Section 1 Ancient prose movement

The content of literature in the middle Tang Dynasty is richer than that in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.

First, parallel prose, ancient prose and ancient prose movement

The object of struggle is parallel prose, which is parallel prose. Two horses are parallel, which is called even number.

Features:

1, even four or six, relative to each other, generally four or six sentences. For example, Preface to Wang Teng Pavilion.

2, flat and horizontal relative

3. Decorate with classical algae.

Ancient prose-parallel prose (Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties)

Classical Poetry-Regular Poetry (Stereotyped in Shen and Song Dynasties)

Using the characteristics of Chinese characters to form a beautiful dual form has certain aesthetic value. It is valuable to enrich and improve the expressive techniques and skills of China literature, but it pays too much attention to temperament, antithesis, rhetoric and allusion, which is far from oral English. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was a period of advocating alliance, which played a role in transferring officials and taxing them. The number of gate valves increases day by day, and declines with its decline.

The official proclamations in the Tang Dynasty basically used parallel prose, but Liu Han struggled with it in the middle Tang Dynasty and demanded that parallel prose be replaced by ancient prose.

The ancient prose proposed by Han Yu is actually pre-Qin prose, which is opposite to parallel prose and does not rhyme.

Advocates of the ancient prose movement advocated restoring the prose tradition in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, so it was called the ancient prose movement.

Essence: It is a prose innovation movement that advocates left learning, opposes Buddhism and Taoism, advocates prose and opposes parallel prose, and makes changes in style, style and literary language.

This movement was not directly led by the ruling class, but was put forward by a group of like-minded writers, with Han Yu as the coach, Liu Zongyuan as the vice-coach, and other Han children such as Li Ao and Huangfushi.

Literary Biography of the New Tang Dynasty was initiated by Han Yu and reconciled by Liu Zongyuan, Li Ao, Huangfu and others.

Second, the pioneer of ancient prose movement and the history of ancient prose movement:

Shi Ying, Li Hua, Liang Su, Liu Mian.

pioneer

Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Li Ao, Huang Fuzhuo-Pi Rixiu

Leadership and inheritance

Han Yu's poem "Recommended Scholars": "When the country prospers, the children begin to dance high." Chen Ziang's ancient poem "Preface to Bamboo" is a pioneer of the ancient prose movement and a literary theory work. Han and Liu laid the foundation for the ancient prose movement with theory and practice, and Han's ancient prose movement made greater achievements. In the late Tang Dynasty, Pi Rixiu wrote a book, Lumen Yin Shu, which was full of ancient prose, and his thought was to follow the movement of ancient prose. The ancient prose movement took place in the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty turned from decline to prosperity after the Anshi Rebellion. The political and economic stability in the Tang Dynasty gave new hope to small and medium-sized landlords, politicians, thinkers and writers. The ancient prose movement was also realized in order to adapt to the rule of Zhongxing in the Tang Dynasty. As far as Liu Han himself is concerned, he is also opposed to the "separatist regime" and safeguards national unity. This political proposition is reflected in liberal arts students. The ancient prose movement is consistent with Bai Juyi's new Yuefu movement and the general political direction. It is no coincidence that these two movements are the same.

Three, the ancient prose movement theory:

1, the text is Ming Dow, combining literature and Taoism:

It is the theoretical program and foundation of the ancient prose movement. Taoism refers to Confucianism and the way of Confucius and Mencius, while Ming Dow expounded Taoism by Confucian literary reflection, which is unified in content and form. Ming Dow Hanyu, a writer put forward by Liu Zongyuan, said: "I like ancient Chinese because I like its Tao, and Taoism is the Tao of Confucius and Mencius." Only in this way can we fight against the old Buddhist theory.

Objective: to coordinate people's actions with Confucianism, feudal theory and moral norms, and to kill two birds with one stone with Confucianism and Taoism combined with the ancient prose movement.

