Characteristics and writing requirements of scientific papers;

Scientific papers are similar to ordinary scientific articles in accuracy, vividness and image, but as scientific papers, they have their own special attributes.

A scientific paper must have the following characteristics and meet the following writing requirements.

1) innovation or originality. The main research results reported in scientific papers should be those that predecessors (or others) did not have. Without new ideas, viewpoints, results and conclusions, it is not a scientific paper.

The innovation degree of scientific papers is relative to the existing knowledge of human beings. For a certain paper, its degree of innovation may be larger or smaller, but it must always be original, which will always play a certain role in enriching the treasure house of scientific and technological knowledge and promoting the development of science and technology. ? First proposed? ,? Found it for the first time? Of course, it is a valuable research result, after all, there are not many; Innovation on a certain issue, development at a certain point, should be within the scope of innovation, but it is basically repeating the work of others, even if it is really the author himself? Research? What did you get? The result? , but not in the innovation. In practical research, there are many topics to introduce, digest and transplant existing advanced science and technology at home and abroad, and apply existing theories to solve practical problems in this region, this industry and this system. As long as it is effective in enriching theory, promoting production development and promoting technological progress, papers reporting such achievements should also be regarded as a certain degree of innovation.

Due to the requirements of innovation, the writing of scientific papers should not be equated with textbooks (handouts), experimental reports, work summaries, etc. Teaching materials introduce and impart existing knowledge, and the main readers are laymen and beginners. Therefore, they attach great importance to systematicness, integrity and continuity, and their writing methods should strive to be gradual, simple and easy to understand. The experimental report or work summary requires the experimental process and operation, as well as data, or what work was done, how it was done, what achievements and shortcomings, and what experiences and experiences were reflected in detail, even if they were repeated by others. Of course, it is undeniable that some experimental reports or work summaries are also innovative. Scientific papers report the author's own research results, so the research content, basic knowledge, some general and specific experimental processes and operations or mathematical derivation, relatively simple analysis, etc. should be deleted, or only briefly explained and explained. At the same time, the original materials should be sorted out, selected and improved to form new viewpoints, new understandings and new conclusions.

For scientific papers, originality is not enough, it is only a necessary condition for writing and publishing every paper.

2) Theory or scholarship. Theoretical means that a scientific paper should have certain academic value, which has two meanings: a. The results obtained by experiments, observations or other means should be analyzed and summarized from a certain theoretical height to form a certain scientific point of view, including putting forward and solving some problems with scientific value; B to put forward your own scientific opinions or questions, you should use facts and theories to demonstrate and analyze or explain logically. In short, you should raise practice to theory. The writing process of scientific papers is essentially a process in which the author deepens his understanding and scientific abstraction on the basis of practice. Only in this way, the discovery or invention reported in this paper has not only practical value, but also theoretical value, that is, academic value; Therefore, it is far from enough to write a paper, if it only shows that a practical problem has been solved and some technology and method have been described. Scientific and technical personnel engaged in scientific research, especially engineering technology research, should attach importance to and learn to be good at summing up and improving in theory, and strive to write scientific and technological papers with both innovation and theoretical value.

3) Scientific and accurate. When a paper is innovative and theoretical, it can only be said qualitatively that it has the most important thing of a paper, and it must be scientific and accurate in the specific research and writing stage.

The so-called scientific nature means to correctly explain the special contradictions of the research object, respect facts and respect science. Specifically, it includes correct arguments, necessary and sufficient arguments, rigorous argumentation, logical reasoning, reliable data, reasonable processing, accurate calculation, repeated experiments, objective conclusions and so on.

The so-called accuracy refers to the closeness of objective things, that is, the movement law and nature of the research object, including concepts, definitions, judgments, analysis and conclusions, accurate and appropriate estimation of one's own research results, and realistic evaluation of others' research results (especially in comparison) to avoid one-sidedness and exaggeration.

4) Normality and readability. The purpose of writing scientific papers is to exchange, disseminate and store new scientific information for others to use. Therefore, scientific papers must be written in a certain format and have good readability. In terms of written expression, the language is required to be accurate, concise, fluent, clear-cut, structured and rigorous. In terms of technical expression, it includes the use of terms, numbers and symbols, the design of charts, the use of measurement units, the description of documents and so on. , should meet the requirements of standardization. The loss of standardization and readability of a scientific paper will seriously reduce its value, and sometimes even make people doubt whether the reported research results are reliable.

Writing and publishing scientific papers has the following significance:

1) Writing scientific papers is an important means for scientific and technological workers to carry out scientific and technological research. When some of our scientific and technological workers accept scientific research tasks, they often think that what they accept is justice? Project 1? The task is scientific research; In fact, what should they think they are accepting from the beginning? Two projects? Scientific and technological workers should establish such an idea about research and writing. Faraday said it well. Development, research and publication? It can be seen how important writing and publishing are for a scientific and technological worker.

Many authors often regard writing papers as the final stage of research, so they often hear them say: Don't write until the project is finished! ? Actually, writing a thesis is not for? Work? 、? Pay the bill? , not just for publication; The writing of scientific papers is a means and an important part of scientific and technological research. The best way is that the beginning of research is the beginning of thesis writing, that is, don't wait until the subject is completed, but write at the beginning of research, because it is better to think about a more complicated problem with the help of writing. Writing is to record the process of thinking one by one with words and symbols, visualize it on paper, facilitate repeated thinking and deliberation, make floating, abstract and chaotic thinking clear, concrete and orderly, and make thinking more detailed. If writing runs through the whole research work, while studying and writing, we can find out the shortcomings of the research work in time, supplement and correct the ongoing research, and make the research results more perfect; At the same time, it is also possible that sudden writing inspiration leads to significant improvement of the research plan, thus ultimately improving the level and value of the research results.

2) Publishing scientific papers can promote academic exchanges. British writer Bernard Shaw said: If you have an apple and I have an apple, let's exchange it, then you and I still (only) have an apple each. But if you have an idea, I have an idea, and we communicate with each other, then each of us will have two ideas. ? Writing and publishing scientific papers is a permanent record of the exchange of scientific ideas among scientists and technicians, and it is also a history of science. It records the process of exploring the truth, and records all kinds of observations and research results, while scientific and technological research is a continuous work connecting the preceding with the following, and the end of one research may be the starting point of another. Therefore, scientific and technological workers' academic exchanges in the form of writing and publishing papers can promote the popularization and application of research results and contribute to the prosperity and development of scientific undertakings.

3) The writing and publication of scientific papers is conducive to scientific accumulation. Writing scientific papers is a written storage activity of information. By writing and publishing papers, the transmission of information will transcend the limitation of time and space, and the research results will be preserved as documents, which will become an important part of the scientific and technological treasure house, providing scientific and technological knowledge for contemporary and future generations and being enjoyed by all mankind. The whole history of human science and technology is made up of such waves.

4) Publishing scientific papers is an important channel for discovering talents and an important basis for assessing the professional achievements of scientific and technological workers. The publication of a paper may make a previously unknown scientific and technological worker be discovered and reused, which is a large number of examples in the history of science and technology and today. The quantity and quality of published papers is an important index to measure the knowledge level and professional level of a scientific and technological worker, and it is also an important basis to assess whether he can be promoted to a degree or technical position.

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