Animal welfare

Colin Spedding

two

Spedding, Colin, 2000. Animal welfare. Earth scan bar. Stirling, Virginia Limited,

United States of America

About the author: Sir Colin Spedding has been devoted to animal welfare for many years. He served as

Chairman of the Farm Animal Welfare Council, 10, is currently a member of the University of Reading in the UK.

Honorary professor, and served as the acting chairman of the people's sick animal Dispary.

Chapter II What is animal welfare and why is it important?

Chapter 3 Caring for all animals-or just some of them.

The fourth chapter is the essence and seriousness of welfare problems.

Chapter V Standard Requirements

Chapter VI Organizations Concerned with Animal Welfare

Chapter VII Improving Animal Welfare

Chapter VIII Necessary Actions

Chapter IX Future Issues of Animal Welfare

Chapter 10 Reflection, Theme Integration and Conclusion

Appendix 1 BFF and WSPA's suggestions

Appendix II Major Animal Welfare Organizations

Appendix III Important Chronicles of Animal Utilization, Animal Rights and Animal Welfare

Appendix IV Animal Protection Law

Appendix V Introduction to Animal Protection Law

Appendix VI Detailed Rules for the Implementation of Animal Protection Law

Appendix VII Animal Husbandry Law

Appendix VIII Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

organization

World Animal Network

WSPA World Association for the Protection of Children

animal

world animal protection

World Trade Organization World Trade Organization

Protection Strategy of Wzcs World Zoo

The first chapter is introduction.

"The degree of human civilization can be judged by how we respect and treat living things."

(Fan Weifen)

First of all, the most important thing is to understand the definition of animal welfare (see Chapter 2). Obviously, if I

Children use the same words for different things, and even if they want to discuss it, it is difficult to make progress. They only emphasize happiness.

Personal opinion, it is difficult to have any results.

It is best to have a definition acceptable to the public, but this does not stop some people from opposing it.

It will try to persuade others to accept his point of view.

Even so, if there is a definition that everyone agrees or can be accepted by society, it is

It can be the focus of discussion and can also describe the goal of improvement. After all, people are interested in animals.

In different countries, people's attitudes, views and emphasis on animal welfare will change with time.

There will also be great differences between home and region.

For example, in Britain, the public's attitude towards fighting bears, cocks, dogs and dogs changes with the times.

And there is an obvious change, that is, the attitude towards serving horses, pets and livestock has changed greatly.

The focus of recent debate is the hunting of wild animals, and it is harmful to eliminate too many animals.

Animal control, and animal feeding and management methods in farms, zoos and circuses.

This problem varies greatly in different countries.

In the third chapter, we discussed which animals we should care about in Britain and other countries.

If we treat people, our care will not be confined to our own villages, towns or countries. It's for the best.

It is possible to find out why we should care (see chapter 2) and understand the nature and scope of its problems.

(See Chapter 4). For example, there are more chickens than cows, and wild animals (some species) are killed on the highway.

More people are killed than killed, more people are killed than freshwater fish, and so on. Will these facts affect?

How should we care?

In any case, we must understand this problem. Is it because it covers many animals?

This is a problem. If so, is it because more animals are more important?

For an animal suffering from pain, this will be a recurring problem, whether it is just one or thousands.

An animal in a movie seems to be suffering that must be solved no matter why it happens. For animals,

What matters is the degree, scope and duration of the pain. Therefore, the most important question to understand is: exercise.

Whether things suffer, can we determine how we can see whether there are signs or tests that can make them?

Is it the same for different species?

2

For some important points, different species must be different. For example, if a hen doesn't.

Laying eggs in a nest is painful, but for a steer or a ewe, no nest is not painful. In other words,

In other words, the inability to express natural behavior patterns is a cause of pain and happiness, but it is different in different things.

Species may be different, and the same species may be different in gender, size and age.

Therefore, it is necessary to list standards for different animals, not only general items, but also

There should be detailed differences. Chapter 5 discusses the necessity of these standards. Setting standards requires a lot of information.

News, some need scientific research, some need the result of practical experience, because the standard is to seek truth from facts.

Evidence as the basis. Some people think that it is obvious when animals suffer, sometimes it is obvious. But sometimes,

It doesn't have to be like this. Herbivores such as cattle and sheep have evolved to be invisible.

