The overall development model of the world automobile industry can be summarized into three categories: pure import consumption development model, industry-dependent development model and industry-led development model.
1. 1 pure import consumption development model
Pure import consumption development mode mainly means that many small and medium-sized countries have no ability and conditions to independently develop the automobile industry, or because of national policies, market potential and other factors, they do not need to independently develop the automobile industry and can only import cars from other automobile producing countries to meet the domestic market demand.
1.2 industrial-dependent development model.
Industry-dependent development mode means that a country's automobile industry is relatively backward, and it can only develop its own automobile industry by introducing advanced technology, equipment, management and capital from some big automobile countries. Usually, it adopts the mode of * * * joint operation with foreign-funded enterprises or foreign capital leading, and major decision-making matters are led by foreign capital or * * * joint decision-making, with shared risks and benefits.
1.3 industry-oriented development model
The industry-oriented development model is usually called self-abundant development, independent construction, independent production and independent sales. All major issues are decided by themselves. But autonomy is not self-isolation, but opening to the outside world and extensive international cooperation and exchanges. Although there are foreign shares, it is still an industry-led model and does not affect the dominant position of enterprises.
2. Forming factors of automobile industry development model
The formation of the development model of automobile industry depends on many factors, but mainly depends on three factors.
2. 1 Capacity and conditions for developing automobile industry
The development of any industry must have corresponding development capabilities and conditions. The development of automobile industry involves more problems, requiring stronger capabilities and higher conditions, including extensive technology, huge capital, the development of related industries, and a broad market. With this ability and condition, the automobile industry can develop greatly. Some countries in the world, such as the United States, Japan, Germany, France, Britain, Italy and so on, have this ability and condition, and later South Korea also has this ability and condition, so the automobile industry can be greatly developed according to the industry-oriented model. When many countries in the world don't have or don't fully have this ability and condition, they often need to rely on foreign capabilities, especially foreign capital and technology, in order to make the automobile industry develop greatly, so they have to adopt an industry-dependent development model. Especially in developing countries, the first two models are widely used because of the general lack of ability and conditions to develop the automobile industry.
2.2 The need for competition in the automobile market
The automobile industry strives for survival and development in the fierce competition. The competition in the automobile market has greatly promoted the formation and development of the automobile industry model. The formation of pure import consumption mode and industrial dependence mode in some countries is not or not only the lack of ability and conditions to develop automobile industry, but mainly the need of automobile market competition. For example, in order to occupy the European automobile market, the three major American automobile companies set up joint ventures or wholly-owned factories in Europe, which promoted the formation and development of the European industrial dependence model; Belgium is a small country in Europe. Because it is located in central Europe, it is conducive to selling cars to neighboring countries. Ford, GM, Volkswagen, Renault and other automobile companies set up factories or assembly points in this country, which made the automobile output reach one million, and promoted the dependent development of the automobile industry in this country. Spain's automobile industry has developed rapidly, one of the important reasons is that Spain's low wage level is conducive to reducing production costs and improving market competitiveness, prompting major automobile companies to enter the country one after another and develop the industry-dependent model of the country's automobile industry; With the expansion of the world automobile market to developing countries, the world's major automobile companies compete to enter developing countries, which will further develop the industrial dependence model of developing countries.
2.3 policies to develop the automobile industry
The policies of developing automobile industry in various countries also have an important impact on the formation and development of the development model of automobile industry. Especially when all kinds of vehicles are likely to make the automobile industry develop, the development policy plays a decisive role. Take Britain and France as examples, both have strong economic strength and the ability to develop the automobile industry, but the development model of the automobile industry is different. Britain adopts an industry-dependent model, while France is a single industry-led development model. This has a lot to do with Britain's policy of encouraging foreign investment into the automobile industry, while France's policy of restricting foreign investment into the automobile industry. Take Brazil and South Korea as examples. They are all developing countries. They lack capital and technology when developing the automobile industry, but they adopt a completely different development model. When fourth area develops its automobile industry, it encourages foreign investors to set up wholly-owned automobile enterprises, and formulates various preferential policies for foreign investors to enter, so that Brazil's automobile industry can develop according to industry dependence; When South Korea developed the automobile industry, the South Korean government clearly proposed to establish an independent automobile industry, so that the Korean automobile industry developed along the industry-oriented model.
3. Comparative analysis of the development modes of major automobile producing countries in the world.
Different countries may choose different development models in different periods according to their own capabilities, conditions and policies. The development models of major automobile producing countries in the world are compared as follows.
A) America: Before World War II, the American automobile industry was an industry-led development model. GM, Ford and Chrysler are all established and developed according to this model. After World War II, although the automobile industries in Europe and Japan developed rapidly and successively set up factories in the United States, Volkswagen, Honda, Nissan, Toyota and other automobile companies were established, the automobile output produced by these automobile companies only accounted for 1/5 of the total American output. Therefore, the development model of the United States should also be an industry-oriented development model.
B) Germany: Major automobile companies, including Daimler-Benz, Volkswagen and BMW, are established and developed according to the industry-oriented model. At the same time, American Ford and General Motors entered Germany one after another, and established German Ford and German General Motors (Opel) through the acquisition of German automobile companies, thus developing an industry-dependent model. It has formed a pattern of combining industry-oriented and industry-dependent, and the recent mutual output ratio is 7: 3.
