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Historical Enlightenment of the Revolution of 1911
Abstract: Reviewing the Revolution of 1911 93 years ago can be regarded as an immortal milestone in the development of China's modern history. As a great bourgeois-democratic revolution in the history of China, it not only overthrew the Qing Dynasty which ruled China for more than 200 years, but also ended the feudal monarchy which ruled China for more than 2,000 years, which dealt a heavy blow to imperialist aggression and promoted the awakening of the Chinese nation and the modernization process of China. As a young student living in 2 1 century, how can we look at and understand this revolution from a historical perspective and analyze it from a materialistic and dialectical point of view? I think through the study of this subject, we can learn more about this revolution and get some historical instructions and practical significance from it.
Keywords: 1, Revolution of 1911
2. Reasons for the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911.
3. Why did the Qing Dynasty perish?
4. Why did the Nanjing Provisional Government die young?
5. The main reasons for the failure of the Revolution of 1911 and its historical enlightenment.
Practical significance
Case study: The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the Qing Dynasty, ended the feudal autocracy for more than 2,000 years, and started the democratic revolution in China. What is the significance of the Revolution of 1911? Why did it fail? What enlightenment did it give to the China Revolution? The research team reviewed the literature and summarized their own views.
Historical Enlightenment of the Revolution of 1911
Author: yang shen
19 1 1 year, the Qing government sold the right to build railways, which aroused the resistance of the people all over the country, and the railway protection movement broke out in Sichuan and other places. 10 June10, the revolutionary group Literature Society and the * * * Progressive Association in Wuhan launched the Wuchang Uprising. Then the provinces responded one after another. Because 19 1 1 is the year of Xinhai in the old calendar, it is called "Xinhai Revolution".
1 91265438+1October1,the provisional government of the Republic of China was established in Nanjing, and Sun Yat-sen was elected as the provisional president. Soon the provisional Senate was established and the provisional constitution of the Republic of China was promulgated. /kloc-in February, the Qing emperor announced his abdication. However, due to the weakness and compromise of the bourgeoisie, the regime was stolen by Yuan Shikai, the representative of the big landlord and comprador class, and the vigorous Revolution of 1911 failed.
The Revolution of 1911 was a "relatively clear bourgeois democratic revolution" led by the bourgeois and petty-bourgeois revolutionaries headed by Sun Yat-sen and attended by the broad masses of workers and peasants. The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the feudal reactionary government of the Qing Dynasty, ended the autocratic monarchy that ruled China for thousands of years, and established the Republic of China. The Revolution of 1911 greatly promoted the ideological emancipation of the Chinese nation and opened a new horizon for China's advanced elements to explore the road of saving the country and the people. The Revolution of 1911 started a relatively thorough national democratic revolution against imperialism and feudalism. Although it failed to change the social nature of old China and the miserable situation of the people, it opened the floodgates for the progressive trend of China. (Xinhua News Agency, Beijing 65438+1October 9)
I. The process of the Revolution of 1911
191110 The bourgeois democratic revolution that broke out in June (nature)10. The old calendar of 19 1 1 is named after191year. From 65438 to 0894, Sun Yat-sen established the first bourgeois revolutionary group in China. The Group revitalizes the Chinese Association. 1905, the first bourgeois revolutionary party alliance was established. Since then, on the one hand, the bourgeois revolutionaries criticized the fallacy of constitutional monarchy against revolution and spread revolutionary ideas; On the other hand, a series of anti-Qing armed uprisings were launched, which promoted the arrival of the revolutionary climax. 19 1 1 year, the Qing government sold the right to build railways to imperialism, which aroused strong opposition from the people all over the country. Hubei revolutionaries took advantage of the road protection movement to revolt in Wuchang on June 10, and the provinces all over the country responded one after another, and the rule of the Qing Dynasty collapsed. 1 91265438+1October1,the provisional government of the Republic of China was established in Nanjing, and Sun Yat-sen became the provisional president. /kloc-in February, the Qing emperor abdicated. Due to the weakness and compromise of the bourgeoisie, the political power was finally stolen by Yuan Shikai, the representative of the big landlord and the big practical class, and the revolution failed. The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the imperial system of China for more than 2,000 years and established a bourgeois democratic republic. Since then, the concept of democratic governance has been deeply rooted in people's hearts, and capitalism in China has been developing continuously. However, its failure proved that the bourgeoisie could not lead China's democratic revolution to victory.
Comments: Understanding the process of the Revolution of 1911 provides a powerful help for the research process.
