First, elegance
Li Qingzhao criticized Liu Yong's ci as "melodious but old" and opposed the use of slang words. It is advocated that ci should be "elegant" like the monarch and ministers in the southern Tang Dynasty, and should have the lofty taste and style of literati.
Second, the standard weight
Li Qingzhao was dissatisfied with He Zhu's words, and said that the words should be dignified and elegant and not frivolous.
Third, Huncheng
Li Qingzhao attached importance to the integrity of literature, criticizing Zhang Xian and Song Qi for "breaking the nameless family" by saying that there are good sentences but no good articles. It is believed that words should have an overall artistic conception and be integrated.
Fourth, Xiele
Li Qingzhao believes that we should strictly abide by the five tones and six laws of words and pay attention to the severity of turbidity. She objected to Yan Shu, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi and others' disharmony in writing poems, mocking them as "poems can't be read".
Verb (abbreviation for verb) description
This is because long-tune and slow-tune words prevailed at that time, so Li Qingzhao thought that words should be arranged, and she was not satisfied with Yan's poems.
Sixth, the truth.
Therefore, the use of allusions and proper allusions can increase the elegance and enrich the connotation of works. Li Qingzhao criticized Qin Guan as "not so realistic" and Huang Tingjian as "still realistic but full of defects".
Generally speaking, the view of "being different" is to maintain the artistic style of ci and the traditional style of literati ci, and to advocate that it is different from poetry in content and form, not superficial and vulgar, and divorced from the common words of ordinary folk songs. Among the above principles, the issue of "Xiele" is the most prominent and the debate is the fiercest. At the beginning of On Ci, Li Qingzhao expressed the author's artistic requirements in music with an anecdote about Li Balang, and thought that "singing" was the most basic feature of Ci. The most important reason for her opposition to Su Shi's poems is that Su Shi's poems are often out of tune.
Indeed, Su Shi's ci often breaks through the bondage of music and emphasizes its literary attribute between the dual attributes of ci. Wang Shi, the poet Mao quoted as saying:
"Dongpo's poem River of No Return": "The humanities in the west of the old base area are the Red Cliff of Zhou Lang in the Three Kingdoms", and the argument should be broken with the word "yes" and the meaning with the word "edge"; Xiao Qiao married a hero first, and the word' le' is the next sentence in the argument, while the word' le' is the last sentence in the theory of meaning; The same is true of the words' affectionate Ying Xiao Wo was born early' and' I'. In Shui Long Yin:' In detail, it seems that it is not Huayang's little tears that keep people', but the tone is to be broken by the word' dot' and the meaning is to be broken by the word' flower'. "
Point out the disharmonious rhythm of Dongpo's ci. However, although Dongpo is not good at singing, many of his works are still sung by Ye Chuan. This can be confirmed by the preface of some of his poems and the records of previous documents. Then, since Su Shi is not ignorant of melody, the reason why his writing can't strictly abide by melody lies in his conscious inclination to literature rather than music. Song Zhao ganoderma lucidum "Backstreet Record" quoted the rhyme of the Yellow Road;
"Dongpo lay music, the world can see hundreds of songs, or small temperament. Vulgar words are outstanding, and they are so happy. "
Hu Zai's Tiaoxi Fishing in Conghua was followed by Fu Ziman Lu and Chao Bu Zhi.
"People say that Dongpo's ci has many discordant rhythms, but the layman's ci is outstanding, so it is naturally impossible to draw in the song."
Wang Zhuo's "Lan Feng Man Zhi" cloud:
"Mr. Dongpo is not addicted to temperament, and occasionally writes songs, pointing out that he is going all the way up, and he is new to the world, so that the author can know."
Lu You said in Notes on the Old Learning Temple:
The word Dongpo can't be sung, so Yuefu has nothing to do with Yuefu. Chao Yi said: Shao Sheng is different from Dongpo Chu. Dongpo was drunk and recited the ancient "Yangguan". Then you can't sing, but you are bold and don't like to cut and adjust your ears. "
It can be seen that many scholars at that time and later pointed out that Su Shi, with his uninhibited personality, made Ci get rid of the dependence on music, making Ci not only have the characteristics of singing and dancing, but also become an independent style like poetry, not driven by temperament and melody. At this point, it is contrary to Li Qingzhao who tries to maintain the stylistic characteristics of Qu Zi's ci.
