death, this huge army did not return to the north, and remained there as a guest. This is the beginning of a large number of Han people going south.
Hakka ancestors moved south from the Central Plains for five times. Others who move in sporadically or move in from all over the country for official or business purposes are not counted. Between Qin and Han Dynasties, Zhao Tuo became the king of South Vietnam. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops south to pacify South Vietnam, he later set up nine counties on the basis of the three counties in southern Xinjiang in the Qin Dynasty, including Minzhong County. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Yellow Scarf Uprising led to frequent wars. A large number of Han people living in the Yellow River valley moved south. During the Three Kingdoms period, the so-called "heroes fought for the middle earth and Li Shu went south", Cao Wei adopted the policy of inviting border people to move inward and extended it to the Western Jin Dynasty. During the Jianwu period, Emperor Jin Yuan led his subjects to cross south, which was the famous "Yongjia Rebellion" in history. From the end of the Han Dynasty to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Han people in the Central Plains moved south to the Yangtze River valley, which was the first great migration. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Yangtze River basin was in flames of war, and the Han people moved southward constantly. Professor Luo Xianglin's textual research on the origin of Hakka said: "Since the unification of China by Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, we have only seen the origin of the three kingdoms' separatist regime and completely stopped the military power of prefectures and counties, and the border States are empty. With the continuous occurrence of the Eight Kings Rebellion, the national strength was weakened, and the tribes migrating to the frontier had to take the opportunity to establish a separatist regime in part of Chinese mainland. The central government of the Jin Dynasty had no choice but to move the capital to Jiankang, which is now Nanjing. People in the mainland who have the ability to migrate or have the opportunity to migrate move south, which was called' floating population' at that time. "At that time, Fujian was located on the southeast coast and the situation was relatively stable. As a result, the Central Plains people who moved south arrived in batches, along Wuyishan or south from Gannan, and arrived at Shibizhai (now Shibizhun) in Tingzhou and Ninghua, and then continued to migrate to Tingzhou County. Some people scattered from northern Jiangxi to cities. The Central Plains people who entered Tingzhou gradually merged with the local Fujian, Guangdong and She ethnic groups and became the early Hakkas in Tingzhou. Professor Wei Yinglin, a former Xiamen University and Sun Yat-sen University, once said: "The Hakka in Tingzhou comes from the clan combination of the Central Plains and Fujian and Vietnam. "Hakka Origin" pointed out: "These people who went south politically supported the situation of various dynasties since the Eastern Jin Dynasty; Economically, it has developed industries in the south and improved people's livelihood in the south; In terms of nationality, it has increased the integration of mainlanders with Baiyue (including Fujian and Guangdong) and some Miao (including She) and other southern tribes ... "
According to Li Jifu's Wuhe County Records, there were 29,690 households and 65,438+10,000 people who entered Fujian in the early two years of Kaiyuan in the Tang Dynasty. At this time, a large number of immigrants entered Ting. Due to the influx of Han people from the Central Plains and the increasing population, Tingzhou was established in the 24th year of Tang Kaiyuan. Tingzhou is located in the west of Fujian, bordering on the east of Guangdong and the south of Jiangxi. The earliest cities are Changting, Huang Lian (Ninghua) and Silla, covering a wide range of nearly 400 kilometers. According to Tongdian, there were 5330 households before Tang Zhenyuan, with a population of 1.6 million. The statistics of household registration show that the figures are mainly Han people.
General Manager Zhang Tang In the second year, there were ethnic minorities between Fujian and Guangdong who were dissatisfied with the government's oppression and rallied to resist. The court ordered Zuo Lang to appoint Zheng Chen as the chief executive of Lingnan, and ordered the army to enter Fujian to guard the area. During Tang Xianzong's reign, the defenders rebelled for some reason, headed by Chongxun, and led the army to attack the Central Plains. The court made great efforts to quell it. Soon, the unjust man Huang Chao joined Pang Xun and others to launch an uprising, which was very fast. From Henan and Shannan, we marched into Huainan, eastern Zhejiang, northwestern Jiangxi, central Jiangxi, northern Fujian and central Fujian, then turned back to Jiangxi, Hunan and eastern Guangxi, went south to Guangzhou, turned out Hunan, Chu and Anhui, crossed Huaishui, captured Luoyang and entered Chang 'an. More than a decade of turmoil has caused people from all over China to migrate separately. During the reign of Emperor Zhaozong, Wang Chao and Wang participated in the Shouzhou Uprising, and more than 5,000 people crossed the river to the south. Most of these people come from Gwangju, Henan Province, and are called the clans of the Central Plains. Most of them who entered Fujian stayed.
