1. Type of expository: thing expository (from the perspective of content, according to the object and purpose of explanation).
The general title of a descriptive article is the object of explanation;
Find concluding sentences at the beginning and end of the explanation.
Because the object of explanation is the thing or thing to be introduced in the article, usually a noun or noun phrase, we can start from two aspects: look at topic 2 and look at the first and last paragraphs. The description of things can only point out what is explained. The explanatory text points out the explanatory content and forms a phrase: Introduction (object plus content).
2. The language of expository writing: simple and vivid expository writing (language expression angle).
3, explanation method: generally answer three words, master several common explanation methods, will analyze the role in the text:
(1) For example, it truly illustrates the xx characteristics of things.
(2) Classification: the organization clearly states the xx characteristics of things. Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in different categories to make the explanation more organized. The content of the explanation should be clear and avoid overlapping.
(3) Enumeration of figures: specifically and accurately explain the xx characteristics of this thing. Make the explanation more convincing.
④ Comparison: xx characteristics (status, influence, etc. ) is highlighted.
⑤ Definition: To reveal the object/science in concise and scientific language, so as to reveal the characteristics/science of things more scientifically, essentially and generally.
6. Metaphor: Metaphor is a metaphor in rhetorical methods. Vividly explain the xx characteristics of this thing and enhance the interest of the article.
⑦. Drawing charts: Let readers see at a glance, and explain the xx characteristics of things very intuitively and vividly.
8. Interpretation: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in detail to make the explanation easier to understand.
The difference between definition and interpretation is that definition requires completeness, while interpretation does not require completeness. Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in detail to make the explanation easier to understand. It can be reversed.
9. Imitation: a vivid description of the characteristics/facts of things, which makes the explanation more concrete and vivid.
Attending doctor. Citation: It can make the explanation more specific and substantial. Explain the characteristics of things by quoting, so as to enhance persuasiveness, such as quoting ancient poems, proverbs and proverbs. At the beginning of the article, the reference description also plays the role of drawing out the description object.
4. Description sequence: time sequence (program sequence), spatial order and logical sequence. You can be more specific when answering questions.
For example, spatial order (from top to bottom, from inside to outside, always to point, from outside to inside, from front to back, from left to right, from whole to part, and vice versa) and so on. ).
Logical order (first cause, then step by step, phenomenon to essence, cause to effect, effect to cause, main to secondary, simple to profound, individual to general, etc.). Common words indicating causality and logical order, such as "because, therefore", "first and second").
Time series is to explain the development and evolution of things, such as articles introducing working procedures.
Mastering the answer format: This paper uses the explanation order to make the explanation more organized and easy for readers to understand. (The first blank should be filled in with the specific order of description, and the second blank should be filled in with the specific name or description of the thing. If it is a rational exposition, but it cannot be accurately expressed, it can be expressed in vague language such as "rationality" and "science". )
5. Description object: refers to the main person or thing described in the article (generally there is no need to answer the characteristics of people or things).
6. Common forms of explanatory text structure are: "total score" type (or from total score to subtotal, or from small score to subtotal, or total score), parallel type, progressive type, etc. Analyze the structure of the article and master the central sentences and conjunctions, such as "first", "second", "also" and "besides"
7. Central sentence: the position where it appears at the beginning or end, sometimes in a sentence. Judgments are mostly sentences with strong generality. Narrative sentences, descriptive sentences, explanatory sentences and interrogative sentences are generally not suitable for central sentences.
The same is true of other stylistic articles.
④ Summarize the central sentence of the paragraph.
Countermeasures: (1) When thinking about this paragraph, we should not only pay attention to the main ones, but also pay attention to the secondary ones. (2) Words that closely express order, such as "first", "second" and "you", are summarized with reference to the sentence patterns of the central sentences in the upper and lower paragraphs.
8. Description language
What is the purpose of adding words by typing 1? Grasp the accuracy of the explanation and answer the questions.
Countermeasures: A: It accurately/vividly explains the characteristics/reasons of things "……".
Type 2. Can you use another word instead? And explain why.
Countermeasure: A: (1) No.