On the other hand, Li Qingzhao's requirements for writing Ci in On Ci stipulated the style, artistic conception and even the content category of Ci, that is, elegant and solemn, graceful and implicit style, which was regarded as the true nature of Ci, that is, the main feature of "distinctive" Ci. I don't know that since the Tang dynasty, there have been two systems of ci, one is folk ci and the other is literati ci. Folk Ci is represented by hundreds of Quzi Ci of Tang and Five Dynasties found in Dunhuang Grottoes in Gansu during Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty, with a wide range of themes and different styles. Close to Wang Zhongmin series "Dunhuang Quzi Ci" said:
"(Dunhuang Quzi Ci) has the moans of wanderers, the grandiloquence of loyal ministers and righteous men, the pleasure and ambition of a recluse gentleman, the urgent disappointment of young students, the praise of Buddhists and the singing of doctors ... Only less than half of people talk about their feelings and flowers. "
Besides sentimental style, there are many other works. For example:
Shengchazi
Three-foot Longquan sword, wrapped in a box, no one saw it. A wild goose bow and a hundred golden arrows. Loyalty to the country, suffering has fought. Find meritorious service first, then see the king.
Ding Fengbo
It is better to fight for the sword than to learn the geometry of the sword in calligraphy. Holding a blue gun is like iron, the moon is in the sky, and Longquan is three feet away.
I admire the military strength of the past, boasting that the Confucian scholar Dodd and the four blockades suddenly appeared. Ask Confucian scholars, who dares to make a storm?
Sword words
The emperor took the knife and went to the king of Qin one by one. The thief in the face is brave and wants to move forward. Who dares to be a heart of almost 30,000 to 50,000 people? From the family point of view, industry is heavy, and Saburo is always doing things.
Bodhisattva is beautiful
I made a thousand wishes on the pillow. I want to have a rest and wait for the green hills to rot. Heavy objects floated on the water until the Yellow River dried up completely.
During the day, Beidou returned to the south. You can't rest without rest, and you will see the sun in the middle of the night.
Some of these lyrics are heroic, some are bold, and what's more, Bodhisattva Chivalrous expresses his mind directly, which is similar to business evil and full of folk songs.
As another system, literati ci began in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Huang Sheng's Hua 'an Collection regards Li Bai's Memories of Qin E and Bodhisattva Man as "the ancestors of one hundred generations of ci and music". Around the mid-Tang Dynasty, the wind of literati lyrics gradually opened up, and many literati created fresh and clear lyrics, such as:
Li Bai recalled Qin E.
Yu Xiao's voice was sad and sad. When she woke up from her dream, a string of bright moons were hanging upstairs in Qin. Qin family, every year in the second quarter of the moon, the willow color by the bridge is printed with seven windows for farewell.
Looking at the Cold and Autumn Festival, the ancient road leading to Xianyang has been cut off. The west wind kissed the light of the sun, and in front of us were the tombs and palaces of the Han Dynasty.
Zhang fisherman
Before the egrets fly to mount cisse, the peach blossoms and flowing water are full of mandarin fish fat, and the green bamboo hats and green hemp fibers don't have to return in the oblique wind and drizzle.
Dai Shulun teased
Grass on the side, grass on the side, grass on the side should be old. The mountains in the south and the mountains in the north are all snowy, sunny and bright in Wan Li. Mingyue, Mingyue, Hu Jia is so sad.
Bai Juyi remembers Jiangnan.
The scenery in Jiangnan is very beautiful, and the picturesque scenery has long been familiar. The river is as red as fire in the sun and as green as blue in spring. How can we make people not miss Jiangnan?
These words not only inherit the lively interest of Shu Lang folk songs, but also have a strong literati charm. Some vigorous ups and downs, some hearty and chic, some sad and generous, some carefree, and there is no obvious difference with the style of poetry.
Wen was the first scholar who devoted himself to Ci in the late Tang Dynasty. He introduced the beautiful and charming poetic style of the late Tang Dynasty into Ci, and created many beautiful Ci. At that time, the flower collection was mainly based on this style. Among them, the number of words written in Chinese is the largest. Ouyang Jiong said in "Flower Collection Preface":
"There is a banquet childe, beautifully embroidered, handing flowers and leaves, and pumping brocade; Hold the slender jade finger and pat the sandalwood. There is no shortage of words to help enchanting. "
It is believed that ci poetry is sung by geisha at wine and song banquets, and that ci poetry is a colorful theme, so we should inherit the style of Qi Liang Palace and advocate the style of the alley below, that is, beauty and elegance are the mainstay.
