Frost Killing Mulberry: How was the frost disaster distributed in Yuan Dynasty? Crop frost has 44 frost years in the statistical period, almost every two and a half years. According to the occurrence period, frost can be divided into early frost and late frost. Frost during the transition from warm season to cold season is the first frost or autumn frost; It occurs during the transition from cold season to warm season, and it is late frost or spring frost. There were many frosts in the north of Yuan Dynasty, and both kinds of frosts occurred in some years, so there were 58 frosts (months) in 44 frost years. Crops such as wheat and straw will be frosted in all months except January and December. In April and May of 1944, spring frost (late frost) appeared for 5 years and 7 years respectively, which mainly affected the jointing, flowering and filling of wheat such as barley and wheat, and endangered the growth of bean seedlings. It is recorded in the literature as "killing wheat", "killing wheat" and "killing rice", which shows that the harm is serious. The heavy frost caused a reduction in production or even no production, and the summer tax collected could not come up. State and county officials report to Zhongshu province or provinces step by step to apply for land tax relief or food relief. The autumn frost (first frost) in July and August is 1 1 and 10 years respectively, which mainly harms immature cereals, such as millet, millet, sorghum and open vegetables. It is recorded in literature as "killing crops", "harming crops" and "killing crops".
The frequency and duration of frost not only indicate the influence of cold and warm climate on agricultural production, but also can be used as a good indicator to reflect the change of cold and warm climate (China Climate Change and Its Influence, edited by Li Kerang, Ocean Press 1992). 18 years, crop frost occurred in 38 years, with an average of 2.8 years. /kloc-in the last 40 years of the 3rd century, crop frost occurred 13 years, with a three-year average of 1 year. 1 4th century There were 25 crop frost years in 68 years, with an average of 2.7 years1year, indicating that the frost frequency of14th century was higher than that of13rd century. According to the cumulative frost years of crops per 10 year, the frost years in the first half of 14 century are obviously more than those in 13 century, which may be one of the evidences that 14 century is colder than 13 century.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the frost of crops in northern China was mostly a local disaster. Frost areas change with latitude, and the areas with frequent frost are Datong, Taiyuan and Linfen, central Hebei, Pingluan and Liaoyang, central Shandong and Fengyuan. In a total of 44 years, * * * has more than 30 roads and garrison fields under the jurisdiction of the Privy Council.
Frost is caused by latitude, topography, weather, farming system and other factors. As the saying goes, "snow hits the mountains and frost hits the depressions", and the north is a low-lying plain without mountain barriers; Or there are mountains in the east, west and south, flat land or sloping land or river valley in the middle, and gentle slope leading to the valley in the north, where cold air can easily enter. The above frost-prone areas, such as south-central Shaanxi, fenshui valley in central Shanxi, central Hebei plain and central Shandong, are all of this landform. When it is rainy or cloudy, and the northerly wind is strong or weak, under the control of the dry and cold air mass, the sky turns clear, the wind decreases, and it becomes clear and windless at night, which is the general weather premise of frost (Introduction to Agrometeorological Disasters in China, edited by Zhang, Higher Education Press, 199 1). Frost is also related to farming system. Xuande is located in the north of 40 degrees north latitude, and Beijing (located in the northwest of Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia) has a higher latitude. There were several crop frosts in the early period of central China, but there was no frost record later. This is because the climate in eastern China reappeared in 12 and 13 centuries, and people moved the northern boundary of warm crops to high latitudes. The official agricultural book "Nongsang Collection" issued in the early Yuan Dynasty. When the warm climate changed into a cold climate, people failed to adjust the farming system in time, so crops suffered from frost. Later, the farming system was adjusted and there was no record of frost.
Mulberry frost occurred in 108, once every ten years on average. Most of them are late frost or spring frost, and 7 years in 10 occur in March. Frost affects the growth of mulberry trees, and it is light to "damage mulberry trees". Only 1 frost year is light frost. The most important thing is to "kill mulberry". There is a nine-year frost, and silkworms have no mulberry leaves to eat. Literature records "no silkworm" and "silkworm waste", and there are two accurate figures: "Frost killed silkworm in Shandong in the 21st year of Zhiyuan, which affected more than 30,000 people" and "Frost killed mulberry in Yidu, Puyang and Hejian counties" in the 9th year of Dade. Hejian Qing, Mo, Cang, Xian four counties, frost killed mulberry 24 1.7 million Yu Ben, rotten silkworm 1.27 million foil ". It also shows that14th century is much colder than13rd century.
Mulberry frost mostly occurs in mid-latitude areas of 35-40 degrees north latitude, namely Liu Lu and Yizhou in Zhongshu Province: Jin 'an, Dongping, Yidu, Banyang, Hejian, Daming and Ninghai. Shandong and Hebei are the main mulberry planting areas in the north of the Yuan Dynasty, and they are also several roads with a large number of households in the royal house of the Yuan Dynasty (Yuan history? The record of eating goods), mulberry frost harmed sericulture, and finally affected the income of national silk materials and Wang Wusi in the Yuan Dynasty.