(2) the meaning or content of the original word.
(3) The meaning or content of the changed words.
(4) What changes have taken place in the meaning after the change, which is not in line with reality.
Type 3. Can restrictive words be deleted?
Countermeasure: A: (1) statement (delete or not delete).
(2) qualitative. Such as: "comparison", "almost" and "equivalent"; Estimate the number of tables such as "about", "possible" and "about".
(3) If it is deleted, what will the original meaning become? It is unrealistic and too absolute.
(4) The word XX embodies the accuracy, thoroughness and scientificity of language.
Type 4, find a word from the article that can reflect the "accurate" characteristics of explanatory language and experience it.
Type 5: reference-what do these conditions, this phenomenon and the same truth refer to in the text?
Countermeasures: generally refers to the sentence before pronouns, find the nearest sentence. Sometimes it should be noted that it may not be the whole sentence, but a part.
9. Common test sites: 1. Understanding of the object and characteristics of interpretation.
2. Identify and understand the interpretation method.
3. Analysis and understanding of the order of interpretation.
4. Analysis of paragraph structure characteristics.
5. Summarize the meaning of the text, levels and paragraphs.
6. Comment on the meanings of keywords and key sentences and their expressive functions.
7. Explain the experience of language accuracy.
Argumentative reading and answering skills
1. Argument (what to prove) Argument should be a complete expression of the author's point of view and a complete, concise and clear sentence in form. Judging from the full text, it will be able to control the full text. The form of expression is often a judgment sentence expressing affirmation or negation, and it is a clear statement sentence.
A. grasp the argument of the article. Only one central argument (commander-in-chief's sub-argument) (1) is clear: there can be n sub-arguments (to supplement and prove the central argument).
⑵ Method ① Find from the location: such as title, beginning, middle and end. ② Analyze the arguments of the article. (It can be used to test whether the expected argument is appropriate) ③ Abstract method (only argument is divided, regardless of the central argument)
B. analyze how the argument is put forward: ① summarize the argument after putting facts and reasoning; ② Cut to the chase and put forward the central argument; (3) Propose topics according to the phenomena existing in life, and summarize the central arguments through analysis and discussion; (4) Narrating the author's experience and summarizing the central argument; ⑤ The author asks questions from the story, then analyzes and infers them step by step, and finally draws a conclusion and puts forward the central argument.
2. Argument (with what proof) (1) Argument type: (1) Fact argument (summarize after giving examples, and strictly summarize arguments); (2) argument (quote famous words to analyze).
(2) The arguments should be true, reliable and typical (subject matter, country, ancient and modern, etc.). ). (3) Sequential arrangement (reference argument); (4) judging whether the argument can prove the argument; 5] Supplementary arguments (proof arguments).
3, argument (how to prove)
(1) demonstration method (must be four words) (1) illustration (example method) narrative of factual arguments (2) reasoning (introduction method and reasoning method) demonstration of rational arguments.
(3) Comparative argument (itself can also be example argument and reason argument) (4) Metaphor argument Metaphor is a metaphor in expository writing and a metaphor in prose.
⑵ Analysis and demonstration process: ① How the demonstration was put forward; (2) How the argument is proved (which truths and facts are used, and whether there are positive and negative analysis and reasoning); (3) Contact the structure of the full text, whether there is an abstract.
(3) Integrity of argument (A: Make the argument more comprehensive and complete, and avoid misunderstanding)
(4) The function of analysis and argumentation: to prove the argument in this paragraph.
4. The structure of argumentative essay ① General form: ① Introduction (asking questions)-② Theory (analyzing problems)-③ Conclusion (solving problems).
⑵ Type: ① Parallel type ② Total score formula ③ Total score formula ④ Total score formula ⑤ Progressive type.
5. The language of argumentative essay (1) is rigorous (using decorative and restrictive language); (2) Vividness (idioms, the use of various rhetorical devices);
(3) Word order (from the perspective of caring for life logic and context); (4) Sentence order (the use of related words, pay special attention to the progressive relationship).
