Model essay 1: Analysis of the current situation and indicators of social security in China. The level of social security is one of the key elements of the social security system, which is of great significance to the establishment, perfection and operation of the social security system. A moderate level of social security plays a positive role in the development of national economy, society and social security itself. This paper will evaluate the current level of social security in China by analyzing the current situation and indicators of social security in China.
I. Levels and indicators of social security
The level of social security refers to the level of social security enjoyed by members of a country or region in a certain period of time. Western countries generally regard the proportion of total social security expenditure to GDP as the main index to measure the level of social security. Among them, the total social security expenditure refers to the sum of various social security expenses actually spent by a country or region in a certain period of time. The proportion of total social security expenditure to GDP reflects the degree to which the economic resources of a country or region are used to improve the social security treatment level of residents.
There is no single standard to judge whether the level of social security is appropriate. The factors to be considered are: whether the social security system guarantees citizens a certain level of economic life and can resist irresistible social risks; Whether the social security expenditure is compatible with the level of national economic and social development, and whether it is compatible with the affordability of all aspects of society; Whether the social security structure is compatible with the industrial layout of the national economy; Whether the level of social security helps to promote employment and the formation of a unified labor market; Wait a minute.
Second, a moderate analysis of the level of social security in China
(A) domestic scholars on the level of social security in China.
For a long time, China's social security has been decentralized, and the statistics of social security level lack a standardized index system, and different experts have different calculations of China's social security level. Taking 1994 as an example, Professor Zheng Gongcheng calculated that the social security level in that year was 7. 13%, and with other non-statistical factors, the social security level was 10%~ 12%. Professor Mu Huaizhong's small caliber is 5.09%, the medium caliber (including residential investment) is 1 1.53%, and the large caliber (including residential investment and price subsidy) is as high as 12.73%. According to Professor Mu Huaizhong's calculation, although China's per capita GDP is lower than that of western industrialized countries in the 1960s, China's medium-sized social security level (including housing investment but excluding price subsidies) is not inferior to their level in the 1960s.
(B) China's international comparative study of the level of social security.
Taking the developed countries of market economy as reference, it is generally believed that the current level of social security in China is low. For example, 199 1, the social security expenditure of Sweden, Britain and the United States accounts for 56.4%, 3 1.8% and 28.7% of the central fiscal expenditure respectively. However, China's social security expenditure in 200 1 year only accounted for 8.34% of the central fiscal expenditure.
Compared with countries with similar GDP per capita in China, in 2002, China's GDP per capita was close to $65,438+0,000, and the proportion of social security expenditure in GDP in that year was 5.47%. In countries close to China's GDP per capita, such as Bolivia, Kazakstan and Russian, the proportion of social security expenditure in GDP is 5.5%, 8.49% and 9.55% respectively. Therefore, the level of social security in China is neither too high nor too low.
(C) Comparative analysis of urban and rural social security level
Due to the long-term implementation of the dual social structure between urban and rural areas in China, cities and towns have almost formed a relatively independent system, which has a welfare system similar to that of western developed countries and enjoys relatively perfect social security services characterized by high employment, high subsidies and low income. Rural residents only have social relief and social welfare based on rural collective economy. Five guarantees? The social security centered on supporting and cooperative medical care fails to enjoy the social security in the real modern sense, and the level of social security is low. To a certain extent, the higher social security level in cities and towns is at the expense of the rural security level. Between urban and rural areas, the social security benefits enjoyed by urban and rural residents in China are very different. For example, 1994 and 200 1, the per capita social security expenditure in cities is more than 100 in rural areas.
Generally speaking, judging whether the current level of social security in China is appropriate is not an either-or problem, but the coexistence of too high and too low, which has structural contradictions and needs further reform and improvement. Three. Suggestions on keeping China's social security level moderate
(A) correctly handle the relationship between social security and economic development
We have summed up the experience and lessons of many countries, especially welfare countries, and established a social security system that is compatible with the level of economic development. This is a correct conclusion. However, what kind of social security level is compatible with the level of economic development? Social security expenditure must depend on economic development, but welfare expenditure in any sense will not weaken or hinder economic growth. Welfare expenditure in a certain sense may bring about economic growth, or create preconditions for economic growth. At present, China is still in the stage of social security system construction, and the proportion of social security expenditure to GDP is very low. In addition, in the process of deepening reform, the rise of unemployment rate is inevitable. Therefore, it is appropriate to increase social security expenditure in a certain period of time. It is suggested that China should appropriately increase the proportion of social security expenditure to GDP at this stage, which can not only create a stable social environment for economic growth, but also become the driving force for economic growth. We should treat the relationship between welfare expenditure and economic growth dialectically. In short, this is a virtuous circle: with the moderate increase of social security investment in economic development, most people will create more development opportunities and win more healthy, coordinated and sustainable economic and social development.