Showing pain, this is to make predators who observe their behavior unaware of their weaknesses. On TV.

Antelopes can often be seen jumping high in the world, as if telling predators, "leave me alone, I'm here."

Very sensitive and difficult to capture. " Therefore, we may not notice the signs of pain because we can't see them.

The pain of animals. Humans have different degrees of tolerance for pain.

Obviously, we must be alert to the misunderstanding of "putting ourselves in someone's shoes" and don't believe when we do something for someone.

Animals feel the same way when things are depressed. Obviously, we can't assume that we have any disease.

So do animals. We don't know that it can feel it, nor do we know that it can't feel it.

So keep an open mind and judge according to all possible evidence.

Unfortunately, evidence may be scarce and difficult to obtain. In many cases, we may not want to

In order to present substantial evidence, necessary experiments were carried out. Fortunately, unbound animals are evaluated painlessly.

Rapid progress has been made in physiological and behavioral responses.

Many times, we just need to see and believe that the goat that falls from the tower does not need support.

Evidence (no experimental evidence is needed) tells us how unbearable the pain is. flat

In this obvious example, we should also be very careful to ask how much we know about the suffering of animals. this is not

It is not painful to doubt it, but for less obvious situations, our inference will be clearer.

Remember, for very small animals, such as ducks and mice nesting in trees, it is not dangerous to fall from a height.

This is a problem. In the first example, as it happens in nature, the duckling falls to the ground and runs away.

In fact, the smaller the animal, the larger the surface area per unit weight, so it can effectively affect the air resistance.

Force. If we want to land safely, we use parachutes to increase air resistance.

When you really doubt whether animals will suffer, you'd better deal with it with a positive attitude, if you think

Don't do it if it may cause unacceptable pain. Although suffering is a part of life, it is also similar.

The word "unacceptable", no matter how suspicious it seems, is still necessary. The delivery may be.

There is considerable suffering, and animals struggle to establish a ruling class system, right or wrong.

For a herd of cows or a herd of male deer, it is equally painful.

For wild animals, we should not deliberately interfere with their lives. Predators are like prey.

To survive. But if we disturb them, we should be responsible for their happiness. If we were in the swimming pool.

three

Showing dolphins, we often don't know how it interferes with them. But it's also a

What we can know without evidence, such as using a too small pool. When we know that we should establish a standard,

Yes, how should it be implemented? Who will carry it out? Who did what?

This is the scope of the problem to be discussed in Chapter 6.

Because there are too many things to do, Chapter 7 and Chapter 8 discuss how to improve animal welfare.

Who will carry it out? Many people don't know what they can do or actually don't know what to do.

I just don't think they can make any changes. This is not the case with any consumer animal products.

Some people can refuse to buy products that are abused or have bad welfare behavior in this process. Like those who pay.

People who pay to go to the circus or watch bears dance can skip it.

Fortunately, individuals are not completely isolated. There are at least 6000 animal welfare organizations in the world, working together.

The good deeds done are impressive. Some set up stray dogs and cats, and some save wild animals.

In order to avoid being persecuted by natural disasters and wars, some people help animals cope with disasters caused by environmental pollution (such as

Seabirds polluted by oil), some lobbied the government to amend the law (all in Chapter 6). Each regiment

Members are welcome to join, and they also need support in various ways.

Therefore, everyone can contribute to the welfare of animals, including persuading others that citizens have the obligation to come.

Promote animal welfare. By nationals, I mean people who belong to human society (that is, towns, cities, provinces, countries or countries)

International organizations), not only accept the rights given by society, but also should bear due obligations. In other words,

It is said that a person can lose state rights, but if he seriously violates social norms, he should also be deprived.

Yes Rights and obligations may be related to age, gender, status, wealth and many other conditions.

Close.

Broadly speaking, rights and obligations usually have some characteristics (see table 1. 1).

Table 1. 1 Characteristics of State Rights and Obligations

Entitled rights and obligations

Formulating laws that can affect their countries is helpful to discuss national decision-making and administration.

You can enjoy speech, action,

Freedom of belief and association

Abide by the law and exercise freedom under its norms

Avoid infringing on the rights and freedoms of others

Seeking to change the law (in an appropriate way) is related to treating people, animals and the environment.