C) Britain: In the early stage of the development of the British automobile industry, the industry-led model was the main model, and famous automobile companies such as Austin and Rover were established and developed according to this model. At the same time, Ford and Tongzhou Motor Company of the United States entered the United Kingdom and established Ford and General Motors Company of the United Kingdom, which promoted the development of industrial dependence mode. Since 1950s, Austin Motor Company has been merged into Rover Motor Company, and Rover Motor Company has been merged into BMW Motor Company. At the same time, French and Japanese automobile companies entered one after another, and successively established British Peugeot, British Nissan, British Honda, British Toyota and other automobile companies, thus transforming the British automobile industry from an industry-oriented model to an industry-dependent model.
D) France and Italy: France and Italy are basically the same. Although there are foreign enterprises in the development of automobile industry, the scale is too small to develop. The development of its automobile industry basically adopts a single industry-oriented model, and French Peugeot Citroen Automobile Company and Renault Automobile Company are established and developed according to this model. Italy's Fiat Auto Company was also established and developed in this mode. Although GM and Fiat have cooperated and held certain shares in each other, they have not changed the pattern of their industry-leading model.
E) Japan: At the initial stage of developing the automobile industry, Japan adopted an industry-led development model. After World War II, Japan's economy was in trouble, and Japanese auto companies such as Toyota and Nissan all developed according to the industry-oriented model. Since 1970s, with the opening of Japan's capital market, in order to improve their competitiveness and occupy the international market, companies have invested the capital of GM, Ford, Renault and other automobile companies in Japan. However, it has not changed the development pattern of Japanese automobile industry in accordance with the industry-oriented model.
F) South Korea: For many years, South Korea's automobile industry has always adhered to an industry-oriented model. South Korea's Hyundai, Daewoo and Kia are all established and developed according to this model. Although South Korea did not have the ability to develop the automobile industry independently at that time, it adopted a series of policies and measures to improve its independent ability in the automobile industry by all means, and at the same time restricted the entry of foreign capital, and finally formed a pattern of factory-led development of the automobile industry.
G) Canada, Brazil and Mexico: The development models of automobile industry adopted by these three countries are similar, and they all belong to industry-dependent models. The three major American auto companies have set up auto branches in Canada, becoming the main body of Canadian auto industry. Since 1990s, Honda, Toyota, Hyundai and other automobile companies have entered Canada, further developing the dependence mode of Canadian industry. Ford, GM, Volkswagen, Daimler-Benz, Fiat, Toyota and other automobile companies have successively entered Brazil and established wholly-owned branches in Brazil, which has enabled the Brazilian automobile industry to develop along the industry-dependent model. General Motors, Ford, Chrysler, Volkswagen, Nissan and other automobile companies have also entered Mexico and established wholly-owned branches in Mexico, making the Mexican automobile industry develop along the industry-dependent model.
4 China automobile industry development model choice
4. 1 Formation and transformation of the development mode of China automobile industry
Before the reform and opening up, China's automobile industry developed along the industry-oriented model, but the independent ability was different in different periods, which was gradually improved with the development of the automobile industry.
At the early stage of the development of the automobile industry, under the principle of independence, it mainly relied on the technology of the former Soviet Union, such as the First Automobile Factory, whose product technology and production equipment technology all came from the former Soviet Union. By the time the Second Automobile Factory was established, China's autonomous ability had been significantly improved. The main technologies are all from China, and the products are independently developed and designed by the factory itself. The self-sufficiency rate of production equipment is over 80%. Due to backward technology and management, lack of funds and talents, the development is almost closed, which restricts the further development of China automobile industry.
Since the reform and opening up, the development model of China automobile industry has begun to change, mainly in two aspects: First, it has changed from closed to open. We have strengthened cooperation and exchanges with foreign automobile companies and introduced foreign advanced technologies extensively. Second, a series of joint venture automobile enterprises have been established in the form of joint venture and joint venture. In particular, car companies are basically established according to the industry dependence model. Such as Shanghai GM, Shanghai Volkswagen, FAW-Volkswagen and Guangzhou Honda. Therefore, the existing development model of China's automobile industry should be a combination of industrial orientation and industrial dependence, in which Jiefang, Dongfeng and other commercial vehicles are mainly industrial orientation and cars are mainly industrial dependence.
