First, directly quote the doctoral thesis documents.

Direct quotation means word for word, word for word. Direct quotation can prove the authority of a point of view or text, preserve the original text of the quoted content and emphasize the accuracy of the quoted content. When making a direct quotation, the quotation should be as short as possible. If the quotation is too long, that is, more than half a page, it should be placed in the appendix and explained in the text.

Direct quotation refers to the original words, which must be quoted in quotation marks, and besides indicating the author and publication year, the specific page number should also be indicated, and there is a space between p and the number, as shown in the following figure:

Darwin used the metaphor of trees to "express another form of interconnection-pedigree rather than ecology" (Gould, 1989, p. 14).

If you mention the author you want to quote in the article, and it is a direct quote, then you need to indicate the publication year in brackets immediately after his surname, and then indicate the specific page number in brackets after quotation marks, as shown below:

Gould (1989) explained that Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life "to explain another form of interconnection-genealogy rather than ecology-and to explain the success and failure in the history of life" (page 14).

Second, the indirect citation of doctoral thesis documents.

Indirect speech is not quoting the original words of others, but paraphrasing the main meaning of others in one's own words, also called paraphrasing. This reference cannot be marked with quotation marks. Indirect quotation refers to paraphrasing and summarizing the concepts, viewpoints and expressions of the original author with the most appropriate words.

Free translation is to explain the meaning of the original text in different ways to make it more concise and clear. Common methods include deleting secondary information; Use synonyms, antonyms and so on. Use comments; Change one's statement, such as changing the angle or order of the statement.

The quoted content should not be repeated, so please make sure that your format is correct. If you can't quote the literature correctly, duplicate checking of doctoral thesis may cause unnecessary trouble. As long as you keep learning a little skill every day, you can write a good doctoral thesis. If you want to know more about the doctoral thesis, you can consult the doctoral thesis section of this website.