Wei, Jin, southern and northern dynasties
Chen Yinque's works have the greatest influence on the study of medieval history. He analyzed that after the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Confucian clan and the non-Confucian clan in China society formed two different groups politically, and the rise and fall of their power was the basis of political evolution at that time. Chen Yinque is a pioneer in the study of the history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, covering a wide range of fields and putting forward many incisive opinions. The achievements of the research on the history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties are not only pioneering in many aspects, but also have many methods and conclusions that are still thought-provoking and enlightening. He analyzed the four outstanding characteristics of hierarchy, patriarchal clan system, nationality and religion, and pushed the study of political history and cultural history deeper. Among them, the most noteworthy is the historical investigation of nationality and culture. In "On the Origin of Sui and Tang Dynasties System" and "On the Political History of Tang Dynasty", he repeatedly emphasized that nationality and culture are the most important keys to study the ancient history of China. On the relationship between national integration and cultural integration, he put forward the argument that "the difference between Hu and Han in the Northern Dynasties lies in culture rather than race". This is of great significance to the study of the history of ethnic integration in China. The most subtle thing about Chen Yinke's research on the history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties lies in his surpassing predecessors in the following aspects: first, the expansion of historical materials, such as the mutual proof of poetry and historical facts, the use of archaeological and phonological materials, and the collection of records outside the territory; The second is the improvement of analytical methods, that is, the progress of historical methods. Although the book is not Chen Yinque's original work, it still truly reflects Chen Yinque's research achievements in the history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
Sui and Tang Dynasties
Sui and Tang Dynasties, with a history of more than 300 years, was the heyday of China in the Middle Ages, ranking among the best in the world at that time. However, historians have not studied many important issues in the history of this period, especially the origin and evolution of its cultural relics system, and lack of works in line with historical facts. In view of this, in the early 1940s, Chen Yinque wrote "On the Origin and Development of Sui and Tang Dynasties System", which systematically discussed the origin and evolution of cultural relics system from Han and Wei Dynasties to Sui and Tang Dynasties with a large number of materials, which had a great influence on academic circles at home and abroad.
On the other hand, Chen Yinque studied the literature of the Tang Dynasty from three aspects: the ancient prose movement, the new Yuefu and the novel. He combined the "ancient prose movement" with national consciousness and cultural interaction, and put forward new views on the study of Tang literature. In the article on Han Yu, it is pointed out that the center of the ancient prose movement is to restore the status of ancient Confucianism, and Han Yu and others are the first people in the ancient prose movement. He believes that "New Yuefu" is an important symbol of China literature gradually moving towards the lower level, and its value and influence are higher than that of Chen Ziang Li Bai, which is beyond the predecessors. He is the first person to make a comprehensive study of "Xing Juan", and his important achievement is the exploration of the ideological trend of "Xing Juan".
Yu Wentai's "Guanzhong-oriented theory" was used to explain the rise and fall of the ruling class in the Tang Dynasty for nearly 300 years, which was fully demonstrated and later praised by scholars. In addition, in his book, he made a detailed investigation on the etiquette, official position, criminal law, music, military system and financial system in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and put forward the concept of "Guanlong Group", suggesting a key to grasp the basic clues of the historical development of the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty and the early Tang Dynasty, which has important academic significance.
Ming and Qing dynasties
Chen's 800,000-word Biography of Liu Bie has provided many valuable achievements for the study of Ming and Qing literature. He made a detailed textual research on Liu and made an incisive interpretation of Qian and Liu's poems. He praised Liu and agreed with Qian Lianyi, which was refreshing. He testified for Qian and Liu's poems, which reflected the political and social situation during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and was a model to show a generation of historical events with poems. This book is not only a comprehensive practice to test Chen Yinke's academic level all his life, but also the crystallization of Chen Yinke's thought of managing history all his life.