Behavior of

Therefore, the performance of the whole society is constructed through the rights and obligations of citizens, which also includes such things as

How to treat animals?

four

These obligations related to animal welfare are not difficult to define in general terms (see table 1.2), but

It is quite difficult to explain in detail, so some subsequent chapters are for this purpose.

Discuss problems, difficulties and possible solutions. Many people can enjoy animal welfare.

People feel this problem strongly, but people may have different views.

However, even though many people are very excited about the treatment of animals, most of us are not.

The law tolerates some societies that do not care about animal welfare at all, but we must accept the existence of these societies.

Reality and the fact that some people still believe that they are right.

Table 1.2 National Obligations for Animal Welfare

1 obey the law

2 high standards of personal integrity

Persuade others to raise standards (which may not be needed in the foreseeable future)

Sponsor and participate in intellectual seminars (whether public or private)

5 learn (or help others learn) the knowledge needed to complete these obligations.

But if every citizen has the obligation to be a member of society, how can he tolerate these things?

Was the previous situation satisfactory? Are there enough organizations fully supported in this regard? Actually.

Is there any need for further action? If so, what further clear actions are needed?

However, new welfare problems may arise in the future, and we may be able to monitor the development and obstacles of their causes.

Don't say that. The ninth chapter discusses the possible problems of animal welfare in the future.

Finally, in chapter 10, I summed up the conclusions I got when I wrote this book, not necessarily at the beginning.

This was discussed, but it finally confirmed my intuition that the well-being of all different kinds of animals should

Should be treated equally. However, some conclusions can be drawn soon. For any region and people, for

Caring for animals and animal welfare should be the same, but human cognition and feasibility are not.

In fact, not all countries have the same conditions, and so do the nature and seriousness of the problem.

Different (Chapter 4), how much can be done is different. Of course, richer countries can help.

Help foreign countries deal with animal welfare issues, but this must be done with caution. In less affluent countries, animals

The improvement of well-being may not be allowed economically. For example, we must know those who train and perform the bear dance.

There may be no other means of earning a living to support the family.

These reasons are the same, but there are other reasons why you can't take care of your own well-being.

Choosing examples to illustrate this point is in danger of being too localized and narrow, resulting in a biased status quo.

Materials, also can't describe the whole world animal welfare situation. And it won't achieve anything.

It is helpful, because it is best for every country to evaluate its current situation.

five

But if I want to give an example, I am still worried that it will create an unbalanced or biased impression, just like a certain one.

Some countries (or industries) do worse or better than others. This is not only because it is impossible to make such a judgment,

This is also unfair: some countries are better or worse than others in some aspects. So, I personally have it.

With limited knowledge and based on other people's experience, I gave examples to illustrate the problems and reasons, but I hope not.

I want to draw an unfair conclusion because of my choice.

When we want to take action, we must determine the problem and then determine the feasible and effective solution.

People feel the deepest and try their best to explore the facts of the problem, which is not necessarily the best way to establish the true image of the problem. they

It may even be more difficult to make an effective solution. Stand up and say, "this is a problem, it is."

"Unacceptable" means having a strong and clear sense of ethical mission, but knowledge is the symptom that determines the problem. "

Knowledge and clear thinking are necessary to realize effective solutions.

The purpose of this book is not to tell you what to think or do. It provides the necessary information.

Information and help you think these questions clearly, and then let you decide these two things for yourself.

To participate in a movement to improve well-being in the future, we must have some confidence and hope in its feasibility.

I hope others will struggle with you, but the most important thing is to have clear thinking, confidence, hope and clear thinking.

Understanding is very important, and the most important thing is to be clear and considerate.

abstract

1 The theme of animal welfare is to avoid suffering and reduce suffering when it cannot be completely avoided.

Citizens have rights and obligations, including taking care of people affected by them and their lives.

The welfare of animals in society.

six

seven

Chapter II What is animal welfare and why is it important?

What is animal welfare and why is it important?

"I haven't seen any complicated problems. When we handle it properly,

It will make things more complicated "(paul anderson)

Definition of animal welfare

According to the encyclopedia of animal rights and welfare.

Animal welfare, David Frazier thinks the dictionary is defined as "being in good condition or living".

In or doing well "and" good or satisfactory living conditions ".

Satisfied living conditions ",so well-being is related to the quality of life of animals. As for how?

What is a more accurate definition of a sample? It may depend on how we decide to give animals a good life.

Quality, what is important?