Ancient literary movement

Prose movement-parallel prose

This prose innovation movement and Liu consciously took a Taoist color, had a purpose, and became a humanist who safeguarded the interests of the ruling class and a core personnel and supporter, and achieved great success.

2. Uneven sound:

Preface to seeing Meng Dongye off

"If everything is uneven, it will make a sound. The silence of the vegetation, the sound of the wind, the silence of the water, the sound of the wind. It will jump or stir, and it will move or stalk. * * * Will be boiled or stirred; The silence of a stone, or the sound of a blow, is all the same to people. Those who have to speak. Their songs are also very thoughtful, and the crying people are pregnant. Everything that comes out of his mouth is fair. "

It is the theoretical basis for reflecting and criticizing social reality. Calling pre-Qin philosophers to be good singers in Meng Jiao is in line with materialist reflection theory.

Han's contribution lies in revealing the theory of reflection with more vivid metaphors. When the writer is dissatisfied with the reality, singing becomes more intense, and the writer lies in reflecting this contradiction and struggle.

"Therefore, the work of articles is always in the wilderness."

Works with perfect feelings are easy to impress people, but people who have never met their careers have written them one after another. Han's theory of "singing when there is injustice" inherits Sima Qian's theory of "poetry has spirit", and poetry can only be written after some bumps.

This view seems to have been recognized by later generations of Chinese and foreign people:

Mr. Lu Xun once said: "Speaking and writing articles seem to be symbols of losers, and people who struggle with fate will not pay attention."

With that in mind. "

The French poet Miao Sai said in Night in May: "The most beautiful poems are the most desperate, and some are immortal."

Zhang Chun is a tear. "

Keats, a British writer, also said in his letter to Sara Jay Frye: "Britain has produced the best writers in the world, and one of the main reasons is that British society abused them before their death." (Qian Zhongshu: set of seven)

3, emphasize the writer's moral cultivation:

Liu Han attaches importance to and emphasizes this point, because writing is like a person, and people's moral cultivation is reflected in the article. Therefore, when Liu Han advocated the ancient prose movement, he published an article emphasizing this point and advocating Confucianism. Although his moral cultivation was based on feudal Taoism, it played a certain role in the healthy development of the ancient prose movement and the cultivation of new poets.

4. Specific criteria for stylistic innovation:

(1) advocates inheriting the tradition of prose, innovating and creating, and opposing plagiarism and imitation.

Imitate "let's do what we have to do, but don't think about what we say." .

(2) For grammar, it is advocated that words should be used in order:

Art advocates innovation, not gorgeous form, that is, color tone obeys the needs of content.

(3) Advocate the unity of content and form. If you don't pay attention, you will delay the reader.

Liu Han's more than 800 existing essays are all his practice, and his writing skills have reached perfection.

5. Cultivate young writers to impart creative experience;

Liu Han's superb creative skills are the result of his labor. Many existing collections are correspondence with young writers to guide their creative methods and impart their own creative experience. Because of this, the ancient prose movement is universal and the reason for its success.

Fourthly, the achievements and influence of the ancient prose movement.

Achievements:

1, summed up the experience and lessons of predecessors, combined with the social needs at that time, put forward a more accurate and systematic literary thought, and theoretically revealed the correct direction of prose development.

2. Expand the scope of prose genre and establish a new prose style.

3. A number of outstanding ancient writers have been trained and brought up.

4. It greatly shook and impacted the dominant position of parallel prose and promoted the prosperity of literature in the middle Tang Dynasty.

Impact:

The ancient prose movement strongly impacted the beautiful style of writing, expanded the application scope of prose, enriched and developed the expressive techniques of prose, and established the prose tradition represented by the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, which had a far-reaching impact on the "poetry innovation" movement in Northern Song Dynasty, the "Tang and Song Poetry School" in Ming Dynasty and the "Tongcheng School" in Qing Dynasty.

Liu Han's successors did not develop in its direction, and the ancient prose movement tended to decline completely at the end of the Tang Dynasty, and parallel prose rose again. It was not until Ouyang Xiu ascended the throne in the Northern Song Dynasty that Su Shi won the poetry movement.