Most of Chen Yinque's works are textual research, but his textual research methods are different from those in the traditional sense. On the basis of textual research and historical facts, he also paid attention to exploring the law of historical development. Chen Yinque not only inherited the practical, precise and rigorous textual research of Ganjia scholars, but also absorbed the style of pursuing justice and reasoning of Song scholars and paid attention to the exploration of historical laws. Under the influence of the western historical language textual research school, he attached great importance to the study of language tools and mastered more than a dozen foreign languages. By using the language tools he mastered, he made a comparative study of Chinese and foreign materials: under the influence of western cultural historiography, he introduced the viewpoint of cultural historiography into historical research and studied it from the perspectives of nationality and culture, thus expanding the scope of historical research. On the premise of inheriting the tradition, Chen Yinque innovated the textual research method and formed his own unique new textual research method. Its textual research method is characterized by "mutual proof of poetry and history" and comparative method.
"Mutual verification of poetry and history" is the most widely used and unique textual research method of Chen Yinque in his research. Although Chen Yinque was not the first person to put forward this method, he put it into practice and achieved fruitful results. He first noticed the historical value of Tang poetry. Because the authors of Tang poetry come from all walks of life, many works in Tang poetry directly reflect real life and can correct the shortcomings and mistakes of official history. Besides Tang poetry, novels can also be used to prove history. He also put forward some principles that should be paid attention to when using novels to prove history. Liu Zhuan is the representative work of Chen Yinque's "Mutual Proof of Poetry and History". This book systematically discusses a series of important historical events in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties through the annotation of Qian and Liu's poems. The application of Chen Yinque's method of "mutual proof of poetry and history" is not only the expansion of historical materials, but also the innovation of textual research methods.
The method of comparative method is embodied in his comparative study of Chinese and foreign materials by using the language tools he has mastered, and found many problems that have not been discovered by predecessors, and expounded his own views. He has made many achievements in the study of Mongolian history in this way; He also researched some place names in history books and some mistakes in the process of translating books. Rainbow Guowei and Chen Yinque also paid attention to the comparative study of above-ground objects and underground objects, especially using the data unearthed in Dunhuang to interpret the literature records, and made many discoveries.
Chen Yinke's new textual research method enriches and develops the research method of Chinese traditional literature, which is of great significance to carry forward Chinese traditional culture, but some of his textual research is too complicated and lengthy, which is his shortcoming. Chen Yinque, Wang Guowei and Chen Yuan formed a representative "New Textual Research School" in the history of Chinese historiography. The research scope covers medieval history, religious history, Mongolian history, Dunhuang studies and so on. , and achieved many groundbreaking results. Mengshi
The Origin of Mongolia was written by the Kasang Chechens in Inner Mongolia during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, which contains many myths and legends, which are different from the Mongolian and Chinese history books in the Yuan Dynasty and often confuse people. In the early 1930s, Chen Yinque published four papers, which proved the original appearance of The Origin of Mongolia, made people understand the original puzzles and had a great influence on the later study of Mongolian history. In his book The Origin of Mongolia, he used the method of translation and restoration by western sinologists for the first time, which broke through the traditional way of verifying and reconstructing the official history in this field, and made the study of Mongolian history in China enter a new stage from the 1930s.
Dunhuang Studies
Although Chen Yinque did not devote himself to Dunhuang studies, he made outstanding contributions to the rescue and arrangement of Dunhuang studies, the establishment and development of Dunhuang studies, and finally made Dunhuang studies a "prominent study" in the 2 1 century. Chen engaged in Dunhuang literature research and brought it into the world academic field, which was recognized by academic circles in various countries.
