[Edit this paragraph] It shows that it is an important job to show a problem to everyone after we have studied it. Here we will introduce the general format and matters needing attention of the important part of scientific research with specific examples. Of course, to write a good paper, it is not enough to make such a simple introduction, but also to write and practice more by yourself.
With the development of science and technology, more and more scholars set foot in the field of academic paper writing. So how to write academic papers, what are the requirements and formats of academic papers? Here is a brief introduction to the writing of academic papers, hoping to be helpful to your paper writing. [Edit this paragraph] (1) Title (title) 1. Title of the paper format: (with signature attached below) Requirements are accurate, concise, eye-catching and novel.
The title of the paper is the first important information related to the scope and level of the paper, and it also needs to consider specific practical information, which can help to select keywords, compile titles, indexes and other secondary documents and provide retrieval. The topic of the paper is very important and must be carefully chosen. Some people use the following sentence to describe its importance: the title of the paper is half of the article. The requirements for the title of the thesis are: accurate and appropriate; Short and pithy; The extension and connotation are just right; The requirements for striking these four aspects are as follows.
1. Accurate and decent
The title of the paper requires accurate expression of the content of the paper and appropriate reflection of the scope and depth of the research. Common faults are: too general, the topic is not deducted. The key problem is that the topic should be closely related to the content of the paper, or that the content of the paper should match and be closely related, that is, the topic should be deducted and the article should be deducted. This is the basic principle of writing a thesis.
Concise and clear
Try to use fewer words in the topic and choose words carefully. As for how many words meet the requirements, there is no uniform hard and fast rule. It is generally hoped that the title of a paper will not exceed 20 words. However, we should not blindly pursue fewer words and affect the proper embodiment of the topic in content. When there is a contradiction between the two, it is best to use more words and express them as clearly as possible. If the short title is not enough to show the content of the paper or reflect the nature of a series of research, it can be solved by positive and negative titles, and the specific experimental materials, methods and contents can be supplemented by adding negative titles, so that the titles are rich, accurate and not generalized.
3. The extension and connotation should be appropriate.
Extension and connotation belong to the concepts in formal logic. The so-called extension refers to every object reflected by a concept; The so-called connotation refers to the reflection of the unique attributes of each conceptual object. If we don't consider the logical application of extension and connotation when putting forward a proposition, there may be fallacies, at least it is inappropriate.
stand out
Although the title of the paper is in the first eye-catching position to attract readers' attention, there is still the problem of whether the title is eye-catching, because the words used in the title and the content expressed are eye-catching, and the effect is far from the same. Some people made a statistical analysis on the titles of some papers published in 36 public medical journals 1987, and screened out 100 wrong titles. Of the 100 titles with errors, 20% belong to improper omission errors; 12% belongs to improper use of prepositions. Errors in using prepositions mainly include:
① When the subject is omitted or the first personal pronoun fails to express its meaning, the preposition structure is not used, so that the auxiliary word component is mistaken for the subject;
② Do not use prepositions when necessary;
(3) Use when prepositional structure is not needed. 1 1% is the main fault; 9% belongs to improper use of coordinate relationship; Improper use of words and sentence confusion account for 9% respectively, and other types of errors, such as lengthy titles, inconsistent titles, repetition and ambiguity, also occur from time to time. [Edit this paragraph] (2) The author's name and unit belong to the issue of paper signature. One is to show the responsibility of writing, the other is to record the author's labor achievements, and the third is to facilitate the contact between readers and authors and document retrieval (author index). It can be roughly divided into two situations, single-author papers and multi-author papers. The latter is listed as the first author and the second author in the order of signature. It is important to adhere to the attitude of seeking truth from facts, and list those who have made the greatest contribution to research work and thesis writing as the first and second authors, and so on. It is also convenient for readers to contact the author by indicating the author's unit. [Edit this paragraph] (3) Abstract Papers generally have abstracts, some for international communication, and foreign language (mostly English) abstracts. It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments or annotations. Its function is to enable readers to obtain the necessary information without reading the full text of the paper.
The abstract shall include the following contents:
① The purpose and significance of this study;
(2) the main content of the study, which shows what has been done;
(3) The basic conclusions and research results highlight the originality of the paper;
④ The significance of the conclusion or result.
Although the abstract of the paper should reflect the above contents, the text must be very concise, the content should be fully summarized, and the length is generally limited to less than 5% of the words in the paper. For example, a 6000-word paper usually has an abstract of no more than 300 words.