There are three main views on animal welfare. Some people emphasize the feelings of animals.

Animal), so the animal's sensory state (feeling or emotion) is the quality of life.

key Therefore, a high level of well-being must be that animals can feel comfortable, satisfied and lead a normal and happy life, and

And reasonably avoid long-term or severe pain, fear, hunger or other unpleasant state. The second type

It emphasizes the physiological function of animals, so animals should live healthily, grow and reproduce normally, and

Diseases, injuries, malnutrition and abnormal behaviors and physiological states can be reasonably avoided. The third key point

"Natural life", and that animals should be raised in a more natural environment, so that they can develop.

The ability to adapt to nature. Although these three views are generally similar, there are still many differences.

Animal husbandry usually accepts the second view, because most of them can meet the needs of the current operation mode and industry.

The demand for production efficiency often goes against the principles of the first and third viewpoints.

Animal welfare, whose English term should be welfare or well-being, has also been debated.

Hugh, some people use' welfare' to represent the state of animals, and' welfare' is a broader society.

And it can be said that animal welfare is the core issue of animal welfare. some

People use' welfare' to represent the long-term good condition of animals, while' well-being' represents the short-term condition.

Conditions, especially the feelings of animals, so painful vaccination will improve animals.

Welfare, but this is not conducive to his happiness. In Europe, only animal welfare is usually used.

Welfare, because traditionally, they are in the literature of ethics and science, as well as in legislation or animal welfare groups.

Weaving, all use this noun. In America, we use welfare because of the term welfare.

Let them have the feeling of political hot potato. But many people still put this according to the general dictionary.

Two nouns are used as synonyms in circulation.

eight

Colin Spedding(2000) thinks that animal welfare is usually defined as that animals are in good condition.

A state of happiness in which the most basic needs of animals can be met, and

Let it suffer the least. This is a general term, although we know roughly what it means.

Thought, but in detail, it covers many different explanations. Beauty, truth and freedom are the same.

We often use these nouns, but we must also know your views on' beauty' and' truth'

It's hard to agree. Obviously, such nouns are subjective. Some people think that something is happy.

It is necessary, but some people disagree. Some people are used to unbearable situations.

Even the same person has different views on this kind of happiness in different physical and mental States. Therefore,

When it comes to animal welfare, we can only ask to meet the most basic needs, which will be less difficult for individuals.

Your preferences, habits or ambitions are so different.

The same applies to animals. It is better for a fat dog to eat toffee than for a Liu Li dog to eat toffee.

Is it okay for children who are fat but have cavities to eat sugar? It's no use asking dogs or children! Too right

There must be some objective standards for the behavior of individuals or caring for others (see Chapter 5). "all

The doctrine of the mean applies to everything. "This is a good reason to determine the standard beyond basic needs."

Then, the individual's special needs (or hopes) can only rely on personal choice and discrimination.

Box 2. 1 The most basic needs of animals

active

Adequate and easily available suitable food (i.e., food that meets the nutritional and health needs of animals and is suitable for

The teeth, jaws, beaks and digestive tracts of animals are presented in a digestible and delicious form.

Supply enough clean fresh water, and the water temperature is suitable for drinking and bathing (if necessary).

Suitable climate (such as temperature, humidity, wind, air quality and illumination 1, etc.). ) and plane (such as ground conditions)

Conditions, bed surface and habitat). This may refer to a barn or shelter.

Sufficient space and rich environment make animals able or more willing to show their unique natural behavior patterns.

Type, let it live healthier.

Moderate contact with other animals.

Negative; Negative; Negative; negative

Free from fear and urgency and enjoy the normal life of this species.

Avoid physical abuse, cuts and pain.

No disease or injury.

Free from predators and parasites.

Avoid damage, such as excessive exposure to sunlight.

1 Light is very different from other parameters, but it is extremely important. Animals' needs for light vary greatly.

Complex, such as light quality (wavelength, natural light such as sunlight, synthetic light), light quantity (light intensity), sunshine length (quantity)

Dark forms) and changes in distribution (so animals can seek needs at different times). Some animals like to live in the dark.

So there is no satisfactory way to show this animal.

nine

What are the basic needs of animals? Because there are individual subjective cognitive differences, so we should set them down.

Objective criteria. This basic demand can be divided into positive demand and negative demand, such as food, which is positive.