6, refute the reading of the paper
(1) What is the wrong viewpoint that the author wants to refute? (2) How does the author refute and apply those reasons and arguments; (3) From this, what is the correct view established by the author?
7. Common test sites
(1) Argument test site for argumentative papers: First, distinguish between the issues discussed and the author's views on this issue (that is, distinguish between topics and arguments). Second, pay attention to the position of the argument in the text:
(1) At the beginning of the article, this is the so-called writing.
(2) At the end of the article, it is the so-called induction of the full text, pointing out the topic at the end of the article and revealing the writing method of the center. This kind of writing is often used to express the argument clearly. So, in short, therefore, in short, in the final analysis, and so on.
Third, distinguish between the central argument and the sub-argument: the sub-argument is generally located at the beginning of the paragraph or has iconic words: first, second, third, etc.
Fourth, we should pay attention to the expression form of the argument: sometimes the topic is the central argument. An argumentative essay has only one central argument.
Fifth, refute the inference point through arguments: arguments serve to prove arguments, and analyzing arguments can show what it proves, affirms and supports. This is an argument.
2. Argument test sites: Arguments are the basis of arguments, which are generally factual arguments and rational arguments. 1, use facts as arguments. Examples must be true and reliable, have typical significance, can reveal the essence of things, and have a certain logical connection with the argument. In argumentative writing, the narrative of cited examples should be concise and to the point, highlighting the parts directly related to the argument. When clarifying the argument, we should not only know where the factual argument is used in the text, but also summarize the factual argument. To summarize accurately, we must grasp the essential characteristics of the argument according to the argument and then express it in exact language. 2. The speech used as an argument should be authoritative. When quoting directly, the original text should be recorded, which can not be taken out of context after the fact test; You can't misinterpret your will when quoting indirectly.
(3) Structure and hierarchy of argumentative essays: The structures include parallel structure, contrast structure, hierarchy structure and total score structure.
The basic form of this test center: how does the author prove the argument?
The idea of answering the question is: in order to prove the point of …, the author first uses the argument of … and then analyzes the argument of …, thus proving the point of …. The key is to clarify the level of the proof process.
(4), demonstration method test center
Argumentation method refers to the process and method of proving arguments with arguments, which is the connection between arguments and the logical relationship between arguments. There are four requirements for the senior high school entrance examination:
1. Illustration: It is a way to prove an argument by citing conclusive, sufficient and representative examples. Because "facts speak louder than words", citing hard and typical facts to prove the argument can enhance the persuasiveness of the article.
2. Reasoning and argumentation: it is a method of citing authoritative remarks to prove arguments. Therefore, this method is used properly and has strong argumentation. To analyze the function of citation method, we must first find out whose speech is quoted and what to prove, and then grasp the special function of citation method-authority and power.
3. Metaphorical argument: it is a method to prove the argument through image metaphor. This method can explain the truth in simple terms and is easily accepted by people.
4. Comparative argument: This is a way to prove the argument by comparing the positive and negative facts and reasons. By analyzing and comparing the functions of argumentation methods, comparing the two aspects, the right and wrong are more clear, and the correct view is more acceptable to readers.
ü Thinking of answering questions: (1) Reasoning and argumentation to increase the authority of argumentation. (2) the factual argument, from which angle to prove the argument. (3) Metaphorical argument, or vivid image proof …, or simple explanation proof … (to be determined according to the relationship between ontology and vehicle). (4) Comparative argumentation, comparing the two aspects, making it more clear about right and wrong, and the correct view is more easily accepted by readers.
⑤. Linguistic features of argumentative writing: Analyze the linguistic features of argumentative writing: ①. Analyze the accuracy and rigor of its words from a logical point of view; ② Analyze the generality and conciseness of his narrative from the angle of reasoning; (3) Analyze the bright, vivid and emotional colors of his words from the perspective of rhetoric. Let's explain it from different angles:
A, accurate language: ① accurate use of concepts; (2) Modifiers such as attributive and adverbial are appropriate.
B, language rigor: rigorous judgment and reasoning, meticulous language expression and strong logic.