Huang Chao's subordinate Zhu Wen surrendered to the Tang Dynasty and was awarded the post of Xuanwu our time. In the first year of God bless, Zhu Wen was killed, and after two years of meditation, he proclaimed himself emperor, finally usurped the regime of the Tang Dynasty, changed the title of Liang, and started the separatist situation of five dynasties' disputes. According to records, Zhu Wen was named King of Fujian in Houliangshi (897). In order to meet the needs of the people, Wang did something beneficial to the people. He bowed to the sergeant, opened the door to study, and made education a top priority. At the end of the Tang dynasty, all scholars from the south were kindly accepted and a "recruiting school" was established to accommodate them. As a result, scholars in the Central Plains took their families and families, climbed mountains and mountains, and went to Fujian to serve the king. From the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, the Han people moved south from the Yangtze River valley, which was the second great migration. There were thousands of clans in the Central Plains at that time. Therefore, there is a White Horse Temple in Tingcheng, which is dedicated to the king.
Song Gaozong crossed south, Jin people went south, Yuan people entered the house, and some Hakkas moved from Fujian and Jiangxi to eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong. This is the third great migration. During this period, more and more clans in the Central Plains were exiled. It is said that Chen Yuanguang-born Chen Shuming, the grandson of the Chen Dynasty royal family, has nine sons and has become a huge family. He was ordered to leave all the rich families and emigrate to Kyushu. "Nine sons divided Kyushu, many sons sealed Tingzhou" (actually six sons), whose real name was Shen Wan, sealed doctor, moved to Tingzhou with 97 families, and was the ancestor of Tingzhou Chen. Chen entered the court in the Song Dynasty. At that time, Tingzhou had a vast territory and a growing population, with a population of 65,438+10,000, which was prosperous. According to historical records, from the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the end of the Song Dynasty, people from the Central Plains flooded into the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. Because western Fujian, eastern Guangdong and southern Jiangxi are connected by mountains and rivers, the land is fertile, the climate is mild and the population is relatively sparse. Central Plains immigrants have fields to farm and land to live in, and the environment is relatively stable. Ninghua Shibi Village in Tingzhou was an important passage from Jiangxi to Fujian and the north and south of Fujian at that time. It has become a transit point for Zhongyuan people to Fujian, and it is also the residence of many ancestors of Hakka surnames. Huang Zunkai's article "A Brief History of the Past Dynasties" said that at this time, "Hakkas scattered in Tingzhou and Shaowu moved to Meizhou". "Congtan", the thirty-second volume of Jiaying County Records, also said: "Cantonese people who are close to Fujian have migrated to Mei, with Ninghua as the most important ..." Most of the Hakkas migrated from the Central Plains to the south of China, went to Nanyang Islands and even the rest of the world, passing through the stone wall of Ninghua in Tingzhou. From the genealogy and the origin of Hakka surnames cited in Hakka Origin Textual Research and Hakka Origin Textual Research, we can roughly sort out the early surnames of Hakka who once lived in Shibi, Ninghua, Tingzhou. According to the preliminary statistics of Hundred Surnames Dictionary and Genealogy:
After the Yongjia Rebellion in the Jin Dynasty, Zhuo, Luo, Guo, Zhan, Qiu and many others moved from the south of the Central Plains to Ninghua Shibi Village in Tingzhou.
The Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty lasted for eight years (755-763) and moved its capital to Shibizhai and Changting County in Ninghua, Tingzhou at the end of the Tang Dynasty: Liao, Zheng, Wen, Chen, Wang, Cai, Yang, Gu, Wu, Shen, Xue, Zhong, Zhou, Liu, Lu, Li, Su, Zhang, Que, Cao and Luo.
During the Song Dynasty, they fought against Liao and Jin, and at the end of the Song Dynasty, they fought against Yuan and marched south to the south of the Yangtze River. There is almost no peace. In the meantime, Zeng, Xie, Zou, Ouyang, Hu, Sun, Lai, You, Lan, Wei, Deng, Wu, Song, Luo, Lin, Jiang and Huang successively moved to Shibizhai and Changting in Ninghua, Tingzhou.