Physical injury is negative. Table 2. 1 is based on these simple classifications. Its standard is similar to "home"

The Farm Animal Welfare Committee (fawc) recommends that domestic animals and poultry.

"Five Freedoms" (see Table 2. 1 and 2.2). However, although the purpose of raising livestock and poultry is different from its process and

Finally, being slaughtered is the main reason. Why can't the same standard be applied to other animals?

(Like pets), it seems meaningless.

Table 2. 1 five degrees of freedom

Free from hunger and thirst, 1 You can easily get fresh water and food and keep completely healthy.

And vitality

Free from discomfort and provide appropriate environment, including residence and comfortable rest place.

Protect from pain, injury or disease, and provide preventive or rapid diagnosis and treatment measures.

Free and normal behavior, and provide enough space, appropriate equipment and similar partners.

Freedom from fear and urgency ensures that situations and treatments can avoid psychological pain.

Table 2.2 Responses to Five Freedoms

Based on the concept of five freedoms, FAWC believes that people who raise livestock and poultry should follow the following points:

1. Take good care of animals and plan and manage them responsibly.

2. Proficient in animal husbandry management, with sufficient knowledge and conscience.

3. The design of the environment should be very suitable (such as the environment of animal husbandry management).

4. Be considerate when handling and transporting animals.

5. Humanitarian massacre.

Because no animal can live forever and death is inevitable, we should consider the animals we keep.

The end of life, but wild animals have nothing to do with us. Many domestic animals were killed at an early age.

Slaughter, early death, but so do many wild animals. If they don't die early,

It may also suffer from disease, injury, exposure to bad weather, parasites or hunger. "Nature"

Death is usually not very pleasant (see box 2.2 for the discussion of the word "nature").

10

Obviously, if killing animals is our decision, then good happiness means painless death. this

It is difficult to be harmless, and it is difficult to imagine a kind of "well-being".

Box 2.2 Discussion on the word "nature"

"Nature" is often considered acceptable, even good, but please think about it.

Know that this is not true. Many of the deadliest venoms are completely "natural"; Fleas used to be natural.

It is parasitic on the human body, and even the most horrible disease can't really be described as unnatural.

What is natural in some cases may be considered "unnatural" in another case.

From the beginning, the necessary behavior was described as "normal", but the word "nature" was sometimes used.

However, this does not mean that this is a good or beneficial behavior. The words "natural" and "normal" are

It is used to describe the unique behavior of a species and the welfare of animals when it can't show this behavior.

Is being hurt.

Many "natural" or "normal" human behaviors are totally unacceptable, including

Cruel treatment of others (people and animals), abuse, corruption, immorality and injustice. Need children.

Be a "good" person and don't act unfriendly or antisocial. Pets have also been stopped from behaving a little bit.

Normal behaviors, such as cat scratching, dog biting, attacking people and other animals, excreting in uncomfortable places and in public places.

* * * Local mating, and many other "natural" behaviors. This also shows two important features:

1 Behavior in early life may affect later behavior.

For example, chickens had no habitat in the early days, and later moved to "habitat" or "big birdcage"

The henhouse may not know how to use the perch. In fact, they may be hard to find on the platform.

To feed and drink water. Others are also related to the influence of early behavior (such as sand bath behavior) on feather pecking in the future.

We can accept training animals early in life to adapt to the future living environment.

For domestic livestock and poultry, they are genetically selected, so it is also necessary to reduce bad behavior through selection.

A very acceptable practice.

For example, chickens can be selected to reduce or increase pecking behavior. But it should be used with caution, because it may

Related to other traits. This choice will adapt the chicken to the modern crowded henhouse.

In terms of pets, dogs are often trained in the early stage, and cats are rare (because there are few bad behaviors).

Other animals are almost impossible. Ponies are usually called companion animals, not pets.

The concept of making animals behave better through genetic selection seems attractive, but it is not.

What's the new invention? For a long time, we have cultivated a special kind of dog because of its proper behavior.

Do not have aggressive and gentle breeds, or breeds that are particularly good at tracking, hunting or grazing cattle and sheep.

1 1

Fraser and Bloom (1990) defined animal welfare as "animals must deal with (the response is right.

Box 2.3) Environmental conditions ". Webster (1994) thinks this definition is a bit "self-righteous".