2. Reasons for the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911.
Was the Revolution of 1911 deliberately created by a few revolutionaries such as Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing, as some students said? 19 1 1 Is the sudden outbreak a historical accident?
In fact, the Revolution of 1911 was the result of the intensification of various contradictions in modern China society and the long-term tenacious struggle of the people of China, which had profound historical inevitability. Will the revolution happen anytime and anywhere? The answer is no. Comrade Lenin, the great revolutionary mentor, once pointed out that there would be no revolution without the revolutionary situation. He once summed up three characteristics of the revolutionary situation: first, the lower classes could not live as usual; Second, the upper class cannot rule as usual; Third, the revolutionary enthusiasm of the masses has been greatly improved. China in the 20th century already had these conditions. Let's have a look! Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion and the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty" made ethnic and social contradictions unprecedentedly acute. The brutal plunder of imperialism and the brutal oppression of the Qing government, coupled with the constant natural disasters every year, made it impossible for the people of China to live a good life. Where there is oppression, there is resistance! I can't bear it anymore, so I have to "force myself to go to Liangshan". The upper rulers of the Qing Dynasty rebelled and alienated from their relatives, which led to a serious crisis and still ruled as usual. People took actions in succession, taking the forms of resisting rent, taxes, rice grabbing, strikes, anti-foreign religions, excluding Russia, boycotting American loans, recovering profits and protecting roads. As described by Sun Yat-sen, China was full of dry wood at that time. As long as there was a spark, a prairie fire could be started. But the revolution also needs subjective conditions, such as the initial development of Chinese national capitalism at that time and the emergence of new intellectuals in modern times. At that time, many patriotic intellectuals advocated taking the road of improving the revolution, organizing revolutionary groups to carry out revolutionary propaganda and launching armed uprisings. Moreover, it has formed a revolutionary core force such as the League, and revolutionary leaders such as Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing have emerged. When the objective revolutionary situation and subjective revolutionary conditions are mature, the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911 is inevitable. At this time, Sun Yat-sen has been keenly aware that the climax of the national revolution is coming, and people everywhere are eagerly looking forward to the revolution, so he confidently pointed out: "I think that no matter where the provinces start, if they have a foothold, then all provinces will fall behind."
As for the Wuchang Uprising of19110101065438, although it has certain historical contingency, it is also based on the objective situation in Hubei and the long-term hard struggle of revolutionaries. In addition, the first batch of revolutionaries decided to seize the historical opportunity and give full play to their initiative, enthusiasm and dedication, and fired the first shot, which was quickly obtained.
Comments: A thorough analysis of the causes of the Revolution of 1911 is of great help to the research of the subject.
Third, why did the Qing Dynasty perish?
From 1644, the Qing Dynasty ruled China for more than 260 years. There were three prosperous dynasties, Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong, which were once brilliant in the world. Why was this "megatrend" overturned by the Revolution of 1911? At the beginning of the 20th century, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty also elected the New Deal reform. Why can't they save their doom?
19 1 1 year1month 1 1 day, after the rebels occupied the whole city of Wuchang, the first bourgeois regime in China-Hubei military government was established. It takes Li as the commander-in-chief and consists of four departments: military affairs, government affairs, staff and foreign affairs. 191265438+101before the establishment of the Nanjing provisional government, the Hubei military government, as the authority of the central government, had an indelible historical contribution to promoting the upsurge of the national revolutionary situation and finally ending the rule of the Qing Dynasty.
The picture shows the entrance of Hubei military government.