C, the language is characterized by clear expression, no ambiguity, clear attitude, clear love and hate, proper use of rhetorical methods and special sentence patterns to enhance the vividness and persuasiveness of the language.
D, the conciseness of language generalization is as follows: the facts in the argumentative paper are not detailed and general. The purpose of argumentative writing is to convince people by reasoning. It is not appropriate to describe it in detail. Otherwise, you will usurp the role of master. This point is reflected in general argumentative essays, so I won't give examples to illustrate it.
ü Answer ideas: What is the function of adding words? Thinking: (1) Determine and answer the (superficial) meaning of words in the context; (2) The expression center of words or the function of clarifying opinions (deep, metaphor or extension); This type of question mainly tests the accuracy, thoroughness and vividness of the language. Another example is whether the order of words can be reversed.
ü answer ideas: (1) explain the meaning of words; (2) Make clear the sequence of time or events between words and emphasize their sequence or hierarchical relationship.
6. The referent of pronouns in argumentative essays: This kind of examination questions is more common in reading of various styles. There are basically two situations: first, it needs to be summarized in context. The second is to find out what is quoted in the original text. In this case, the content of the reference generally appears before the pronoun, and can be used to replace the pronoun after being found. Read through the sentences and check whether the meaning of the sentences has changed.
⑦. Open and expand the test site.
This kind of question is generally to examine students' emotional experience or rational thinking after reading the article. When solving problems, we should combine the articles and give full play to the personal feelings gained in reading. Answer: It is equivalent to writing a small argumentative essay with arguments and arguments. Be sure to quote famous sayings or anecdotes from celebrities to prove your point of view or understanding.
8. Test sites for non-critical paper components in argumentative papers.
(4) Thinking of answering questions: The elements of critical essays in argumentative essays all serve the argument (different expressions have different functions, depending on the purpose of using critical essay elements).
1. Ask the genre of the article? A: This article is an article. The alternative answers are: poetry, novels (novels, novellas, short stories, short stories), prose (lyric prose, narrative prose, argumentative prose, that is, philosophical prose)-it requires the form but not the spirit, scripts, arguments and argumentations.
2. Six elements of narrative? The time, place, person, cause, course and result of the event.
3. What is the content of the article? Methods: Look at topics, people (events) and events, and make a comprehensive induction. Emphasize three parts: what is the content, how is the article, and how is the author.
This article tells (describes and explains) the story (deeds, process, events, scenery) of ... that is, who did what-this can be used as an answer to summarize the content of the article in one sentence.
B. Expression (praise, exposure, irony, reflection, praise, exposure and criticism).
C, expressed the author's right ...
4. What are the characteristics of material organization? Select typical events closely surrounding the center, and carry out appropriate clipping and detail processing.
5. Hierarchical? (1) divided by time (find the phrase that represents time)
(2) According to the position (find the phrase indicating the position)
(3) According to the development process of things (find each event)
(4) the total score (pinching the head to the tail)
6. What are the narrative clues and functions? Clues (bright lines and dark lines)-core figures, core things, core events, time, place and author's mood.
Function: It runs through the context of the full text, organically links the characters and events in the text, and makes the article coherent.
7. Write a title for the article. Find the clue or center of the article,
According to (1) core figures (2) core things (3) core events (4) author's emotions.
8. Taste topics can be tasted from the aspects of -A content, B theme, C clue and D setting suspense.
Example: (1) If the theme is combined with the main idea, such as the symbolic essay topic, you can also answer it this way: the proposed topic is clever, pun intended, the original refers to … actually refers to …, which highlights the theme and makes people think.
(2) Explanatory text: What rhetorical devices are used to vividly explain ..., point out the main content of this article, and point out the research object of this article.
9. Understand the role of people.
First person: cordial, natural and true, suitable for psychological description, easy to depict characters and personality characteristics. The second person said: it is convenient for emotional communication.
Third person: objective, not limited by time and space, easy to describe and discuss.
10. Narrative sequence and function?
(1) The function of sequential narrative (according to the sequence of events): The narrative has a beginning and an end, and it is clear and impressive to read.
