First of all, talk about textbooks.
(A) the status and role of teaching materials
There are * * * 5 compulsory Chinese books for senior high school, 5 classical Chinese units, 17. It involves five types of articles: ancient narrative prose, landscape travel prose, argumentative essay, biography and ancient lyric prose. "On Qin" is an ancient argumentative essay, and it is a compulsory course of three or ten. When selecting these articles, the editor aims to listen to the advice of saving the world, feel the wisdom and wisdom of the ancients, and appreciate the preciousness of the essence of traditional culture and thought. By reading these wisdom chapters, you can also learn the art of ancient discussion and learn to express your thoughts and opinions clearly and forcefully.
When reading, we should ponder the method of article argumentation, pay attention to its rigorous and thorough argumentation logic and the resulting persuasiveness. At the same time, we should have the spirit of questioning and asking difficult questions, ask questions and explore boldly, and improve our thinking ability and discussion ability.
(B) Teaching objectives and the basis for determining
According to the curriculum standards, around the requirements of "knowledge and skills, methods and processes, emotional attitudes and values", three-dimensional goals are established:
1. Summarize and master interchangeable words, ancient and modern synonyms, flexible use of parts of speech, special sentence patterns, etc.
2. Understand the structure of the article, explore the relationship between "narrative" and "argument" in the article, realize that the narrative in this lesson is exaggerated, use the writing characteristics of comparative argument in discussion, and learn the argumentation methods of factual argument and comparative argument.
3. Analyze the linguistic features of this article: the use of multiple parallelism, exaggeration, duality, contrast and synonymous overlap makes the article look extraordinary and far-reaching.
4. Understand Jia Yi's analysis of the reasons for the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty and the significance of satirizing the present and implementing benevolent policies.
(Design basis: The knowledge system of classical Chinese of senior one students needs to be improved, and they have little contact with ancient historical prose. Therefore, we should further increase the accumulation of classical Chinese knowledge in teaching, improve students' reading interest, cultivate students' ability to appreciate ancient historical prose and form the habit of thinking through reading guidance. )
(3) Emphasis and difficulty in teaching.
1. Identify common words, flexible words and ancient and modern synonyms in the text, master important notional words, function words and polysemous words, and accumulate knowledge of classical Chinese vocabulary.
2. Understand the structure and writing intention of the article and appreciate the language features of the article.
3. Pay attention to the correct understanding of the central argument that "there is no difference between benevolence and righteousness".
(Design basis: Based on the current situation that students' knowledge of classical Chinese is weak, the proportion of Chinese knowledge in the college entrance examination is relatively large, mainly to lay a solid foundation for students to read other classical Chinese. Cultivate ability)
Second, the method of speaking and learning
(A) Analysis of the academic situation
Judging from the editor's intention to compile a book, the focus is on the analysis and appreciation of the article. However, according to the actual situation of our students, it should be the first task to clear the obstacles in the text, identify common words, flexible words and ancient and modern synonyms in the text, master important notional words, function words and polysemous words, accumulate knowledge of classical Chinese vocabulary and lay a solid foundation. To turn the knowledge learned in class into ability, in view of this situation, we pay attention to the combination of literature and history, or explain history with literature, or explain literature and history with history. This paper focuses on the actual situation of students, based on their interest in learning, and from a historical perspective, based on the works involved in Chinese textbooks, how to help students realize the interaction between literature and history, so as to improve their reading ability in learning classical Chinese.
As we all know, the reason why Mr. Lu Xun evaluated Sima Qian's Records of the Historian with "the historian never sings, but Li Sao has no rhyme" is because Sima Qian's Records of the Historian blended history and literature well and created a unique marginal artistic realm for us. We can treat Sima Qian's articles as both historical works and literary works. Reading history makes us feel the desolation and desolation of history in the image and specific literary atmosphere; Reading makes us feel the seriousness and profundity of literature in the abstract historical kingdom. Isn't this dualistic harvest the future educational trend? Therefore, history teaching should integrate literature, philosophy, aesthetics and other multiple factors, so that history can become a subject to cultivate students' comprehensive ability, so that students can understand history in the image of literature and cultivate their comprehensive quality.
(2) The basis for guiding and selecting learning methods.
The curriculum standard clearly points out: "We should attach importance to students' practical activities and let students learn to be independent, cooperative and inquiry in the teaching process. Pay attention to language communication and spiritual communication between teachers and students. " "Attach importance to the study of students' thinking methods." Accordingly, I have determined the following learning methods and ability training:
A, circle, sketch, labeling method.
B, refer to notes, and cultivate students' ability to acquire knowledge independently with their brains and mouths.
C, guide students to read correctly.
Third, oral teaching methods
Teaching is an art, and adaptability is an important prerequisite for the smooth implementation of teaching art. The so-called contingency means that different teaching methods and disposal measures are adopted according to different classes, different teaching contents and different situations in the teaching process. Therefore, teachers should carefully choose effective teaching methods based on the principles of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" and "teaching with laws, but not with fixed laws". According to the teaching objectives, the characteristics of teaching materials and the age and psychological characteristics of students, I adopt the following teaching methods: 1, students' reading, teachers' demonstration reading, and holistic perception teaching method.
2, language, action, image passion teaching method.
3, the knowledge of some words and phrases, step by step, step by step accumulation of teaching methods.
The basis for choosing the above teaching methods: Chinese teaching should pay attention to the whole teaching, accumulation, perception and edification, and the cultivation of Chinese application ability and language sense. The most effective way is to read aloud. In the process of reading aloud, feel and master the words, phrases, structural content and language sense of the article, so as to lay a good foundation for further understanding the text. Accordingly, I mainly use the method of reading aloud in the teaching of this class, so that students can initially perceive the text as a whole. At the same time, through personalized language and action demonstration and other vivid and passionate methods to assist teaching, on this basis, guide students to accumulate classical Chinese sentences.
