2, Copernicus, Kepler, challenging the geocentric theory.

Einstein challenged Newtonian mechanics and put forward the theory of relativity.

4. Planck challenged classical mechanics and put forward quantum viewpoint.

Thomas Young Newton once proposed in his Optical Paper that light is composed of particles. In the next hundred years, people's understanding of optics almost stagnated until the birth of Thomas Young, who became a key to uncover the truth of optics and pointed out the direction for later researchers.

Yang didn't bow to authority, so he wrote a paper, but the paper had nowhere to be published and had to be printed into a booklet. It is said that "only one copy was printed" after publication. Yang bravely fought back in his paper: "Although I admire Newton's name, I don't think he is always correct. I am sorry to see that he will make mistakes, and his authority sometimes even hinders the progress of science.

1609, Galileo made an astronomical telescope (later called galileo telescope) and used it to observe celestial bodies. He discovered the unevenness of the lunar surface and drew the first map of the lunar surface himself. 161065438+17 October, Galileo discovered four moons of Jupiter, which provided conclusive evidence for Copernicus' theory and marked the beginning of its victory. With the help of a telescope, Galileo also discovered Saturn's rings, sunspots, the rotation of the sun, the profit and loss phenomena of Venus and Mercury, the balance between the moon and Zhou Yue on Sunday, and the fact that the Milky Way is composed of countless stars. These discoveries ushered in a new era of astronomy. To commemorate Galileo's achievements, people named Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto as Galileo satellites.

Galileo wrote the Star Messenger, letters about sunspots, dialogues between Ptolemy and Copernicus, talks about two new sciences, mathematical proofs and testers. Studying Galileo provides enlightenment for Newton's first law and Newton's second law of motion. He attaches great importance to the importance of mathematics in the application of scientific methods, especially the degree of conformity between physical objects and geometric figures! He also overturned Aristotle's words. He is good at asking questions and won't stop until he gets to the bottom of it. Many senior students are often embarrassed by his questions.

Galileo was the first scientist to introduce experiments into mechanics. He determined some important mechanical laws through the combination of experiment and mathematics. 1582, after long-term experimental observation and mathematical calculation, he got the isochronous law of pendulum. Later, he dropped out of school on 1585 due to family financial difficulties. When he left the University of Pisa, he deeply studied the works of ancient Greek scholars Euclid and Archimedes. He wrote his first paper entitled "Balance" based on the principle of lever and buoyancy. Soon after, he wrote a paper on gravity, which revealed the essence of gravity and center of gravity for the first time and gave an accurate mathematical expression, so he became famous at one fell swoop. At the same time, he questioned many viewpoints of Aristotle.