1930, Chen Yinque first put forward the concept of "Dunhuang studies" in "The Preface of Dunhuang robbing Chen Yuanxu", pointing out that "Dunhuang scholars are a new academic trend in the world today". In this preface, the research value of more than 8,000 Dunhuang manuscripts collected by Beijing Library is put forward from nine aspects: Manichaeism classics, historical events in Tang Dynasty, Buddhist literature significance, novel literature history, Buddhist stories, lost articles in Tang Dynasty, ancient languages, old translations of Buddhist scriptures and academic research, which points out the direction for Dunhuang studies. He is the author of many papers, such as Notes on Mahayana Daoqian Classic, Biography and Postscript on Confessing the Crime of Sea Fire in Guang Jin Ming Classic, Postscript on the Life of lucky chance, Postscript on the Edge of Bida Linglong Temple, Notes on Wei School, Story Evolution of Xuanzang's Disciple's Journey to the West, Postscript on Lotus's Becoming a Monk, etc. In addition, Dunhuang materials are used to supplement and prove history in works such as Preface to Inscriptions on Stone Chambers in Dunhuang, Poems of Bai Yuan, etc. Most papers on Dunhuang studies are included in the first edition of Jin Ming Guan Cong Manuscripts, the second edition of Jin Ming Guan Cong Manuscripts, A Brief Discussion on the Origin of Sui and Tang Dynasties System, Political History of Tang Dynasty and Poems of Bai Yuan. As a researcher of Dunhuang literature, this book has broadened the horizon, laid the foundation for the all-round development of Dunhuang studies in China, and set a precedent.
Tibetology
Chen Yinque's study of Tibetan studies and sudden studies is a model of the unity of historical knowledge and historical morality. His rigorous handling of the relationship between "praise" and "seeking truth" and his realistic evaluation of history still have far-reaching educational significance.
Chen Yinke actively promoted the protection and collection of Tibetan books and documents in China at that time. The Institute of History and Linguistics of Academia Sinica once kept the Catalogue of Tibetan Documents compiled by Chen Yinque. In addition, he also wrote Notes on the Origin of Mongolia during his exile in Mengzi, Yunnan. This manuscript is based on his Mongolian and Manchu books, and refers to his original Tibetan works and the so-called "Karabu Classics" in Siku Summary. In addition, he also made great efforts to compare the similarities and differences among Sanskrit, Tibetan and Chinese versions of Buddhist scriptures, and wrote Proofreading. Unfortunately, these materials and manuscripts were destroyed by the war.
Among Chen Yinque's friends, there are many Tibetan scholars. For example, Fang Guili went to the United States before liberation, and has been engaged in research in this field, and published many papers such as Inspection in Ma Zhongying. Influenced by Chen Yinque, some people with lofty ideals, such as Yu Daoquan, Wei Yixin, and some students, such as Wu Qichang, Yao Weiyuan, Sui, Liu, and others, have conducted Tibetan studies to varying degrees.
Turkic studies
In the field of Turkic studies, Chen Yinque abandoned the old idea that Turkic history was an accessory to the history of Sui and Tang Dynasties, and affirmed the position that "Turkic was the real hegemon in East Asia at that time". He explained the rapid rise and fall of power and the rapid transformation of hegemonic status between Tang and Turkic with "the serial nature of the rise and fall of foreigners", showing outstanding historical knowledge.
Chen Yinque has made important discoveries in the translation, collation and interpretation of Buddhist scriptures, as well as phonology, the origin of Mongolian language, the origin of Li Tang clan, the origin of official system and military system, and the cultural exchange between China and.
Religious studies
Chen Yinke's religious studies are an important part of his academic career. In his early years, he was systematically trained in methodology and had a deep knowledge of language and writing, which made him handy in studying religion. His academic research has also been stopped by experts and scholars in international academic circles. Chen's family studies have a strong Buddhist flavor. Chen Yinque's father, Chen, studied under the Buddhist master's fine house and devoted himself to practice. Chen Hengke, the eldest brother, received Buddhist education since childhood and was good at Buddhist painting. Mr. Jiang Tianshu recorded in Mr. Chen Yinque's Chronicle that when Chen Yinque was young, he had a wide range of dabbling in the ancient Buddhist scriptures and the vast sea collected by his grandfather. Buddhism research is the most important content in his religious research. With rich linguistic knowledge, he opened up the field of comparative study of the two biographies of North and South, paid attention to the origin and development of Buddhism in China, sorted out the origin and evolution of Buddhist names, and pointed out the problem of "mistranslation" or "misunderstanding" in China's Buddhist translation.