Fourth, talk about the teaching process
(A) the introduction of historical knowledge into the new curriculum
Please review the historical knowledge of the Warring States period before class.
Let the students draw the official map of the end of the Warring States on the blackboard, and then let them tell the process of Qin's destruction of six countries.
Ask the students to think about why Qin destroyed six countries. The strength of Qin's national strength.
However, we also know that Qin was the dynasty with the shortest ruling time in the history of China (16 years). Why? Today, let's study Jia Yi's On Qin and see what Jia Yi thinks.
(2) Step 1: Translation comprehension.
I designed two links.
First, let students read the original text roughly, translate the main idea with the help of reference books and notes under the books, and focus on three contents: inferring the meaning they don't understand according to the context, pointing out the key substantive words, framing the interchangeable words and summarizing the rules;
Second, let students read the original text carefully and further implement the translation of sentences, mainly completing two tasks: flexible use of content words, special sentence patterns and summarizing their laws. These two links are the process from simple to difficult.
This article is long, one sentence is not easy to understand, and it is difficult for senior one students to fully understand the content. In this case, teachers should do a good job of guidance, first draw some difficult sentences or sentences with flexible parts of speech and special circumstances for students, or discuss and solve them with students. For those incomprehensible words, guide students to speculate and judge according to the context provided by the context and the plots involved before and after, and cultivate a good method for students to infer the meaning according to the context. Let the students point out the key substantive words and frame the common words. The main purpose is to help students accumulate and master some common words in classical Chinese, such as polysemy, different readings, different meanings in ancient and modern times, common words, etc., and further draw rules to guide the future study of classical Chinese.
Flexible use of parts of speech and special sentence patterns are two difficulties in classical Chinese translation, as well as in this teaching. Students are required to mark words with flexible usage and underline sentences with special sentence patterns based on two considerations:
1, accumulating a certain number of first-hand examples;
2. Guide students to classify, find out the same characteristics of each category, extract things that form regularity, and rise to rational understanding, so that students can learn more later.
In the process of translation, we should pay attention to guiding students to develop the good habit of using symbols such as dots, boxes, circles and lines to represent keywords, so as to highlight the key points, difficulties and review in translation.
My tips are mainly to summarize the flexible use of notional words such as nouns, adjectives, causative usage, passive sentences and adverbials.
Step 2: Organize the structure of the article.
On the basis of reading the full text, let students read the full text and sort out the structure of the article.
The first part (1-4) is about the rise and fall of the Qin Dynasty. Divided into four different historical periods.
The whole process, from filial piety to Zi Ying's surrender to Han, lasted 154 years.
The second part (5) expounds the reasons for the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty. It is concluded that "benevolence and righteousness are not applied, and the offensive and defensive potential is different".
When studying, the main author should follow the time sequence of the rise, expansion and demise of the Qin Dynasty, with the help of historical facts, step by step, and finally point out the theme with irrefutable arguments.
Step 3: Cooperation and discussion.
1. Where did the power of the nine countries come from? What role do these contents play in the text?
2. What words did the author first use to reveal the essence of Qin Shihuang's policy? What are foreign policy and domestic policy?
3. The author highlights Chen She from several aspects. What are his outstanding characteristics? What is the function of this emphasis?
Grasping the discussion of these three issues, we grasp the method of article argumentation: comparative argumentation.
The answers to the above questions are basically found in Yuan Wenzhong, which is not difficult. Teachers can guide students in the form of lists, which can be compared from birth, talent, strength, assistants, weapons and so on. So as to learn to summarize and compare reading methods.
(5) Step 4: Explore the writing characteristics.
1, this article takes a lot of space to describe, and on the basis of narration, what do you think is the characteristics of this article? How did he make a judgment on the basis of narration?
Clear: Generally speaking, this article is good at narration and judgment. Specifically, the narrative of this paper has two characteristics: First, the author uses the combination of "line" and "point" to describe the process of Qin from prosperity to decline, from attack to defense, from prosperity to decline. The so-called "line" means that the author grasps a vertical line, that is, from Qin Xiaogong to Qin Shihuang. He expects to divide the king into four stages and outline the development of the whole historical stage; The so-called "point" refers to a certain point in a specific time, and the author uses thick ink to elaborate. This way, the context is clear and the main points are prominent. The second is that the author is good at summing up and grasping the facts from a big overall perspective. When writing about Qin's defensive position, he highlighted Qin Shihuang's strategies of "being stupid, weak and defending the people". General and concise.
Narration is the basis of reasoning. To write a good reasoning article, we must demonstrate it on the basis of facts. Judgment is to draw a convincing conclusion from a large number of irrefutable facts.
2. Question: Jia Yi is the most colorful essayist in the early Han Dynasty, and as his representative work, On Qin is bound to reflect the language characteristics of Jia Yi's works. Judging from the voluminous prose, what do you think is the most prominent language feature of this article?
In this paper, antithesis and parallelism are widely used to form a natural, smooth and vivid lyric rhythm. The antithesis of the full text accounts for more than 2/3, but it doesn't give people the feeling of piling up.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) assignment
1, recite the third paragraph of the article:
(Recite in time on the basis of understanding to improve memory efficiency)
2, familiar with the full text, understand the meaning, try to recite the last two paragraphs of the article.
(Strengthen after-class review and pre-class preview, improve classroom efficiency, and have a solid foundation in classical Chinese)
Sixth, blackboard design