How do snowstorm and cold damage threaten grassland and pastoral areas? There is no snow (black plague and prairie fire). When there is little snow or no snow in winter in pastoral areas, livestock suffer losses due to lack of drinking water, which is called black disaster. There is no snow for 20-40 consecutive days, which is a light black disaster, and more than 60 days is a heavy black disaster. 1976 China academy of sciences Ning Meng comprehensive investigation team pointed out that the black disaster is related to the amount of rain and snow in winter and spring, and winter and spring droughts, especially autumn and winter and spring droughts, are more prone to serious black disasters. Black disasters in Inner Mongolia mostly occurred in June-April, with the highest frequency in March-April. Almost all the black disasters in Hailar area occurred in April, and the black disasters in Xilin Gol League accounted for the total in April. In March of the third year of Guiyou Khan's rule in Mongolia, a serious black disaster and fire broke out. "Historical Records" contains "Three years of Wushen ... is a drought, weeds set themselves on fire, ten cows and horses died, and the people were miserable" ("Yuan History? Ding Zongji ",see also" Five Elements "), the result is that" the kings and ministries sent envoys to the counties in the south of Yanjing to ask for goods, bows and arrows, saddles, or pearls in the Uighur region, or eagles from the Yu Haidong Tower, and R rode in an endless stream, day and night, keeping company with the people. Ding Zongji "). The black disaster this year should be a serious black disaster. Due to the Mongolian-Song War, the counties south of Yanjing undertook a large number of food supply tasks, coupled with grassland drought, no snow and grassland fires, which caused serious losses in animal husbandry in various ministries of Mongolia and insufficient supply of financial and other materials, which aggravated the contradictions and tensions within Mongolia. "Since Renyin, there have been different laws, and Taizong's political decline", and the political instability is unable to alleviate natural disasters.
Zhu Kezhen, a climatologist, used 13 and 14 century climate changes in his excellent paper on climate change, and used the evidence of 18 and the method of comparing the past and the present to explain: 13 century was warm in the early and middle, and it lasted until the second half. * * * There are four records to explain 13 the warm winter in the north, "Six years to Yuan, there was no snow in the capital in winter" ("Yuan History? Unity of the five elements), "There is no snow in the thirteenth winter of Yuan Dynasty" (Volume 222 of Continued Pass Examination and Constant Sui). In the fifteenth year of Zhiyuan, there was no snow in winter in Huai 'an, and his father complained: "There is no snow in winter, and the people are sick. What can we do? " It takes a long time for a snow-free day to cause an epidemic of diseases (Yuan? Xu Weizhen biography). /kloc-in the fifth year after Dade in the 0/4th century, there were two warm winters in the north: it didn't snow in the winter of Emperor Qing Yuan, and it didn't snow in most states such as Tanji in the first year of Yan Wu, until the vegetation withered in spring; However, there are more snow disasters and severe cold records than warm winters, and there are more snow disasters and severe cold in14th century than in13rd century.
Snow disaster (white disaster) and severe cold white disaster are winter and spring snow disasters of grassland animal husbandry. In winter and half a year, too much snow and too thick grass are buried, which affects the feeding or inability of livestock, resulting in freezing hunger or disease, and even a large number of deaths. In the Yuan Dynasty14th century, the snow disaster ratio in the northern farming-pastoral ecotone and the northern pastoral area increased significantly. Five years after Dade, extremely cold and heavy snow appeared in the northern agricultural areas, and even frozen snowfall occurred in the snow-free areas in the south.
In the early Yuan Dynasty, there were many warm winters in the north, but in the 25th year of Yuan Dynasty, the climate in the north showed signs of cooling. "there will be a snowstorm in the north next year in bajulun headquarters ... many cows and horses are dead." From the fifth year of Dade to the seventh year of Zheng Zheng, the snow disaster records in the northern grassland and farming-pastoral ecotone increased obviously. * * The White Disaster is 65,438+04, which is called the Twelve Stations in Haibei, the land begging for Lu Lun in the north, Datong Road, thousands of Mongolian households, thousands of Mongolian households in Daning, Dadadi in Zhenning, Yunxufu, Wangnahai, Yingfu in Xinghe Road and 200 Mongolian households. Sometimes it happens in winter, sometimes in summer and autumn. Snowstorm caused serious animal husbandry disasters: many cows and horses died, 19 horses and camels froze to death, all animals died, all sheep, horses and camels died, all animals died, all animals died, sheep and horses froze to death, etc. , but also make people miserable, foot soldiers starved to death, people miserable. Five Elements and Biography).