4.2 China automobile industry development model choice
China is a big country in the world, and the history of automobile industry for more than 40 years means that we can only choose the latter two modes. It is easy to take the road of industrial dependence, with light government burden and considerable short-term benefits, but development without control rights will inevitably bring long-term passivity. China's industrial structure is different from that of Britain and Latin American countries, and the automobile-based manufacturing industry is the most important. Once attached to others, it is difficult to ensure economic security. At the same time, Asia is different from NAFTA and Europe, and complicated national interests and historical reasons make China have to maintain the relative independence and initiative of its pillar industries. In 1980s, China planned the automobile industry as a pillar industry, and in 1990s, we established the pillar position of the automobile industry. It is clearly stipulated in the Tenth Five-Year Plan that China will "greatly increase the automobile penetration rate of urban residents", which is obviously to hand over the industrial pillar to China automobile industry, and history will inevitably make the automobile industry shoulder the heavy responsibility of revitalizing China's economy. In the automobile industry, there are 1/10 profit contribution method and 2. The five-fold industry-related driving effect should become the leading industry for China to achieve leapfrog development and go global. In fact, the chance of success is just around the corner. The life cycle curve of the automobile industry in the past hundred years shows that the modern automobile industry is in a new round of transformation period. Faced with the slowdown or even decline of the growth rate of the world automobile industry, some multinational companies are engaged in a competition of technological innovation and market competition. This provides a rare favorable opportunity for the successful development of China's automobile industry: a technological breakthrough opportunity in the integration and transformation of traditional technologies into microelectronics, new materials, new energy and other high technologies; The concern of foreign companies about the huge input cost of the traditional automobile industry has brought the opportunity to postpone the listing of a new generation of products; Market supply vacancy opportunities where foreign existing technologies do not meet the needs of the domestic market; Market entry opportunities of China's automobile industry level and national consumption level.
Therefore, according to the horizontal international comparison and vertical development research, the author thinks that China automobile industry should face up to the reality, grasp the future, seize the opportunity, give full play to its advantages, and take the road of self-development and spiral progress. What is important is that the government should not hesitate any more (the hesitation in the 1980s resulted in "scattered, chaotic and poor" consequences), and should resolutely assume its due responsibilities and unswervingly implement the automobile pillar industry policy. Although it still has a long way to go, it has a bright future.
4.3 Strategic Steps of Implementing Industry-oriented Mode in China Automobile Industry
After more than 40 years of development, China automobile industry has laid a certain foundation, but it is still in its infancy. The output value of the automobile industry in the United States and the European Union accounts for about 10% of the gross national product, while that in China is about 1%, which is far from the developed countries. It is almost impossible to catch up with them in a short time. Therefore, we must be down-to-earth, with the support of national policies, implement the "National Automobile Innovation Project", focus on the independent development of the automobile industry, seize the opportunity of the transformation and upgrading of the automobile industry, seize the commanding heights of the development of the new generation of automobile industry, and take the leading road of the automobile industry. Only in the near future can China's automobile industry make a qualitative leap and become the leading product for China's industry to participate in international competition.
It will not happen overnight that China's automobile industry will take the lead. It must go through two stages.
A) transition stage
This period is about 200 1-20 10 years. Since the mid-1980s, the domestic automobile industry has been reforming and opening up, introducing foreign capital and technology, which has promoted the improvement of products, production, technology and management level of the automobile industry. However, the problem of "scattered, chaotic and poor" in China automobile industry has never been solved, which has become the primary obstacle to the further development of China automobile industry in recent years. If this problem is not solved first, other problems will be difficult to solve.
Therefore, in the transitional stage, China automobile industry should take the road of combining the introduction of foreign capital and asset restructuring. With China's successful entry into WTO, the interference of China's national industrial policies will be weakened day by day, and the international competition will become increasingly fierce. In order to meet the challenge of globalization, China automobile industry must take the road of internationalization. In the face of such fierce competition, most small and medium-sized enterprises in China will be unable to support them, even the powerful large automobile enterprises will be unable to fight alone. Therefore, in order to open up the living space and development space, we should actively, reasonably and effectively use foreign capital according to the comparative advantage and the principle of "doing something, not doing something", vigorously promote the cooperation and alliance between domestic enterprises and domestic enterprises and foreign enterprises, especially world-class large companies and groups, improve internal strength, continuously enhance the ability of technological innovation and product development, optimize the industrial organizational structure, and accelerate the adjustment and upgrading of product structure, so as to play a role in China's automobile industry.
B) independent development stage
After 20 10, with the formation of three automobile groups centered on FAW, Dongfeng and SAIC in China, and the establishment and development of some automobile enterprises with very high localization rate, China's automobile industry will independently develop a variety of models, including body, chassis, engine and other systems and various parts, and reach the international advanced level. The domestic market share of products exceeds 80%, and a large number of products are exported. By then, it will show.
There is an important premise for China automobile industry to take the leading development mode. The development of China's automobile industry needs the support of the government, and the country needs to implement the "National Automobile Innovation Project".
History has proved that the government should support the development of automobile enterprises in the early stage of the development of automobile industry. Whenever the government adopts correct support policies in the early stage of development, the automobile industry in this country can often develop healthily. Successful examples are Japan and South Korea. On the contrary, in the early stage of its automobile industry development, Brazil allowed a large influx of imported cars, and did not pay attention to cultivating domestic manufacturers, which hindered the development of its automobile industry. The development of automobile industry in developing countries will generally go through the process from protection to development, from automobile assembly to localization and then to independent development. What policies countries adopt in the development of automobile industry will directly affect the development of automobile industry. For example, it took 15 years for Japanese automobile industry to develop from scratch to mass production, 18 years for South Korea and 23 years for Taiwan Province Province. This is directly related to the government's support policy for the automobile industry.