The abstract of the paper does not need to list examples, talk about the research process, use charts, give chemical structure and make self-evaluation. The common problems in writing the abstract of a paper are as follows: 1. Plagiarizing the subtitle (table of contents) or the text of the conclusion part of the paper; Second, the content is not centralized and the text is too long.
In order to facilitate international communication, many papers need English abstracts, especially in colleges and universities. The content of English abstract is the same as that of Chinese abstract, including four parts: purpose, method, result and conclusion. But English has its own characteristics, and the most important thing is that it often takes up a long space when translating from Chinese to English. If you describe a paragraph with the same content in English, it may take up twice as much space as Chinese. Therefore, writing English abstracts should pay more attention to conciseness and conciseness, and strive to provide the most important information in the shortest space. First, carefully screen the information you have, and the content that does not belong to the above "four parts" does not need to be written in the abstract. Second, the content of the "four parts" should also be properly selected, so as to be concise and comprehensive. For example, "purpose" has been preliminarily defined in most titles. If there is no deeper purpose, there is no need to repeat it abstractly. Another example is "method", and some methods may have become routine methods abroad. When writing an English abstract, you can only write the name of the method without describing its operation steps one by one.
The consistency of Chinese and English abstracts mainly refers to the consistency of contents. At present, there are two misunderstandings about this issue. One is that the contents of the two abstracts are "almost enough", so it is easy to delete the key contents of the Chinese abstract or add the contents not mentioned in the Chinese abstract at will, which is easy to cause the center of gravity of the abstract to shift or even deviate from the theme; Secondly, it is considered that English abstracts are hard translations of Chinese abstracts, and every word of Chinese abstracts is not omitted, which often makes English abstracts appear tedious and repetitive, and it seems to be protracted. English abstracts should strictly and comprehensively express the contents of Chinese abstracts, and you can't add or delete them at will, but that doesn't mean you can't change a word. Specific writing methods should follow the rules of English grammar and rhetoric, conform to the norms of English professional terms, and take care of English expression habits.
Choosing appropriate tense and voice is the premise of making abstracts conform to English grammar and rhetoric rules. Usually, the tense and voice of the predicate verbs in the abstract are not uniform, and should be changed according to the specific content, otherwise it will easily lead to confusion in understanding. But this change is not irregular, and there are some laws as follows:
1. Tense: Generally, it can be summarized as follows.
1) describes the research process and mostly uses the simple past tense.
2) In the research process, the past perfect tense should be used to describe what happened before this process.
3) Use the present perfect tense to illustrate the achievement of a topic.
4) When the beginning of the abstract indicates the contents reported or described in the text, and the end of the abstract indicates the author's opinions and suggestions, the simple present tense can be used.
2. Voice: In most cases, the passive voice can be used. However, in some cases, especially when expressing the opinions of the author or related experts, the active voice is often used, and its advantages are distinct and powerful. [Edit this paragraph] (4) Key words are one of the key words. Subject words include not only keywords, but also narrative words of unit words and title words.
Keyword is a new vocabulary of information retrieval language, which is used to describe the theme of literature and give information retrieval. It is precisely because of its appearance and development that it is possible to computerize information retrieval (computer retrieval). Keywords refer to words or phrases that distinguish things by the characteristic relationship of concepts, express in natural language, have collocation function and accurately express the dynamic semantic conceptual relationship between words.
Keywords are keywords that mark the subject content of document construction, but have not been standardized. Keywords are words or terms selected from papers for document indexing to express the main contents and information items of the full text. A paper can choose 3~8 words as keywords.
The general selection method of keywords or subject words is:
After writing the paper, the author looks at the full text and finds out the information or words that can express the main content of the paper. These residences or words can be found and selected from the title or content of the paper. The selection of the last three keywords supplements the main content information that the title of the paper fails to express, and also improves the conceptual depth involved. Need to choose, together with the keywords selected from the title, to form the keyword group of this paper. [Edit this paragraph] (5) Introduction Introduction, also known as preface, belongs to the introduction part of the whole paper. Its writing contents include: reasons, purposes, background, previous work and knowledge gap, theoretical basis and experimental basis, expected results and its position, role and significance in related fields.