(2) Flashback (write the results first, and then explain what happened before. ) function: create suspense, attract readers, avoid monotonous narration and enhance the vividness of the article.
(3) insert (interrupt the clue when telling, and insert another related thing. ) function: complement and set off the plot, enrich the image and highlight the center.
1 1. Language features? Choose from the following statements in combination with context and rhetorical methods:
Vivid image, fresh and beautiful, concise, accurate and rigorous, incisive and profound, easy to understand, harmonious phonology, strong sense of rhythm, humor and wit. Be sure to combine specific sentence analysis. Generally speaking, the spoken language is easy to understand, the written language is rigorous and elegant, and the literary language is vivid, vivid and emotional.
12. Writing skills and functions? In a narrow sense, the writing technique is "expression", while in a broad sense, it refers to all writing techniques such as expression, rhetoric, suppression before promotion, imagination, association, symbol, straight to the point, expressing meaning, setting suspense, symbol, borrowing scenery to express emotion, cadence, positive and negative contrast, side contrast, combination of reality and reality, seeing the big from the small and expressing feelings with the second person. Common details are as follows:
(1) personification endows things with human character, thoughts, feelings and actions, and makes things personalized, thus achieving vivid images.
(2) Metaphors vividly and concisely describe things and explain the truth.
(3) Exaggeration highlights the characteristics of people or things, reveals the essence, and gives readers a distinct and strong impression.
(4) Symbolism gives specific meaning to the things described, expresses emotions ... and enhances the expressive power of the article.
(5) Contrastive techniques highlight the characteristics of things or description objects by contrast, and better express the theme of the article.
(6) Setting off (side setting off) technique and positive description. Use secondary people or things to set off the main people or things, and highlight the characteristics, personality, thoughts and feelings of the main people or things.
(7) irony. Use metaphor, exaggeration and other means and methods to expose, criticize and laugh at people or things, strengthen profundity and criticism, and make the language spicy and humorous.
(8) want to promote first and then suppress. First belittle and then praise the object described, contrast the context, highlight the object written, and receive unexpected touching effects.
(9) Before and after care (echo from beginning to end) makes the plot complete, the structure rigorous and the center prominent.
(10) Setting suspense can attract readers' attention and lead to the explanation of the article.
(1 1) The writing skills at the beginning of the article are:
A, you can use the Fu Bixing technique in The Book of Songs. For example, the first thing to say is xing.
B, you can also use the method of reference. Such as famous sentences and proverbs.
C, you can also start with a string of parallelism sentences, which is powerful. ...
D, or by inscription. It is meaningful and literary.
E, it's good to describe the scenery at the beginning and render the atmosphere and tone you need.
F, cut to the chase. G. flashback
13. Rhetoric methods and functions
(1) Metaphor: Write the characteristics of xx vividly.
(2) personification: endowing things with human character, thoughts, feelings and actions, making things personalized and vividly writing xx characteristics of xx things.
(3) Exaggeration: highlight the characteristics, reveal the essence, and give readers a clear and strong impression.
(4) Parallelism: the organization is clear, the rhythm is distinct, the language potential is enhanced, and it is longer than lyric. Enhance the momentum of the article and increase the appeal and persuasiveness of the article.
(5) Duality: the form is neat, the phonology is harmonious, the sentence is neat, and the meaning is sonorous, which set off each other and complement each other.
(6) Repetition: emphasizing a certain meaning, strong lyricism and appeal. It has the function of emphasizing tone and strengthening content.
(7) Question: Ask yourself and answer yourself, attract attention and inspire thinking.
(8) rhetorical question: clear attitude, strong tone and strong lyricism. Note: Be sure to analyze it in combination with related sentences.
14. What are the meanings and functions of specific words? Methods: Contact the original meaning of words, explain the meaning of the text and find out the specific content it refers to. A: The original meaning of the word "××" is that it plays the role of ….
15. What is the function of a sentence or paragraph? Some situations should be answered in combination with the third and fourth points.