Poets in the late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and even the early Song Dynasty were mostly graceful and restrained, which formed the gaudy style characteristics of literati's ci, regarded it as the orthodoxy of ci, adhered to the aesthetic concept of "poetic and picturesque", and continued to become the mainstream in later generations, thus affecting Li Qingzhao's point of view.
Su Shi, on the other hand, rebelled against the tradition at that time and created words with different styles from the graceful words represented by Liu Yong. In his book "Fresh Yu Zijun", he said:
"Nearly is a rather small word. Although it doesn't have the taste of Liuqilang, it is also natural .. haha! I hunted in the suburbs the other day and gained a lot. When a mistake is made, the strong men of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty sing, play flute and drum as a festival, which is quite spectacular. "
Li Qingzhao said that Ci was "different from one family" and emphasized the difference between Ci and poetry. Su Shi, on the other hand, said that his ci was different from Liu Yong's graceful ci and was "sui generis". His lyrics were written for "the strong men of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty sang when they reached the palm of their hands, playing the flute and drumming for the festival", and for "a big man in Kansai, a copper pipa and an iron rake, singing' never to return'", instead of Liu Ci's "only 178 girls, holding red fangs, singing' Yang Liuan, the breeze is fading'". Hu Yin's word order "Zhu Jiu Fang" said:
"LiuJianQing later, cover system and do it, the good thought hard to see. The Su family in Meishan washed away the fragrance, got rid of the degree of planning and turning point, and made people climb high and look far, hold a song, and enjoy the spirit and transcend the dirt. Therefore, Flower Collection is a soap opera, and Liu Jia is a platform. "
Obviously, Su Shi's bold and unconstrained ci did not follow the concept of defining the style of ci as graceful and restrained at that time, but directly inherited and developed the style of literati ci before the late Tang Dynasty, which made the ci return to the stage where poetry was indistinguishable, just as people said at that time.
More importantly, Su Shi also expanded the description field and lyric scope of Ci. In addition to describing the love and parting feelings between men and women, Su Shi also created works that express the life of laborers, express the passion of contributing to the country, lament the feelings of life, praise the friendship of friends, etc., and introduced the "rational interest" of Song poetry into his ci, reaching the realm of "unintentional entry, nothing to say", showing his broad vision, rich experience and strong interest in life, which made his ci out of the boudoir.
Qing Liu Yun Zai Yun:
"Taibai's Yi Qin E is tragic; Only in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties did it become beautiful; You can't go back to ancient times until Dongpo. Later ci theorists turned Dongpo into a tone sandhi, and I don't know the tone sandhi in the late Tang and Five Dynasties. "
Li Qingzhao and conservative people regard graceful words as true words, while those who criticize Su are different languages, which shows that the fallacy is not true.
