1.& lt A New Discussion on Lin Zexu's No Smoking Campaign
One hundred and sixty years ago, Lin Zexu launched a "no smoking movement" in China, which not only caused a sensation in the world at that time, but also became the beginning of modern China history. Since then, Lin Zexu has become a "national hero" in China and gained fame in China. /kloc-Today, more than 0/00 years later, when we re-examine the history and analyze Lin Zexu's "no smoking movement" at that time, we will find that there are many problems that need people to have a new understanding. In particular, it is questionable to call Lin Zexu's behavior "patriotic behavior". This paper analyzes this in order to arouse people's debate.
I. China before Lin Zexu's "No Smoking Movement"
With the liberation of people's minds, the opening of new air routes and the rise of modern industry, the modern western civilization developed since the14th century has narrowed the mutual distance between different parts of the world. In the ancient East, especially the charming China, western countries have long been interested in opening the closed door of ancient China. Portugal and Spain, the maritime powers at that time, first came to China in16th century. Portugal went to India from west to east, bypassing the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa. During the period from the 9th to 11th year of Ming Dynasty (A.D.1514-1516), Zheng De arrived in the coastal area of Guangzhou and worked as an intermediary on some small islands near Guangzhou. In the 12th year of Zheng De (15 17), eight Portuguese ships came to Guangzhou Pearl River Port. In the 25th year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1548), in Ningbo, officers and men of Ming Dynasty also had armed conflict with Portuguese. According to western records, more than 500 people died in this battle in Portugal. 156/kloc-Portuguese who came to China around 0/year needed to "borrow the ground to dry" because the goods on board were wet. They bribed local officials in Guangdong and leased Macao. The annual rent 1200 yuan, 1740 was reduced to 5,200 yuan, which has been paid to Shan County. ......
2. < On the applicability of the concept of "semi-colony" in China's modern history >;
[Abstract] It is generally believed that after the 1842 Opium War, China society began the process of semi-colonization, but this view unilaterally exaggerated the influence of western countries on modern China and obliterated the positive side of modern China administration in the field of internal affairs and diplomacy. As a historical research, we need a neutral and objective theory to define the modern history of China.
[Keywords:] Opium War, semi-colony, modern China.
"Semi-colonial" means that a country is influenced by external forces, and the degree of influence has greatly affected its independent status, but the degree of influence has not completely lost its independent status. In other words, the country has its own sovereignty in form, but in fact, politics, economy, culture and other aspects are subject to colonists. Therefore, the country described by the concept of "semi-colony" is an intermediate state between an independent country and a complete colony. We can easily find the dividing line between an independent sovereign country and a completely colonial country, but it is quite difficult to draw the dividing line between an independent country and a semi-colonial country. Does "semi-colony" have at least some objective quantitative indicators?
It is generally accepted by historians that modern China entered a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society from 1840. Based on this theory, all kinds of modern history books narrate historical events, and generally associate the internal affairs, diplomacy, economy, culture and military affairs of modern China with "semi-colonialism". It seems that only by closely linking them can we better explain the corruption, stubbornness and backwardness of the Qing Dynasty, the retrogression and traitorousness of the Beiyang warlords and the reactionary nature of Chiang Kai-shek's Nanjing National Government. So as to provide theoretical basis for the people's revolutionary struggle and anti-imperialist struggle. Under the guidance of the "semi-colonial" paradigm, the historians of New China have also studied the major events in China's modern history and achieved rich results. ......
3. < On the reasons for the different effects of Wang Anshi's reform and Zhang's reform.
This paper discusses the reasons for the differences between Wang Anshi's reform and Zhang's reform from five aspects: the reform strategy, the reform steps, the status and authority of the reformists, the relationship with their colleagues, and the reformers' beliefs and perseverance.
(Keywords: the effect of Wang Anshi's reform and tension reform)
After the Northern Song Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty entered the middle period, they both faced the situation of "accumulating poverty and weakness". It is in this similar background that Wang Anshi and Zhang Jin carried out their own reforms and reforms. However, comparing Wang Anshi's political reform with Zhang's, Wang Anshi's achievements cannot be compared with Zhang's. Wang Anshi's political reform was opposed by all parties and ended in failure. Later scholars have different opinions on Wang Anshi's political reform, which can be used as evidence that Wang's political reform is not satisfactory. ①
Different from Wang Anshi's political reform, Zhang's political reform was comprehensive. Although after Zhang's death, his reform measures (except "a whip method") were abandoned, and he himself was wrongly disintegrated and deprived of his official position; But it was not until the end of Wanli that people realized the benefits of reform. Therefore, after the publication of his collected works, all scholars and scholars who made prefaces and postscripts praised his reform, thinking that Yu Hai had been in power for more than ten years and was quiet and barbaric, and praised him as "the Prime Minister of Salvation". (3) In the book of Revelation, courtiers began to vindicate Juzheng. So Xizong wrote a letter, "Restore (occupy the right position) the old official and give a funeral sacrifice"; In the Chongzhen Dynasty, the father and son were reinstated, and Li, a serious minister, even said: "So, I supported ... in the early years of Wanli, I reluctantly gave up my love, abolished Kiki and won the rule. At that time, Yi 'an at home and abroad, Yin Fu at home and Ji Gang's statutes were all cultivated. Merits are in the country, and people will benefit from it for a long time. " (4) It can be seen that Zhang won the memory of his future generations with his spirit of reform. This is what Wang Anshi did not have after the failure of political reform. ......