According to the Records of Shanghang County and Genealogy, there are 17 surnames who moved to Shanghang County from Ninghua Stone Wall in Tingzhou via Changting: Qiu, Jiang, Zhu, Wu, Yan, Li, Guan, Luo, Chen, Yuan, Fan, Zhang, Gong, Huang, Zeng, Zhan and Xie. Most of them moved in the Song Dynasty, and few before the Song Dynasty. According to the survey in Yongding County, there was only one surname Que who migrated to Yongding in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, while there were seven surnames Lu, Liao, Zheng, Hu, Jiang, Wu and Lin who migrated in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Zhao Kuangyin unified China, ending the Great Division of Five Dynasties and Ten Countries. However, the Zhao and Song Dynasties rarely had a few quiet days. 100 years later, Jin destroyed Liao and then invaded Song, broke Bianjing, regained Qin Emperor, and died in the Northern Song Dynasty. Song Gaozong moved its capital to Lin 'an, and after the establishment of the Southern Song Dynasty regime, politics became corrupt and the country became increasingly weak. In A.D. 1234, Yuan destroyed the gold and annexed the Central Plains. Then, the Yuan army went south and the Southern Song Dynasty perished. In the second year of Jingyan (1277), Yuan soldiers attacked Tingzhou, and Wen Tianxiang, Zhang Shijie, Chen, Lu Xiufu and others tried to resist and save the Song Dynasty. The righteous men in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi rose up against the Yuan soldiers one after another, so the border between Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi became an anti-Yuan battlefield. After the failure in Japan, the Hakkas living here poured into Tai Po, Meixian, Xingning and northern Guangdong in eastern Guangdong to find another place to live. Some died in Zhou Wang or Cliff Mountain, while others lived in a corner of Lingnan Sea.
During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, a large number of customers moved from Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Anhui, first to avoid officers, and second to new customers who worked in the army and settled in the fields. After a period of rest in the Ming Dynasty, the population of Hakka people in Tingzhou increased dramatically. According to the examination, by the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, there were more than 100 surnames in Laiting.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, political corruption was also worth years of famine, a thousand miles of land, poor people, greedy civil servants and innocent military officers, which led to official rebellion and peasant uprising. When the Qing army entered the customs and advanced on the capital, the dynasty declined and could not be saved. The fatuous in Shicheng, while Ma and Ruan are in power, colluding for personal gain and insincerely flattering loyalty. When the Qing army went south, the army was attacked on all sides. Shi Kefa, the minister, was martyred, Du Nan fell, the axe king came out of the mountain, and the whole country was bleeding. In the first year of Yiyou, he supervised the country in Fuzhou, and immediately proclaimed himself emperor and changed to Longwu. In the second year of Longwu, Zheng Zhilong was bribed by the commander-in-chief of the Qing army and promised the king of Fujian and Guangdong, so he withdrew from Xianxiaguan and sent the Qing army into Fujian. The Hakkas rose up and rebelled. However, the Qing soldiers rode after them, and the emperor made an insurrection in Tingzhou, where he was martyred with the minister. Civil military commanders in Tingzhou and Ganzhou all committed suicide, hanged themselves, drowned or set themselves on fire. A large number of people fled hastily and moved to central Guangdong and coastal areas, even to Sichuan, Guangxi, Hunan and Taiwan Province provinces, and a few people moved to southern Guizhou and Xikanghui. This is the fourth great migration of Hakkas. After the failure of Zhang Peasant Uprising in the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, Sichuan suffered from the fire of Manchu soldiers, and the countryside was barren, with a vast territory and few people. During the reign of Kangxi, farmers were ordered to move and reclaim land for farming, which was a famous great migration in Qing Dynasty. The so-called "moving lakes to fill rivers."
During the Tongzhi period of Qing Dynasty, influenced by the Guangdong West Road incident and the Taiping Rebellion, some Hakkas moved to Guangdong South Road, Hainan Island, Taiwan Province Province, Hong Kong, Macau, Nanyang Islands, and even as far away as Europe and America. This is the fifth great migration and a worldwide migration after the failure of Taiping Army.
Before the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the ancestors of Hakkas lived in Bingzhou Supreme Party in the north, Hongnong in Sizhou in the west, Huainan in Yangzhou in the east and Xincai and Anfeng in Yuzhou in the middle. Shangdang is in Changzhi County, Shanxi Province, Hongjia is 20 kilometers south of Lingbao County, Henan Province, Huainan is in Shouxian County, Anhui Province, Xincai County, Henan Province, and Anfeng is near Gushi County, Huangchuan County, Henan Province. Although the ancestors of Hakkas may not have come from these places, this is actually their basic residence. If you want to study the origin of Hakka in the past, you must pay attention to this.