Increase the proportion of social security expenditure in GDP.
At present, China's social security expenditure only accounts for 8.34% of the central government's expenditure, which is far behind that of developed countries. This kind of financial expenditure structure is unreasonable. Therefore, it is necessary to play the role of finance as the main channel in raising social insurance funds, effectively adjust the structure of fiscal expenditure, increase the proportion of social security expenditure in fiscal expenditure, and establish a stable financial input mechanism for social security expenditure. The increment of fiscal surplus at all levels, in addition to the statutory expenditure, should be mainly used to enrich the social insurance fund. At the same time, it is necessary to prevent the level of social security expenditure from exceeding the growth of GDP and the crisis of welfare state. Therefore, in addition to establishing the normal support mechanism of GDP to social security expenditure, it is also necessary to establish a dynamic elastic mechanism of the two, so that social security expenditure changes dynamically with the growth of GDP, but it is in a moderate region.
(C) to speed up the construction of rural social security system
At present, rural areas should focus on the establishment of rural minimum living security and new cooperative medical system, and comprehensively promote the construction of rural social security system. Combine socialized old-age care with family old-age care, rationalize the management system of rural social old-age insurance, and continuously improve the quality of life of the elderly. Of course, the standards and models of social security in different regions should be different, and they cannot be applied across the board. On the contrary, we should form a social security system with distinct levels and different standards according to the economic development of different regions. The degree of security in economically developed areas is higher, while that in underdeveloped areas is lower. Finance should increase support for the construction of rural social security system, change the previous situation of emphasizing cities over rural areas, and increase financial expenditure on rural social security subsidies.
(D) Reform the urban social security system
Reform and improve the urban social security system, adhere to? There are ups and downs? Policy. Cancel some unreasonable and exorbitant welfare items, reform the wage system and monetize wages; Reform the welfare system of some monopoly departments and reduce their social security level; Increase investment in basic living security funds for laid-off workers from state-owned enterprises, and increase investment in vulnerable groups such as urban low-income households and people with no ability to work to ensure that they live a dignified life; We will continue to improve urban basic medical care, pension, unemployment, work injury and maternity insurance to ensure that citizens can resist irresistible social risks. In a word, controlling the social security level of urban residents at a stage that is compatible with the current level of economic development not only achieves the purpose of security, but also controls the level at a reasonable and moderate level.
refer to
[1] National Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Yearbook of China [M], Beijing: China Statistics Publishing House, 2003.
Model essay on social security graduation thesis Part II: Research on the new path of social security for migrant workers Abstract: The article shifts the horizon of exploration and solves the new path of social security for migrant workers? Land for security? And creatively summarize the basic ideas and operational steps put forward by the current theoretical circles? Land for security? On the basis of analyzing the lack of business carriers, this paper introduces the rural collective economic organizations representing the land use rights of migrant workers and the joint-stock cooperatives transformed from collective economic organizations. Land for security? Trading intermediary.
Keywords: migrant workers; Social security; New path; Land for security
Abstract: Explore the new path to solve the social security of migrant workers-"land for security". On the basis of summarizing the basic viewpoints and steps put forward by the current theoretical circle, he creatively put forward the lack of the operating carrier of "land for security", and analyzed the introduction of rural collective economic organizations representing migrant workers and cooperatives transferring shares from collective economic organizations as intermediaries for the transaction of "land for security".
Keywords: migrant workers; Social security; New path; Land for security
order
? Eleventh five-year plan? Planning and building a new socialist countryside, accelerating the process of urbanization, coordinating urban and rural development and building a harmonious society, the social security of migrant workers has become an urgent problem. Solving the social security problem of migrant workers is helpful to break the dual system structure of our country, realize the coordination and unity of urban and rural areas, accelerate the development of new socialist countryside and promote the process of socialist modernization.
First, the idea of social security for migrant workers
At present, there are still great differences and disputes in the theoretical circle on the basic idea of establishing social security for migrant workers. At present, there are three main ideas: one is to still bring it into the scope of rural social security; One is to bring it into the scope of urban social security; The other is to start a new stove, introduce a relatively independent social security system for migrant workers and build a transitional form? Three-yuan social security model? . Whether the social security of migrant workers belongs to the city or the countryside or to innovate a new security mechanism deserves our further discussion.