In fact, the downfall of the Qing Dynasty was also the inevitable result of the gradual decline, decay and decline of feudal rule in modern China. From the political point of view, the increasingly decadent feudal system, spy rule, Daxing literary inquisition and so on show that feudal society has to rely on abnormal means to maintain its rule, and this system has reached a dead end. It has seriously hindered the development of social productive forces. From the ideological and cultural point of view, there has been a democratic thought attacking feudal autocracy. Specifically, from the late Qianlong period, the Qing dynasty began to decline from prosperity, especially closed its doors and stood still, so that it fell behind the world trend. After the Opium War, the western powers invaded, superstitious about peace and negotiation, stealing peace, not thinking about changing course, mending after the sheep is dead, and losing the opportunity of reform. Coupled with the heavy blow of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's peasant revolution, the rule of the Qing court was crumbling, and it had to rely on the Han bureaucrats such as Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang to suppress the peasant uprising and set up westernization enterprises, which won the "word-based revival". However, the failure of the Sino-Japanese War soon exposed the corruption and incompetence of the Qing government. When the war on the front line was tight, Empress Dowager Cixi was celebrating her 60th birthday. All officials, big and small, want what gifts to please Lafayette. Can such a government not lose the battle? Treaty of shimonoseki's compensation kept China busy. Guangxu, a rare young emperor, wanted to make a difference and encouraged Kang's new school to carry out a hundred-day reform. The poor reform was killed by the die-hards headed by Cixi only after 103 days, and the last chance of active reform in the Qing Dynasty was lost. 1900, Eight-Nation Alliance captured Beijing, the heart of the country, and signed a treaty of shame and ugliness under the bayonet and muzzle of foreign devils. Empress Dowager Cixi was glad that the powers did not regard him as the "culprit" and continued to save the Qing government. She approved the treaty with satisfaction, and brazenly said that she would "measure China's material resources and win the favor of the country" in the future, which fully exposed the faces of slaves who surrendered and betrayed the country. At this time, the Qing government could not rule as usual under the cloud, so it had to start the New Deal of the Qing Dynasty. Many measures were the main reforms of the reformists in those days, and they cannot be simply dismissed as "fake reforms" or "political fraud". However, at this time, the rule of the Qing Dynasty was hopeless after all. It has neither the conditions nor the ability to complete the reform task. Therefore, the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty not only failed to save the Qing Dynasty, but intensified contradictions and accelerated the collapse of the Qing Dynasty. If the New Deal measures needed a lot of money, the Qing government cleverly set up various departments to increase taxes and miscellaneous taxes, and the officials who handled it took the opportunity to embezzle, squander and enrich themselves, and the people were miserable. The foreign students of the New Deal School and the new army trained happened to be grave diggers in the Qing Dynasty. In particular, although the rulers of the Qing Dynasty announced that they would prepare for constitutionalism, they refused to give up their vested interests and powers, repeatedly rushed to extend the constitutional period, and even set up a "royal cabinet" in a perverse way, which made the constitutionalists who tried to maintain the Qing government's political power by constitutionalism completely disappointed and turned to revolution. After the fraud of "preparing for constitutionalism" was exposed, the constitutionalists began to split inside. At the same time, the centralization of the royal cabinet also led to the division within the ruling group and the alienation of Han bureaucrats, and the Qing government was in unprecedented isolation. After the Wuchang Uprising, the Qing court was unable to suppress the revolution, so it had to rely on Yuan Shikai, the leader of the Beiyang warlord who held the military power. Yuan Shikai, an ambitious man, took the opportunity to "force the official" and forced the Queen Mother Yulong to announce the abdication edict on Xuantong's three-year calendar1February 25 (now191February 2), and the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China for 267 years, finally.
Comments: The demise of the Qing Dynasty is the inevitability of the revolution.
4. Why did the Nanjing Provisional Government die young?
1 91265438+1October1The Republic of China was born, and Sun Yat-sen became the first interim president of the Republic of China in Nanjing.
654381October 3, the Provisional Senate approved the list of ministers, and the Nanjing Provisional Government was formally established. This is a bourgeois revolutionary regime in which revolutionaries play a leading role. The provisional constitution of the bourgeoisie and the Constitution of China were adopted, and a series of decrees were promulgated in favor of the bourgeois national rights and the development of economy, culture and education. Lenin therefore highly praised Sun Yat-sen as "a comrade worthy of being a great propagandist and activist in France at the end of the eighteenth century." (3) He further pointed out that the victory of the Revolution of 1911 not only made the people of China "wake up from a deep sleep and move towards a bright movement and struggle", but also "liberated Asia and destroyed the rule of European assets", which is of great world significance. Unfortunately, this revolutionary regime only existed for more than three months before it died.
Sun Yat-sen issued a statement on June 22nd 19 12, saying that as long as Yuan Shikai was in favor of the abdication of the Qing emperor, he would resign and make way for Yuan. Therefore, after Yuan Shikai filed a lawsuit in February 12, forcing the Qing emperor to abdicate, Sun Yat-sen submitted his resignation in February 14. 10 In March, Yuan Shikai took office in Beijing. 1 April, Sun Yat-sen officially dismissed from office. On April 2, the Senate decided that the government of the Republic of China would move its capital to Beijing and become the Beijing government controlled by Yuan Xingkai, the leader of the Northern Warlord. 19 1 1 The Nanjing Provisional Government, the product of the Revolution of 1911, died less than 100 days after its establishment.