After Buddhism was introduced into China, due to the limitation of language ability, it is often impossible to compare with the original text or its language translation. Chen Yinque emphasized foreign language learning. As a Buddhist student, he can focus on textual research and discuss the problems in textual research. The 1930s and 1940s were the climax of early Zen studies in Buddhism. He expressed his views on "spreading Buddhism" in Mahayana Belief and Six Ancestors Tanjing. These views were different from those of some famous domestic scholars at that time, and formed their own opinions. He also put forward his own views on the discussion of metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties initiated by the Buddhist circles in China and the philosophical circles in China at that time. His textual research on "Unintentional Theory" is also the most detailed one so far, which can be mutually confirmed with the relevant chapters in Tang Yongtong's Buddhist History of Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties. His research on the relationship between Wu Zetian and Buddhism has also attracted the attention of Chinese and foreign scholars. In addition, he also has a lot to say about the translation of Buddhist scriptures and Buddhist documents.
linguistics
Chen Yinque is proficient in Sanskrit and many ancient languages in the western regions. There are also rumors that he knows more than 20 languages, including English, French, German, Russian, Spanish, Japanese, Mongolian, Arabic, Sanskrit, Balinese, Turkic, Persian, Hungarian, Manchu, Tibetan, Hebrew, Latin, Greek, Uygur, Toyro, Xixia, Korean, Indian and Siam. Chen Yinque should be proficient in Japanese, German and English. Referring to Chen Fenghuai's memory, Chen Yinque should be proficient in English, German and French. Chen Yinque should dabble in Sanskrit, Greek and Pali when studying the courses he studied during his study tour. To study his notes, Chen Yinque should dabble in Tibetan, Mongolian, Turkic Uighur, Tuhuotan (Tuhuotan), Xixia, Manchu, Korean, Balinese, Hindi, Russian, Iranian (it should be ancient Persian) and Hebrew.
As we all know, learning a language has different aspects, such as listening, speaking, reading and writing. However, Chen Yinque's application in academic research focuses on the level of "reading", demonstrating and giving evidence by reading documents in various languages, while there is no clear evidence for the rest of listening, speaking and writing. Although many of the words that Chen Yinque learned are "extinct languages" that he did not learn to listen, speak and write, there is no clear evidence that he can "master" other languages except English, French, Japanese, German, Russian, ancient Greek and Latin. However, Chen Yinque's application of historical linguistics and "extinct language" does not focus on mastering the language itself, nor does it represent foreign language learning as a smart and lewd knowledge type. He still borrows language as an auxiliary tool, and the core focus of his knowledge is the domestic civilization and the history of China and Turkey. 1926 After returning from studying abroad, Chen Yinque became a professor at Tsinghua University Research Institute and was one of the "four great tutors" in Tsinghua at that time. Later, he became the only "part-time professor" in the Chinese Department of Tsinghua University, and enjoyed the reputation of "genius in the world", "professor" and "teacher" among teachers and students. On the campus of Tsinghua, both students and professors always ask him questions about literature and history, and they can get satisfactory answers. Everyone calls him "walking dictionary" and "walking dictionary". Professor Wu Mi, director of the Institute, attended his lecture in rain or shine. Other high-level professors, such as Zhu Ziqing, often come to the classroom to listen to his lectures. Feng Youlan, an expert in philosophy, was then Secretary-General of Tsinghua University and Dean of Literature. However, whenever Chen Yinque took a class on the history of China philosophy, Mr. Feng always respectfully accompanied Chen Yinque out of the teachers' lounge and sat quietly in the classroom to listen to his lecture. His courses mainly include Buddhist scripture translation literature, Sanskrit grammar, the history of Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, Tang Shi, Yuefu in Tang Dynasty, and the history of Tang poetry.
Chen Yinque takes care of her students and cares about their life and employment after graduation. He thinks that the question-and-answer written test is not the best way to observe knowledge. Make a paper and seek new information and new ideas. He never asked students to learn by rote, but encouraged thinking and opposed "cramming" education. For Chen Yinque, "peaches and plums are all over the world" is well deserved. Many outstanding talents have been trained for the country, including Ji Xianlin, Jiang Tianshu and other masters.