In fact, the integration of migrant workers into rural social security or urban social security has encountered many practical obstacles in practice. From the analysis of the current social security situation of migrant workers, it can be seen that the dual identity of migrant workers, on the one hand, the limited financial resources of towns and villages, the virtual function of land security and the slow development of rural social security restrict the pace of migrant workers entering the rural social security system; On the other hand, the urban social security system with the unit as the core, due to the lag of the urban social security mechanism, the employment system of enterprises is irregular and unreasonable due to the weakening of social responsibility? Economic man? It is still difficult to bring migrant workers into the urban social security system under the realistic and feasible conditions. There are many reasons, such as conflicts, implementation difficulties caused by the strong mobility of migrant workers, the embarrassment of migrant workers in economic income, and the avoidance of insurance rationality caused by limited disposable economic resources. Therefore, in addition to the above three ideas, some scholars have not explicitly proposed centralized management and actively explored the establishment of a social security system that integrates urban and rural areas. It is suggested that starting from China's national conditions, according to the characteristics and the most urgent interests of migrant workers, priority should be given to establishing the industrial injury insurance system for migrant workers and the overall medical care system for serious illness, constructing the social assistance mechanism for migrant workers with the minimum living guarantee as the core, standardizing the employment system of enterprises, establishing the wage guarantee system for migrant workers, and promptly formulating laws and regulations on social security for migrant workers. Explore the old-age insurance methods for migrant workers that are suitable for the characteristics of migrant workers and connected with the existing old-age insurance system, actively and steadily solve the social security problems of migrant workers in accordance with the principle of classified and layered security, and finally realize the social security system of urban and rural integration.
From the above analysis, it can be seen that actively seeking various ways to solve the social security of migrant workers has become the knowledge of most scholars, so that social security is no longer migrant workers'? Moon in the mirror, flowers in the water? Can really share all kinds of social security that they deserve. Really? Migrant workers strive for one foot on land security with low income, certain expectations and minimum living needs, and the other foot on non-agricultural income with high income, high risk and no minimum living needs? [1] Migrant workers flow between urban and rural areas, and have dual sources of income. The existing economic base is very special: on the one hand, they are separated from agricultural production and gradually become citizens, and they can engage in non-agricultural employment in cities; On the other hand, migrant workers and rural areas are still inextricably linked. They left a piece of land in the countryside, and the risk of finding a job in the city and the serious lack of social security make it extremely possible to return home. They would rather give up this wasteland than this only piece. Therefore, the author thinks that solving the social security of migrant workers is a cyclical and gradual process, and the above ideas of solving the social security of migrant workers ignore the research on how migrant workers transform from land social security to modern social security system at this stage. Cui Chuanyi, a researcher at the Rural Department of the State Council Development Research Center, believes that studying this issue is of strategic significance. Solving this problem will be of great benefit to the transfer of farmers to cities and towns, the realization of urbanization and industrialization, and the smooth completion of a well-off society in an all-round way.
Second,? Land for security? The New Path of Social Security for Migrant Workers
The State Council's Opinions on Solving the Problem of Migrant Workers pointed out that when migrant workers go out, if the contracted land is unable to farm, they can entrust farming or transfer the land management right by subcontracting, leasing or transferring, but they must not abandon the land. The transfer of migrant workers' land contractual management rights should adhere to the principles of legality, voluntariness and compensation, and no organization or individual may force or restrict it, or intercept, withhold or otherwise occupy the land transfer income. [2] This further provides a policy basis for the transfer of land management rights. In fact, in recent years, the state has issued a series of agricultural policies that are conducive to increasing farmers' income, such as reducing agricultural taxes, increasing agricultural inputs and agricultural subsidies. Many migrant workers go out to work, and the land left at home is entrusted to relatives and neighbors for farming or subcontracting, and leased to others as agents, from which they get a sum of income, but the income is not much, just as a family subsidy. For migrant workers with low economic income, it is better to rent out the land if they feel profitable. It is better to have some money than to abandon the land. Then how to make better use of the agricultural land of migrant workers in their original territories and connect social security is a difficult problem. Gong Weibin, an authoritative expert on social security at the National School of Administration? Improve social security and build a harmonious society? In an exclusive interview with reporters, I put forward: The construction and development of China's social security system should not only learn from foreign experience, but also base itself on the national conditions and build a social security system suitable for China's national conditions. Low security, low level, wide coverage, pragmatic and sustainable? Social security mechanism. Give full play to the role of government, enterprises and society in social security, and tap and utilize traditional social security resources. ? This further points out the direction for migrant workers to transform from land social security to modern social security system.