Section 2 Han Yu and His Prose

First, the life and thoughts of Han Yu (760-824)

Born into a bureaucratic family of small and medium-sized landlords, his father died at the age of three, and he was raised by his sister-in-law. His father was a magistrate of Wuchang County, and Li Bai wrote a tombstone for his father. His uncle has a friendship with Du Fu and has made achievements in literature. According to these, it can be seen that:

(1) Because of their low political status, low economic status and little power, it is decided that their children can't go through the back door for official career, but must make their own achievements.

(2) The family has a certain literary origin, which is conducive to his smooth growth and becoming a literary essayist.

1, reading time (before 19)

He was eager to learn and read classics since he was a child. He began to study at the age of seven, read many famous books, and was very proficient. Therefore, his fame depends on his diligent study, mainly studying Confucian classics and hundreds of essays. He entered the official career and taught in imperial academy.

2. Official seeking period (19-28 years old)

19 years old, left Xuancheng, Anhui Province, and went to Chang 'an to take the Jinshi exam. Since then, he devoted himself to the trend of the ancient prose movement and led it. When he left home, he was full of pride and thought that fame and fortune were at his fingertips. He wrote a poem and said, "I am eighteen and nineteen years old, and my heart is full of pride." I wrote a book, so I resigned. " After he arrived in Chang 'an, he met a scholar who had already entered the middle school and read someone else's, but I didn't have an official position. I can't choose the official department. I haven't received the last three letters from the Prime Minister. Until I was 28 years old, ten years passed, Du Fu Chang 'an and Han Yu met many like-minded poets, including Liang Su, Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi.

3. Official time (29-57 years old)

In the hopeless situation of seeking an official position, another way out for the scholars and laggards in the Tang Dynasty was to be aides in our time, regardless of seniority and social status, which was undoubtedly an ideal way out for the frustrated at that time. When Han Yu was 29 years old, he went to Kaifeng, Henan Province to be an official (Bianzhou our ambassador Dong Jin). Dong Jin recommended Han Yu as a court official and a school secretary. Meng Jiao, who lived in Kaifeng for three years, was registered as a scholar. Meng Jiao's political career is not good.

Zhenguan period (12- 18) was his first major literary achievement as an official. He wrote five famous papers, The Original Road, Primacy, Primitive Man, Primitive Mourning and Primitive Ghost, and wrote many excellent works with rich literariness and sentiment.

After entering the DPRK until his death, he served as an official for more than 20 years and changed officials for more than 20 times. Two things:

Second, Han Yu's prose

Han Yu's achievements are mainly here, and his thoughts are generally progressive. Most of Han Yu's good essays are related to his progressive thoughts.

1, Prose: Prose covers a wide range and is rich in content, which reflects his thoughts. This is released according to the actual situation. For example, Shi Shuo is a challenge to the prevailing atmosphere at that time. Tong Yuan and the Buddha's bones on the table are both declarations of attacking Taoism. Miscellaneous Stories is a protest against the rulers' burying talents. His writing has a clear point of view, sharp edge and strong rationality, which has a great influence on later generations.

2. Narrative: After the Biography of Zhang Zhongcheng, Zhang Xun was a hero who fought against An Lushan fifty years ago, and Han Yu made a biography for him to show his praise.

Liu Zihou's epitaph summarizes Liu Zongyuan's life, sympathizes with his unfortunate experience, and highlights the image of an ancient prose writer, which is often a combination of narrative and reality, narrative and discussion, and lyricism. The mission image is vivid and outstanding.

3. Lyric Prose: Han Yu's lyric prose is very distinctive, such as Ode to Twelve Lang, Preface to Send Meng Dongyu, etc., which is full of emotion and cynicism.

Artistic features: no matter reasoning, narrative, lyrical prose are written:

(1) Clear and confident;

(2) Strong emotions, which are beyond words;

(3) the style is bold and unrestrained, such as the Yangtze River flood is magnificent and tortuous, smooth and lively;

(4) The language is concise, accurate, vivid and expressive.