The text of the introduction should not be lengthy, the content selection should not be too scattered and trivial, and the wording should be refined to attract readers to continue reading. There is no rigid and uniform regulation on the length of introduction, but it needs to be determined according to the size of the whole paper and the needs of the content of the paper. It can be as long as 700~800 words or 1000 words, or as short as 1000 words. [Edit this paragraph] (6) The text is the main body of a paper, which belongs to the main body of the paper and accounts for the largest length of the paper. The creative achievements or new research achievements embodied in this paper will be fully reflected in this part. Therefore, this part requires substantial content, sufficient and reliable arguments, strong arguments and clear themes. In order to meet this series of requirements, at the same time, in order to achieve the purpose of clear hierarchy and clear context, the text is often divided into several large paragraphs. These paragraphs are called logical segments, and a logical segment can contain several natural segments. Each logical paragraph can have an appropriate title (subtitle or subtitle). Paragraphs and division should depend on the nature and content of the paper. [Edit this paragraph] (7) Reference [serial number]. Author. Title [M], place of publication: publishing house, year, page number.
[serial number]. Author. Paper name [J], journal name, year, volume (issue), starting and ending page numbers [edit this paragraph] (VIII) Carrier types and their identification of electronic documents With the acceleration of China's informatization process, the adoption of electronic documents has gradually increased, and the standardization of their marking methods has also been put on the agenda. According to the relevant provisions of the "China Academic Journals (CD-ROM Edition) Retrieval and Evaluation Data Specification" issued by the General Administration of Press and Publication, we now put forward the following requirements for contributions:
The reference marks of electronic files such as 1. database, computer program and electronic bulletin have the following two letters:
Electronic file type database computer program electronic bulletin electronic file type identification. The carrier types of electronic documents and their identification
For electronic documents with non-paper carriers, when citing them as references, the carrier type should be indicated in the reference type.
The specification uses two letters to indicate the types of electronic document carriers: magnetic tape) MT, magnetic disk) DK, CD-ROM) CD, online) OL, and the following formats indicate the types of references including the types of document carriers:
[File Type Identification/Carrier Type Identification]
Such as: [db/ol]-online database online.
A database on tape.
[m/CD]- CD monograph
[CP/DK]- Disk software (computer program on disk)
Online serial
[EB/ol]- The electronic pull-up board is online.
For example: [1] Wang Mingliang. On the progress of China academic journal standard database system engineering [DB/OL]. Literature website,1998-08-16/1998-10-04.
Traditional literature with paper as the carrier does not need to indicate the carrier type when it is cited as a reference. [Edit this paragraph] IX) Format requirements of the content 1. The writing order of graduation thesis format is: title, author category, author name, instructor name, Chinese abstract and keywords, English abstract and keywords, text and references.
2. The header of the schedule in the graduation thesis should be written at the top of the table and centered; The titles of the attached drawings should be written at the bottom and center of the drawings. Number tables, charts and formulas according to the order in which they appear in the paper.
3. The writing format of references in graduation thesis is strictly in the following order: serial number, author's name, book title (or article name), publishing house (or periodical name), publication or publication time.
4. Font of paper format: all kinds of titles (including "references" titles) are bold; Author's name, instructor's name, abstract, key words, chart name and reference content are in italics; The text in the body, chart, header and footer is in Song style; English uses Times New Roman font.
5, the font size of the paper format: the title of the paper is in the third font, centered; The first-level title is in font number four; Small four fonts are used for secondary titles and tertiary titles; Headers and footers use small five fonts; Others use font number five; The chart name is centered.
6. Print the page number of formatted text, with the bottom centered.
7. Paper size for paper printing: A42 10× 297mm.
8. In the page setup option under File Options, select the default number of characters for "Character/Line"; The margins are set to top: 3 cm; Bottom: 2.5 cm; Left: 2.8 cm; Right: 2.8 cm; Binding line: 0.8 cm; Location of binding line: left; Header:1.8cm; Footer 1.8 cm.
9. In the paragraph setting option under the format option, select 0 cm as indentation, 0 point as spacing, 1.5 times as line spacing, select (none) as special format, blank as right indent adjustment, and blank as grid for determining line height according to page setting.
10. Header: The header must be set from the abstract page to the last page of the paper. Header content: graduation thesis of Chinese language and literature major of Zhejiang Radio and TV University, centered, No.5 Song font size, underlined under the header.
Footer: Starting from the main part of the paper (introduction or introduction), pages are compiled continuously with Arabic numerals, and the method of page numbering is: page number ××× page number × page number × page number × page number × page number × page number.
The front part is written separately from the Chinese title page.
Font and spacing: the graduation thesis font is small four, the word spacing is set to standard word spacing, and the line spacing is set to a fixed value of 20 points.