Advocate? Land for security? Institutional scholars invariably turn their eyes to the land to seek the social security path for migrant workers, which is the only thing with greater value-added and financial functions in rural areas. They seek a way to solve the social security dilemma of migrant workers from the development and excavation of traditional rural social security resources, with the ultimate goal of paving the way for the establishment of a social security system aimed at the unique identity and characteristics of migrant workers, thus promoting the process of urbanization and urban-rural integration. ? Land for security? Through the innovation of land system and social security system, it fills the vacancy of rural land circulation system and social security system and becomes a practical one.
The institutional arrangement of banks is an innovative way to establish social security for migrant workers, which solves the continuation of the social security function of land and provides start-up funds for the establishment of social security for migrant workers. Due to the transfer of land use rights, migrant workers have obtained corresponding benefits, replaced the social security function of land, realized the transformation from agricultural population to non-agricultural population, gradually realized the citizenization, and promoted the transfer of land contractual management rights and the development of scale operation.
Third,? Land for security? Analysis on the lack of running carrier in scheme design
( 1)? Land for security? Analysis on the lack of running carrier in scheme design
From where? Land for security? According to the basic idea and operation steps, land for safety? The essence or core of this paper is to admit that farmers should get some compensation when they give up contracted land or expropriated land, and this compensation should be used to establish social security for them. So is there enough realistic basis for the scheme design of social security replacing land security? Comrade Chen Yi made an in-depth study on the choice of migrant workers? Land for security? Such a scheme design that changes from land social security to modern social security system further supplements the relevant basis and argumentation? Land for security? Feasibility of scheme design. [3] In addition, Zeng and other comrades have further studied the operability, and think that this system arrangement needs to pay attention to some problems in actual operation, such as the pricing of initial permanent tenancy rights, the possible occupation of agricultural production funds, the cost of land market evaluation, the imbalance between land prices and social security levels, and the privatization of land, and on this basis, put forward corresponding countermeasures. [4] However, the author found that no scholars noticed the lack of operating carriers. When putting forward specific operation methods in the scheme design, some scholars believe that migrant workers who give up rural land use rights can directly participate in social security for migrant workers, convert rural land use rights into personal account accumulation for a certain number of years, and promote the smooth transition of migrant workers from traditional land security to social security. [5] In addition, some scholars have suggested that when migrant workers go to cities and towns for employment or settle down in cities and towns and are unable to cultivate land, they will give up their original contracted land, and the subcontractor will pay some economic compensation to the transferor in accordance with the unified national standards, so that they can participate in the corresponding social security. Of course, this part of economic compensation can also be delivered to the state finance first, but the state must make corresponding policy adjustments and promise to bring this part of farmers into the city and the corresponding social security system. [6] It can be seen from this? Land for security? In the whole operation process, there is a lack of research on trading intermediaries. Some just generally point out that the state responsibility forces them to be included in social security, and some subcontractors of land management rights directly pay insurance fees for migrant workers. We know that migrant workers only care about their current income, and their awareness of participating in insurance is very weak. For them, increasing their income is the most practical, so they may discuss with the contractor privately and directly convert the withdrawal cost of social security into monetary and economic compensation, which requires the state to restrain the relevant supervision mechanism. However, if a national supervisory organ is set up to supervise the contractor's behavior of extracting social security fees for migrant workers from the proceeds of transferring their land use rights, will it increase? Land for security? Cost payment system put forward in practice? Land for security? This scheme is lack of operation carrier, which is worthy of our further study.
(2)? Land for security? Rural collective economic organizations and joint-stock cooperatives transformed from collective economic organizations are business carriers.
According to the research of Sun Lei and Chen Boyu, they are designed for landless farmers? Logical framework of land for security? It is pointed out that some rural collective economic organizations will provide old-age insurance, medical insurance and unemployment insurance for landless peasants after they give up their land use rights to obtain economic compensation. Part of them will become the material basis of the market, and the other part will serve as training for landless peasants, so that they will have the basic skills to transfer to non-agricultural industries. It can be seen that the rural collective economic organizations, which represent the ownership of cultivated land here, become the intermediary institutions for transactions. Rural collective economic organizations, as the intermediary between land-lost farmers and local expropriation transactions, gain income through the transaction of expropriated cultivated land, which is used to support rural infrastructure construction and improve the living conditions of rural residents. [7] This can be extended to? Land for security? In view of establishing social security for migrant workers, rural collective economic organizations representing the land use rights of migrant workers are introduced as transaction intermediaries 2. This idea is also in line with the policy spirit of building a new socialist countryside, which requires not only the vigorous promotion of the party and the state, but also the enthusiasm and subjective initiative of farmers and rural collective economic organizations. In addition, the author believes that in order to avoid being arranged by the village collective, it should match the current reform of administrative institutions and the construction of rural grass-roots organizations and the democratic management system of village affairs being implemented in rural areas. In particular, the expenses for social security extracted by rural collective organizations from the land transfer fees of migrant workers should be made public to the villagers, so that farmers can participate in and supervise village affairs more. Ensure the efficiency and justice of collective economic organizations.