Interpretation of advanced research

Academic progress: encourage academic progress.

Solution: Stylistic name, a form of argument.

Imperial academy: 1, Guo Zi school; 2. Imperial College London; 3. Guangwen Museum; 4. Law; 5. Book Festival; 6. Mathematics; 7. Four subjects

Each library enrolls 10-20 students.

Instructor: doctor, lecturer, teaching assistant.

Leadership: sacrifice, industry division of labor

Center: express your grievances and satirize the improper use of people by the rulers.

Artistic features: 1, which combines the guest and the host and has a unique style. Refers to the ingenious design of the article. Similar articles include Ke Rongnan and All Tides, and Han Yu's articles are more aesthetic.

2, the combination of phonology and prose, exaggerated brushwork, harmonious and smooth' Zhang Zhongcheng biography after Syria'

Artistic features: 1, confident and eloquent;

2. Good at narrative theory and description;

3, the level is clear and the context is clear.

Section III Liu Zongyuan and His Prose

First, life, thoughts

Life: Liu Zongyuan (773-8 19) was an outstanding essayist, reformer and materialist philosopher. He belongs to a lower-middle landlord class family, slightly better than Han Yu's family, and lives in Hedong, Shanxi, so he is also called Liu Hedong. Because of being demoted to Liuzhou secretariat, it is also called Liu Liuzhou.

Early stage (before the age of 33)

He was a scholar before the age of 265,438+0, and worked in the imperial court at the age of 265,438+0-33. His career is smooth sailing. During the Yongzheng period, he participated in the Yongzheng political reform in 865,438+05, with Wang as the initiator and Liu Zongyuan, Liu Yuxi and others involved. Centralization has been strengthened, and the general trend has improved, only a few months before and after.

Liu Zongyuan's relegation to Liuzhou (34-47 years old) in his later period was a major turning point in his life. Sima doesn't even have a place to live. He lives in a ruined temple with his mother. Because of this, Liu Zongyuan devoted all his energy to academic research and literary creation. During his ten years of relegation, he wrote a lot of literary works and expositions. Han Yu said that only when a person is demoted can he give full play to his role.

Thought: He is a relatively progressive landlord class politician and ideological reformer. He has both simple materialistic thoughts and materialistic progressive world outlook. The basic political thought is the Confucian people-oriented benevolent government thought. He opposed the oppression of the people by officials, arbitrary seizure of power, critical expropriation, separatist regime in buffer regions and safeguarding national unity. He advocated "appointing people on merit", opposed "cronyism" and criticized "immoral people are superior".

Of course, there is also an idealistic side. After relegation, he believed in Buddhism and tried to get rid of his ideological repression in Buddhist thought. Liu Zongyuan opposed the civil rebellion and advocated the feudal view that "the industrious rule others, and the industrious rule others".

Second, Liu Zongyuan's prose:

1, political paper:

He emphasized his progressive political views and simple materialism. Feudalism is an outstanding masterpiece, which discusses that the county system represents the progress of feudalism, criticizes the fallacy of advocating feudalism, shows his opposition to feudal separatist thought and refutes the historical facts against feudalism.

Another article, Snake Catcher, criticizes the tyranny of tigers with concrete facts, records the sufferings of the people with the mouth of snake catchers, and exposes ghosts and gods in all directions.

2, fable sketch:

After being demoted, he wrote many essays, exposing and attacking the decadent politics at that time like throwing a gun. For example, the Third Ring Road: the donkey in Guizhou, the elk in Linjiang and the mouse in Yongmou are vivid and insightful, which makes people believe it. There is also "Essay on Mourning", which satirizes people who died of greed for money and has a strong realistic critical spirit.

Fictional characters and stories are often used to grasp the basic characteristics of things, exaggerate and imagine them, and shape them into real and vivid artistic images. They are often typical summaries of real life and have profound practical significance. The language is sharp and concise, the style is grim and gloomy, the conception is exquisite, the image is vivid and the reasoning is thorough. It occupies an important position in the history of China's fable war.