Why did Sun Yat-sen give way to Yuan Shikai? In the process of studying history class, some students emphasize that objective reasons are forced to give way, while others emphasize subjective reasons to give way actively. In fact, from a historical point of view, I think Sun Yat-sen's abdication is the result of a combination of complex factors. For example, Yuan Shikai's carrot and stick, the pressure of imperialist powers, the overthrow of the old constitutional bureaucrats, the differences within the revolutionaries, and Sun Yat-sen's fantasy, compromise and strategic thinking about Yuan Shikai, etc. Later, Sun Yat-sen said, "My resignation was a huge political mistake, and its political consequences were just like what would happen in Russia if Colta, Rondennikov or Frangeul went to Moscow to replace Lenin." (5) He also said, "Once upon a time, it was already. This compromise is indirectly reconciled with imperialism, which is the root cause of the failure of the revolution. " So we can't leave the historical environment at that time and ask Sun Yat-sen for help.
The deeper reasons for the premature demise of Nanjing Provisional Government are the incompleteness of revolutionary theory, the imperfection of revolutionary organization, the inadequacy of mass mobilization and the lack of understanding of the importance of revolutionary political parties and regimes. Some people even advocate that "the revolutionary army rises and the revolutionary party disappears", and some people advocate the establishment of the Republic of China, which leads to the seizure and loss of political power, the overthrow of emperor autocracy and the emergence of warlord autocracy. Nevertheless, from the perspective of historical dialectics, the Revolution of 1911 made democracy and ideas deeply rooted in people's hearts. Whoever wants to go against the historical trend and restore the monarchy will surely bring about his own destruction, and will also open the floodgates for China's modernization.
Comments: The failure of the revolution is caused by many reasons.
Five, the main reasons for the failure of the Revolution of 1911 and the practical significance of the historical enlightenment of the Revolution of 1911.
The revolution in Shanghai failed, and the "Republic of China will exist forever" as expected by Sun Yat-sen did not appear. ⑦ After that, the society should take industry and commerce as the competition point and open up a new situation for new China. The failure of the Revolution of 1911 was mainly due to the economic and political weakness of the bourgeoisie in China. They lack enough courage to oppose imperialism and feudalism, dare not and can not put forward a clear anti-imperialist and anti-feudal battle program, and even fantasize about compromising with revolutionary enemies and realizing bourgeois democratic politics. I also think that the historical enlightenment of the Revolution of 1911 to our contemporary cross-century youth is that we must conform to the historical trend. As Dr. Sun Yat-sen pointed out, "the world trend is vast. If it is smooth, it will be prosperous, and if it is contrary, it will die. " Only by clearly understanding the historical trend of China and the world in the 2nd/Kloc-0th century, such as China's reform, opening up and modernization, national reunification and national rejuvenation, and the peaceful development of the world, is the general trend. Only by following the historical trend, studying scientific and cultural knowledge hard, taking rejuvenating China as its own responsibility, advancing with the times, and pioneering and innovating, can we become a young man in the forefront of the times, and let today's China quickly enter a well-off society and stand in the east of the world.
General comment: The Revolution of 1911 greatly inspired people and proved that a revolution must have various preconditions to succeed.
References:
(1) Sun Yat-sen's letter to Zheng Zesheng (191August/year1day), anonymously compiled by Prime Minister's Ink, page 48.
(2) From "My First Half Life", written by Ai Xinqiao Luo Fu Yi, P45 line 13, 1 edition, March 65438.
(3) Democracy and Populism in China, Selected Works of Lenin, Volume II, People's Publishing House 1972, p. 424.
(4) the newborn China, the complete works of Lenin, vol. 18, p. 395; The Sixth National Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party ("Prague") and the Complete Works of Lenin, vol. 17, p. 457.
⑤ Letter to the Russian Soviet Socialist Ministry of Foreign Affairs (192 1 August 28th), Selected Works of Sun Yat-sen, Volume 435.
⑥ The original "Declaration of the First National Congress of the Chinese Kuomintang" (1924 1 23rd) was printed and published, and kept in Haibei Library in northern Tibet (see Selected Works of Sun Yat-sen, Volume 2, page 52/kloc-0).
⑦ Sun Yat-sen: Republic of China, new york Independent Magazine, 19 12 September. English is quoted from Chen Fulin: Three Works of Sun Yat-sen Published by Americans (Independent Magazine) and Sun Yat-sen's Historical Materials and Historical Research, Taipei, 1975, p. 334.
⑧ From Paris to the military government of the Republic of China, I hope to send a telegram to the President as soon as possible (191year1month 16), Volume III of Complete Works of Sun Yat-sen, Taipei,/kloc-
Pet-name ruby The Biography of Sun Yat-sen is still in the Ming Dynasty, with the first edition in March 1979, 176 pages.