Not only in the northern grassland and farming-pastoral ecotone, but also in the northern agricultural areas, after five years of Dade, the roads are mostly snowy and cold. Located at 36 degrees north latitude, snowfall is normal, but "Yuan history? According to the records of Five Elements, there were three years of extremely cold and heavy snow in the non-snowfall season of Zhangde14th century: in September of the sixth year, Zhangde was frozen with rain and snow; Ten years of cold spring, nearly three feet of rain and snow in Tomb-Sweeping Day, many people died of hunger and cold; In March of the twenty-seventh year, there was a heavy snow, which was colder than winter and killed many people. In March of the first year of Yanwu, there were three days of rain and snow in Dongping, Tai 'an, Cao and Pu (34-37 degrees north latitude). Fengyuan Road (Xi 'an, 34 degrees north latitude) Well water in Xianning County was frozen for twenty-seven years. This kind of cold weather also happens from time to time in the south. Later, in the sixth year of Yuan Dynasty, heavy snow fell on Baoqing Road (now Shaoyang City, Hunan Province, located at 27 degrees north latitude), with a depth of four feet and five inches. In the ninth year of Zheng Zhi, heavy snow fell in Wenzhou (located at 28 degrees north latitude). From about 13 14 to 1327, the Lingnan area (about 23 degrees north latitude), which usually does not freeze, began to freeze (yuanshi county? "Biography"), this climate will definitely have a serious impact on local agricultural production and life.
The phenomenon of grassland white disaster and severe cold has the characteristics of gradually moving southward in the region. 130 1 to 1347, the grassland white disaster occurred in the northern grassland farming-pastoral ecotone 14, and the snow disaster in the agricultural area was only two years, that is, the heavy snow in Dongping Road in March of Yan V and the rain and snow in Zhangde Road in September of 6. At the same time, in the past six years, only Baoqing Road in the south has experienced heavy snow. After 1347, the phenomena of heavy snow, severe cold and freezing increased in the arid areas in the north and south, indicating that the cold climate that began in the14th century began in the north and gradually moved to the south. In a word, frost, white disaster, cold without snow (black disaster) and other indicators all show that the climate in the north turned cold after five years of Dade in14th century.
Snow disaster and cold disaster are coming: how to prevent and reduce disasters in Yuan Dynasty? The famine relief in Yuan Dynasty inherited the previous generation, and there were measures such as disaster reporting, disaster relief and disaster prevention. As early as the tenth year of Taizong Wokuotai Khan, when there was a locust plague on the northern road, taxes were reduced or exempted. After the founding of the yuan dynasty, the relief for famine was better than that in the previous period.
After the frost disaster and the white disaster, the court took three measures: folding things, reducing taxes, and giving relief to grain banknotes. In the first year of China's reunification, when the household registration regulations were formulated, it was stipulated that "in the disaster-stricken areas, (silk materials) were lost at the first smell" ("Yuan Shi? This is the regulation of silk folding in mulberry planting area. Looking through Yuan Shi Ji and Shi, we can see a lot of records about famine, tax relief or relief of grain banknotes. Generally speaking, sai-jo, literate Sect and Shun Di gave more relief to the frost and snow disasters in the early stage than in other periods, and gave more relief to the hungry people and the guards of Mongolian tribes than to * * *.
Prevention of frost disaster is an important content in agricultural books of Yuan Dynasty. Summary of farming and mulberry? Planting mulberry said: "Those who are prepared for frost disaster, if the weather is steep and cold in March and the north wind blows hard, watch the wind in front of the north of the garden, get angry, borrow cigarettes, and use the wind to thaw the frost." It is an ancient method to prevent mulberry frost by smoking. Because the imperial court promulgated the Outline of Agriculture and Mulberry many times, this frost prevention method has a guiding role in agricultural production. From the beginning of farming, Wang Zhen in Dongping paid attention to prevent frost and low temperature from affecting crops. "Those who plow early in autumn, when the weather is not cold, cover the sun be the spirit in the ground, and their seedlings will be easy to glory. It's cold and frosty in autumn, so you must wait until the sun is high before you can cultivate the land, for fear of covering up the cold, thinning the land and failing to harvest seeds. Spring ploughing is easy to be late, and it is necessary to wait for spring warmth and plough when the sun is high. " It is to properly grasp the timing of spring ploughing and autumn ploughing in one day to prevent the impact of low temperature on crops.
Frost, black disaster and white disaster have had a considerable impact on agriculture, animal husbandry and political and economic life. The relief and preventive measures of the imperial court played a certain role. Policies such as tax reduction and exemption have been implemented more severely in Yuan Shizu. In the first month of the twentieth year of Yuan Dynasty, the imperial edict said, "It is also a crime to treat civil servants from now on, and those who suffer from disasters do not apply at the right time and do not see them immediately according to the procuratorate." However, due to the fiscal revenue involved, the tax reduction for reporting disasters often cannot be seriously implemented, and even there is a situation that "the procuratorate has tasted it, and the Chinese book can't help but play it". The right to stop taxes and stop grain until Yushitai ("Yuan History? "Saizu Ji"). Disaster reporting and relief often lag behind. In the first month of the first year of Wenzong, Daming Road, Jiangsu and Zhejiang Road reported last year's drought, and Yongping Road reported last year's hail disaster "("Yuan History? From this point of view, the delay of frost disaster in disaster reporting and disaster relief is inevitable.