Attachment: The full text of Li Qingzhao's On Ci
Yuefu, which combines voice and poetry, was very popular in the Tang Dynasty. Between Kaiyuan and Tianbao, there is Li Balang who can sing and dance. When the new Jinshi gave a banquet in Qujiang, the top scholar on the list was named Li first, leaving him anonymous, ragged, miserable and unhappy, just like a banquet. Yue: "Cousin would like to sit in the last seat." Nobody cares. Since wine, beer and skittles make singers enter, when Cao and Niannu are crowned, songs will be sung and everyone will thank them. Celebrities suddenly pointed to Li and said, "Cousin, please sing." Everyone was shocked or angry. And turn your voice and make a sound, sing a song, and everyone cries. Luo Bai said: this Li Balang is also. "Since then, the voices of Zheng and Wei have become increasingly hot, and the stream has become increasingly annoying. There are words such as Bodhisattva Man, Haochun, Shaji, Genglou, Huanxisha, Dream of Jiangnan and Fisherman. , can't do it again. The battle of the five dynasties, the four seas divide the beans, the gentle way. Li Jiangnan is still gentle, so there are words like "a small building blows through the cold jade" and "a pool of spring water wrinkles". Although the language is strange, the so-called "voice of national subjugation" is also a fact. When you catch up with this dynasty, you will be fully prepared for ceremonies and music. After practicing for more than a hundred years, Liu Tuntian became a hero, replaced the old voice with a new one, and published a collection of movements, which was great enough to declare to the world; Although melodious, the words are dusty. There are also brothers with Song, Shen Tang, Yuan Jiang and Chao Ci. Although there are witticisms from time to time, they are broken! To Yan, Ouyang Yongshu, Su Zizhan, Confucian, Heaven and Man, as small as lyric poetry, as straight as swimming in the sea, but they all read poems that are not velvet. And often not harmonious, why? The poems of Gai Shi are divided into flat edges, while the lyrics are divided into five tones, five tones, six tones and voiced sounds. For example, the modern so-called Slow Voice, Flowers in the Rain and Xi Qian Ying not only leveled the rhyme, but also entered the rhyme; " The Spring in the Jade Building is a book with even and even rhymes, with notes for going and notes for entering. Gambling sounds are harmonious; If you enter the tone, you can't sing Wang and Gu, just like the articles in the Western Han Dynasty. If you write a small lyric poem, people will be completely lost and unable to read it. However, there are only a few people who can read. After Yan Shuyuan, He, and Huang Luzhi came out, they could only know. There is no description of bitterness. He is mean, not too strict. The Qin Dynasty devoted itself to emotion, but paid little attention to reality. For example, a beautiful woman from a poor family is extremely beautiful and rich, but after all, her wealth is insufficient. Yellow is still true, and there are many flaws, such as jade, and then the price is reduced.
Yuefu, which combines voice and poetry, was very popular in the Tang Dynasty. Between Kaiyuan and Tianbao, there is Li Balang who can sing and dance. When the new Jinshi gave a banquet in Qujiang, the top scholar on the list was named Li first, leaving him anonymous, ragged, miserable and unhappy, just like a banquet. Yue: "Cousin would like to sit in the last seat." Nobody cares. Since wine, beer and skittles make singers enter, when Cao and Niannu are crowned, songs will be sung and people will praise them. Celebrities suddenly pointed to Li and said, "Cousin, please sing." Everyone was shocked or angry. And turn your voice and make a sound, sing a song, and everyone cries. Luo Bai said: this Li Balang is also. "Since then, the voices of Zheng and Wei have become increasingly hot, and the stream has become increasingly annoying. There are words such as Bodhisattva Man, Haochun, Shaji, Genglou, Huanxisha, Dream of Jiangnan and Fisherman. , can't do it again. The battle of the five dynasties, the four seas divide the beans, the gentle way. Li Jiangnan is still gentle, so there are words like "a small building blows through the cold jade" and "a pool of spring water wrinkles". Although the language is strange, the so-called "voice of national subjugation" is also a fact. When you catch up with this dynasty, you will be fully prepared for ceremonies and music. After practicing for more than a hundred years, Liu Tuntian became a hero, replaced the old voice with a new one, and published a collection of movements, which was great enough to declare to the world; Although melodious, the words are dusty. There are also brothers with Song, Shen Tang, Yuan Jiang and Chao Ci. Although there are witticisms from time to time, they are broken! To Yan, Ouyang Yongshu, Su Zizhan, Confucian, Heaven and Man, as small as lyric poetry, as straight as swimming in the sea, but they all read poems that are not velvet. And often not harmonious, why? The poems of Gai Shi are divided into flat edges, while the lyrics are divided into five tones, five tones, six tones and voiced sounds. For example, the modern so-called Slow Voice, Flowers in the Rain and Xi Qian Ying not only leveled the rhyme, but also entered the rhyme; " The Spring in the Jade Building is a book with even and even rhymes, with notes for going and notes for entering. Gambling sounds are harmonious; If you enter the tone, you can't sing Wang and Gu, just like the articles in the Western Han Dynasty. If you write a small lyric poem, people will be completely lost and unable to read it. However, there are only a few people who can read. After Yan Shuyuan, He, and Huang Luzhi came out, they could only know. There is no description of bitterness. He is mean, not too strict. The Qin Dynasty devoted itself to emotion, but paid little attention to reality. For example, a beautiful woman from a poor family is extremely beautiful and rich, but after all, her wealth is insufficient. Yellow is still true, and there are many flaws, such as jade, and then the price is reduced.