(self-referential) and defines it as "the happiness of an animal depends on its avoidance and maintenance of pain."

However, this definition focuses on the determinants of well-being, which remains to be defined.

Box 2.3 Discussion on the word "payable"

The word "coping" means that animals have the ability to adapt to or face a situation if it is

Predictability is very helpful. If animals expect an event, they can usually adapt better.

However, if the event will be painful, adaptation is unlikely.

Animals can learn to deal with emergencies, so when the second kind of emergency occurs, the urgency of animals will be reduced.

For example, in order to evaluate the urgency of pigs in transportation, experimental pigs can only be used once (van Putten and

Elshof， 1978)。 The urgency after that is only the first part, because what will happen can already be predicted.

Events. This observation obviously has many interesting applications, but predictability has two functions. For example, pigs can

The sound of someone entering the pigsty is taken as the information of feeding time, and if you don't feed later, it will cause urgency.

There was a great commotion.

The second factor that needs to be dealt with is whether animals have the ability to control or deal with this unfavorable situation. If animals

They can avoid unfavorable situations (hiding or running away) and they can cope better. If he can't cope with this situation,

Just like in an open environment, there is no stimulation at all, and they may have another reaction to relieve stress.

Force, such as stereotype (see box 5. 1). This behavior of repeating fixed actions will lead to

Animals' brains secrete substances similar to morphine, which makes them insensitive to survival and tolerant.

However, this situation has the adverse consequences of addiction. Repeated fixed movements like this often persist after the environment is improved.

inch

One factor that often causes emergencies is the mixing of animals that have never met before; They will fight for construction.

Hierarchy. On the other hand, ethnic groups that have established order are helpful to cope with the new situation.

For example, if you want to catch up with pigs by truck through slopes you have never seen before, you will learn from each other. Why rush after a group of people?

This is why it is easier to chase one animal than another. But you know, sometimes an animal in a group will

Return, this is for personal needs.

Stopping the normal behavior of animals may arouse a sense of urgency, but this need is not necessarily obvious. For example:

1. Cows need to suck, not just fill their stomachs: a calf may suck 2500 times in 24 hours.

Sucking action.

2. Sows not only need to litter, but also need to test their adaptability with intense exploration behavior.

3. Sows like to build nests with enough forage. Without forage, they will feel uneasy.

12

Recently, Ewbank( 1999) raised money for animal welfare in "University".

There is a very useful chapter in the revised edition of UFAW Family Livestock Manual.

After full discussion, he suggested that the word "well-being" should be changed to "health and good state" (health and good state)

Happiness) is more practical.

FAWC believes that happiness can be good or bad, and defines positive welfare.

Because there is no abuse (which is against British law), it is evaluated by five freedoms.

Therefore, positive well-being can be defined as a good state in which the basic needs indicated in box 2. 1 must be met.

In good shape. The difficulty lies in its repeated use of the undefined word "appropriate".

It can be seen that one of the five freedoms is freedom from hunger, which is also a problem (see box 2.4).

Box 2.4 Hunger

Hunger refers to an unacceptable degree of hunger, not a temporary feeling. In the current animal husbandry production,

In fact, some of them are necessary and deliberate food restrictions, which have caused animal hunger and human-scale diseases. But this food restriction or hunger

Whether this treatment should be carried out is still controversial. Here are three examples:

1 broiler breeder

There are 6 million broiler breeders in Britain who produce broilers. These commercial broilers were born at the age of 42 according to their genetic potential.

It can reach the market weight (2.4 kg). This kind of chicken naturally has the same growth potential, but its growth must be controlled.

So that cocks and hens can have proper weight when breeding. Therefore, their feeding amount must be limited, so chickens

Is in a state of hunger. In operation, it seems unacceptable to restrict food excessively and let it eat freely, but it must be provided.

Chickens should be allowed to grow steadily in moderation. If they are not controlled, they will grow too fat, which will not only hinder their reproduction, but also

This has a great influence on their health. Although food restriction is harmful to the health of chickens, it is harmful to their long-term health.

Welfare has a positive effect.

2 Fish culture

Many fish stop eating before ovulation. Because fish are cold-blooded, they eat more at low temperature.

Reduce. Wild salmon and trout often haven't eaten for a long time (such as winter), but when salmon migrate for a long time,

When you return to fresh water, you may stop eating for up to a year.

Three ewes