A: First, the content: the first paragraph and the last paragraph: literal meaning and symbolic meaning. Point out the main idea, sublimate the theme, make the finishing point and express the author's thoughts and feelings. The symbolic and figurative meaning of language, the ideological character of characters, and the ideological significance of the full text. Sometimes it is necessary to supplement the explanation with the specific content of the article.
Second, in terms of structure:
The beginning of the article: (1) overview, full text overview, opening (leading to the following) and other functions.
In the middle of the article: (1) Continuation (2) Opening (leading to the following) (3) Connecting the preceding with the following (transition) (4) Paving the way for the following; Mark the train of thought, pave the way for the following and lay a good foundation.
At the end of the article: Summing up the above, the full text, taking care of the beginning, and breaking into paragraphs independently make the article come to an abrupt end, which is meaningful, thought-provoking and meaningful.
Third, the performance effect: sublimation center, rendering atmosphere, contrast artistic conception and so on.
Fourth, from the writing technique: often open the topic, pave the way for the following, deepen the center, point out the theme, contrast, render, echo, care, contrast, symbol, suppress first and then promote, and play a predictive role.
16. Expression? Narration (narration), discussion, lyricism, description and explanation
17. Analyze the methods of scene description in scene narration-① Time lapse method ② Space transformation method ③ Steady scene transformation method ④ Classification.
18. Understand the role of scenery writing and the purpose of writing. Express the author's subjective feelings with the help of the description of natural scenery. Narratives that focus on "things" often use the writing method of "expressing meaning with things".
19. Types and functions described? Understand several description forms (1) from different senses to describe (vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch) (2) dynamic contrast static, dynamic and static combination (3) front and side, direct and indirect (4) various methods of character description.
Category: 1. Character description: a. Positive description (1) Portrait description (2) Appearance description (3) Expression description (4) Action description (5) Language (dialogue) description (7) Psychological description is used to highlight the character characteristics and theme of the work. B, the role of the profile is to set off some thoughts, feelings or personality characteristics of the characters.
Second, the description of the environment: the description of the natural environment by the social environment.
Focus on the role of several descriptions and the answer format:
(1) Portrait (appearance) description [including expression description] (description of appearance, clothes, expression, posture, etc. ): Explain the identity, status, situation, experience, psychological state and ideological character of xx.
② Language (dialogue) description and action (action) description: The image vividly shows the xx psychology (mood) of the characters, reflecting the xx personality characteristics or xx spiritual quality of the characters. Sometimes it also promotes the development of the plot.
③ Psychological description: The image vividly reflects the xx thoughts of the characters and reveals the xx character or quality of the characters.
④ Environmental description: natural environment description and social environment description.
Natural environment (describing natural landscapes such as time, place, weather and season, and scenery scenes such as mountains, rivers and oceans): explaining the time and place of the story and the space for the characters' activities, rendering the environmental atmosphere, setting off the feelings of the characters, predicting the fate of the characters, expressing some characters and promoting the development of the story plot; Reveal the theme of the article.
Social environment (describing the social situation or the scene of people's activities and the surrounding (indoor) layout and furnishings): Elaborate the background, characteristics, social customs, concepts and the relationship between people in the XX era where the story took place, and render the environmental atmosphere of XX. Contrast the emotions of the characters, promote the development of the plot and deepen the theme.
20. Character analysis: from two aspects: one is to understand the characters by analyzing typical cases; The second is to grasp the character's ideological character by analyzing the methods of character description (appearance description, action description, psychological description, language description, portrait description, etc.). It is necessary to analyze direct description, side description and detail description.
2 1. What are the three elements of the novel? People (main elements), environment, plot. The plot includes the beginning, development, climax and ending.
22. The function of combining positive and negative subtitles is to enhance the expression effect.
23. Continue to write the ending of the novel. Continue to write according to the law of the development of novels and stories, and be concise, implicit, philosophical and thought-provoking.
24. Ask what the demonstrative pronoun "this, that" refers to: Find the answer from the words before the pronoun.
25. Ask if a word can be removed, or change the problem-solving mode of a word:
Answer: answer yes or no; Not ordinary, especially in the original text of the book.
B. description