However, the original rural community collective economic property rights are vague, investors lack individuality, decision-making is arbitrary, supervision is weak, and distribution is arbitrary, which directly affects the protection of the interests of collective economic organizations and members. The research shows that the reform of property right system is imperative. At present, the reform of collective economic property right system in rural communities is aimed at villages and groups, and the institutional arrangement takes the form of joint-stock cooperative system. From the organizational form after the transformation, its positioning is different, including joint-stock cooperative enterprises, joint-stock companies and joint-stock cooperatives. Some scholars further study that the orientation of the property right system reform of collective economic organizations at this stage, as well as the actual functions and functions after the transformation, are directly related to government behavior. The two should adapt to each other in the future reform and development. The first one points out that the organizational function after transformation is related to the social security management of community members, which is based on the principle of non-discrimination in the supply of public goods. The government should give some support to the social security expenses of collective asset owners and bear them in full? Village in the city? Or? The village you live in? Social security expenses of members. [8] In addition, in-depth study of land share cooperation in the joint-stock cooperative system, the formation of land share cooperation is that a number of farmers voluntarily organize and form cooperatives under the guidance of village committees, and farmers share their land use rights in cooperatives, which are uniformly managed and implemented by cooperatives? Land shares, intensive management, independent accounting, dividend by share? . The income of its joint-stock cooperatives at the end of the year is divided after deducting the necessary costs, and the cooperatives withdraw risk funds and development funds every year. Migrant workers who work in cities can also share the land use rights of their original territories with cooperatives through joint-stock cooperation, so that their contracted land management rights will not only remain unchanged for a long time, but also have equity benefits. Reassuring? And naturally feel at ease into the city to engage in secondary and tertiary industries. [9] Combining the above two research results, I think it can be followed? Land for security? The idea is to establish a connecting channel between the land and the modern social security of migrant workers through the joint-stock cooperatives transformed from collective economic organizations. During the period of migrant workers' shareholding in cooperatives, on the basis of compulsory withdrawal of risk funds and development funds per share every year, the joint-stock cooperatives forcibly withdraw part of the funds as the start-up funds for migrant workers to establish modern social security, so as to ensure the most basic social security after entering the city.
Of course, due to the different economic levels in different parts of China, the land circulation form of joint-stock cooperation mainly appears in economically developed areas, and most farmers move to coastal areas and inland developed areas to engage in non-agricultural industries, such as Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Liaoning, Shandong, Hunan and other places. but
Because the poor areas in the central and western regions are restricted by geographical and economic factors, it is difficult to form the land scale management model of land share cooperation. So consider promoting migrant workers in the central and western regions where the original territories are poor and scattered and small-scale operations are serious? Land for security? When constructing its operating carrier, the author thinks that the government should vigorously support the development of rural economic cooperative organizations (continued from page 22), and the role of government intervention in relatively developed areas is more aimed at joint-stock cooperatives, which deserves our further study.
refer to
[1] He Xiaoxing. Open? One country, two guarantees? [J]。 Economic system reform, 2005, (4).
[2] Liu Feng. The State Council made it clear that the contracted land could not be recovered on the grounds that farmers went to work in cities.
[3] Chen Yi. Open? Land for security? [J]。 Xue Hai, 2000, (3).
[4] Zeng Yanyan, Wang Xuexian, Tang Changjiu. Land for security? And the citizenization of migrant workers [J]. Jinyang Academic Journal, 2005, (6).
[5] Li Dong. On the social security system of rural non-agricultural industrial groups in China [J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology, 200 1, (5).
[6] Wang Bin. Operation mode of social security system for migrant workers [J]. Seminar, 2004, (6).
[7] Lei Sun and Chen Boxian. Land for security: the inevitable choice for the rapid development of urbanization in China [J]. Journal of Inner Mongolia University (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition), 2004, (9).
[8] Research Group on Property Rights System Reform of Rural Collective Economic Organizations.