[writing instruction]
One of the characteristics of natural science papers is "small". Compared with formal academic papers, scientific papers have smaller topics and shallower contents, so their length is not long. The second is science. The materials of scientific papers should be true and reliable, and exaggeration or fiction is not allowed; Views should be put forward realistically after careful thinking and research, rather than arbitrary speculation or speculation; Language should be accurate, clear, rigorous and logical, and should not be ambiguous, ambiguous, obscure or careless. The third is creativity. Creativity is an important criterion to measure the quality of natural science papers. In scientific and technological papers, we should put forward new discoveries in observation, investigation or investigation, new methods used in experiments or production, new achievements made in scientific and technological activities, and new insights accumulated in the in-depth study of a certain scientific knowledge, which will give people some inspiration.
The writing of a natural science paper can be roughly divided into several steps: selecting a topic, collecting materials, refining opinions, arranging the structure, and drafting and revising.
When choosing the purpose of multiple-choice questions, we should first pay attention to the scientific principle and don't choose topics that violate the laws of nature. At the same time, we should pay attention to combining our own specialties and choosing topics of interest. The research topic should have some new ideas, and try to consider the topic from the aspects that others have not discovered, studied or paid attention to, especially the new discoveries, new achievements, new understandings and new experiences obtained from their own observation, experiment, investigation, production, study and research. The topic should also be smaller, so the scope and angle of research will be limited. The topic is big, it is easy to cover everything, and it is difficult to go deep into the essence of the problem. For example, for middle school students, it is better to choose topics such as problem-solving thinking in mathematics, propositional principles of physical competition questions, new exploration of oxygen production methods, and comprehensive investigation of plants monitoring air pollution than to choose problem-solving thinking from a math test, discussion on propositional conditions of a physical competition question, simple oxygen production methods and moss monitoring air pollution. These latter topics narrow the scope of the problem. By studying a certain "point", it is easy to grasp, and it is more likely to be written in depth and level.
When collecting materials, we should first pay attention to the accuracy of the materials, and verify the facts and data obtained by observation, experiment, investigation and investigation, as well as the materials and examples obtained by consulting newspapers, books and scientific and technological documents, so as to avoid errors in the materials and affect the scientific nature of the paper. We should also pay attention to the freshness of materials and try to collect new first-hand materials related to the research topic. In addition, the mastery of materials should be comprehensive, and as many materials as possible should be collected according to the research object and scope determined by the topic. There are too few materials and no choices, so the paper written is not convincing.
Refining ideas is to analyze, compare and summarize materials and put forward your own views. It can be a summary of new discoveries and innovations in observation and experiment, an analysis of new situations and problems found in investigation and research, and a creative opinion formed in the process of studying a certain subject. When the work of collecting materials reaches a certain stage, it is necessary to classify and compare the accumulated materials, carefully screen them, analyze and summarize them realistically, find out the regular similarities, and form a correct and scientific view. Sometimes it is necessary to continue to collect new materials in order to better refine ideas. The expression of views should be accurate, clear and concise, and should not be vague and confusing.
The arrangement structure of scientific papers should be flexibly mastered according to different types. An ordinary essay generally consists of three parts. At the beginning (or "introduction"), ask questions or give a general introduction to the full text closely related to the topic. The main part, analyzing the problem, explaining the relevant observation, experiment, investigation, investigation, production, hypothesis, etc. To prepare for the scientific conclusion; The last part (or "conclusion") solves the problem and draws a conclusion. Of course, the structure of the article is not necessarily a "total-sub-total" format. It is also common to discuss and explain the relevant situation layer by layer first, and then summarize the views. Some people also discuss the views first and then discuss and explain them layer by layer. The function of structure is to organize materials properly and put forward opinions clearly. No matter how to arrange, we should pay attention to clear organization, consistent views and materials, reflect the process of scientific argumentation, and make the paper convincing. In order to make the structure reasonable, it is necessary to draw up a detailed outline.
If the materials collected are quite rich, you might as well spend more time writing a relatively complete scientific paper. Such a paper generally consists of the following parts: title; Summary (or "executive summary"); Introduction (introduction); Working methods (arrangement and steps of observation, experiment, investigation and inspection); Results; Analysis and discussion; Conclusion. Some papers need to be accompanied by references (or "bibliography") and appendices (or "attachments") at the end.
Drafting and revising, writing the first draft according to the outline, and then revising are not only detailed language expressions, but also a process of in-depth research and careful thinking, which should be accurate and rigorous. Compared with general expository and argumentative writing, the expression and revision in the writing of scientific papers are more important. Because scientific research activities are very complicated and subtle, we can't be careless when reflecting the process and achievements of scientific research. It should be carefully drafted, carefully pondered, revised repeatedly and meticulously. Whether the viewpoints are correct and reliable, whether the materials are appropriate and informative, whether the structure is reasonable and thorough, whether the viewpoints and materials are unified, whether the data and quotations are accurate, whether the language is accurate, concise, coherent and standardized, and whether the charts are clear and applicable, we must make great efforts to carefully check and scrutinize.
During the whole process from topic selection to paper finalization, we should solicit the opinions of teachers, classmates and relevant scientific and technological personnel, brainstorm and improve the quality of scientific and technological papers.