Release fable from historical and philosophical works, get rid of its subordinate position, and make fable an independent prose style.

3, landscape travel notes:

More importantly, Liu Zongyuan's prose is a landscape travel note. There are 30 existing essays, all of which were written when he was demoted, and nine times out of ten they were written when he was demoted to Yongzhou, Hunan. Yongzhou is located in a remote place with beautiful mountains and rivers. He wrote eight famous Yongzhou notes: Travel Notes on the First Banquet in the Western Hills, Notes on the Western Hills in the Cobalt Pool, Notes on the Supreme Mountain.

The first four articles are Liu Zongyuan's Poems on the Western Suburb of Yongzhou, and the last four are Poems on the Southern Suburb of Yongzhou. Eight travel notes constitute a whole, with coherent content, fresh and beautiful writing, poetic and picturesque, and follow the pen with substance and meaning.

The description of Liu Zongyuan's landscape travel notes often puts his own misfortune and grief in the landscape. The description of landscape is not a simple literary description, but often permeates the author's thoughts, which is fascinating and accurately grasps the characteristics. It often contains feelings in the landscape, blends in the landscape, writes about landscapes everywhere, and compares itself with different landscapes everywhere. The scenery in front of us is used to describe the depression in the chest.

The description of landscape in Liu Zongyuan's previous Notes on Water Mirrors is beautiful, but it is only a note in academic works and has not become an independent article. It is Liu Zongyuan who really forms the style of landscape travel notes, and is called "the ancestor of travel notes". From him to Ouyang Xiu in the Song Dynasty, Su Shi in the Ming Dynasty, Xu Hongzu and Yao Nai in the Qing Dynasty, they all studied him and wrote many travel notes about mountains and rivers, which contributed to the development of ancient literature in China.

4,' Biographical Prose':

There are nearly 15 articles, mostly written by Yongzhou, such as Biography of Children's District and Biography of Planting Camels, etc. It is of historical and practical significance to explain the truth of governing the country by Guo's mouth. There is also a story about a contractor in Zi Ren Zhuan.

Based on the insulted and injured lower class characters, it is the development of the biography of Historical Records, which shows that the realism of Liu Zongyuan's prose is highly ideological and artistic. Select characters and events to sort out, highlight an important aspect of the characters, and do not describe all aspects, so the characters have their own image characteristics.

Liu Zongyuan's prose reveals the images of pain and loneliness. He is a famous essayist in China. With his fruitful creation, he strengthened the momentum of the ancient prose movement and laid the foundation of ancient prose, which was second only to Han Yu in ancient prose, but kept pace with Han Yu in literary achievements.

Travel notes of Xide Xishan banquet

Features: 1, starting from the side, the purpose is to write that the western hills are high and beautiful;

2. It is not a simple landscape work, but has a strong emotional color;

Su Shi's "Red Cliff Fu" is "a vast sea of smoke. If you lean on the imaginary wind and don't know what it means, you will be as independent as the world, and your feathers will reach the fairy." It comes from willow. When you travel in the mountains, you can realize the blending of things and me, and there is no place for me.

Thinking about the problem:

1. Take Xiaoshitang and Cobalt Pond as examples to illustrate the artistic features of Liu Zongyuan's landscape travel notes.

The most striking feature of Liu Zongyuan's landscape travel notes is that he is full of charm and interest, and integrates his life experience and enthusiasm into the landscape, making the landscape personalized and personalized. He reveals his grievances and shows a strong tendency through exquisite carving of beautiful scenery.

Another feature is nuanced, vivid description and ingenious layout.

From far to near, the story of Xiaoshitang has distinct layers and clear context, and the last few sentences of the article contain feelings in the landscape.

2. What is the substantial influence of the theoretical program of classical Chinese movement?

Reference book:

"Ancient prose movement in Tang and Song Dynasties" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House