Steps to draft an outline of an argumentative paper:
1, find an argument and make a conclusion.
(1) Search for arguments according to the topics determined during the examination.
To find factual arguments, we should not only pay attention to historical factual materials, but also pay attention to realistic materials, instead of cherishing the past and the present.
② Extract the central argument and sub-arguments from the argument materials, and screen the arguments according to the arguments.
If the central argument has been initially drawn up during the examination, but it is difficult to find materials to prove the central argument or a sub-argument, it is necessary to re-establish the central argument or sub-argument according to the materials you have mastered. If we continue to use the original central argument or sub-argument, it may make the article look weak because of lack of arguments, and it may also lead to the error that the arguments cannot prove the arguments, and may even be in danger of wrong opinions.
Step 2 set the mode
1. basically adopts the structural mode of syllogism.
There is no fixed method for writing, and both beginners and candidates should learn methods. Candidates should take the simplest way to lay out their compositions, so as to ensure that they can quickly conceive, enter the questions and open the "window" in the examination room and achieve beautiful writing.
⑴ "syllogism" consists of three parts: introduction, theory and conclusion.
Generally speaking, "introduction" is the beginning, which asks the question (topic or central argument) "what is it"; "Ontology" is an ontological part, so we should analyze the question of "why". "Conclusion" is the last part, which aims to solve the problem of "how to do it".
(2) There are three criteria for establishing a good structural framework:
① The "Three Theories" (introduction, theory and conclusion) are complete and the structure is complete.
(2) The layout is compact, the paragraphs are clear, and the upper and lower parts are naturally connected.
③ The full text is smooth at the beginning and the end of the paragraph echoes. Focus on the argument.
Although the "syllogism" model basically standardizes argumentative writing and argumentative writing, writers can still create various structural models to express their thoughts on the basis of syllogism.
2. There are four hierarchical relationships in this part: total score, juxtaposition, contrast and hierarchical relationship.
(1) coordination relationship
Several sub-arguments are juxtaposed on an equal footing, and each paragraph can be placed at the beginning, with sentences such as "from the perspective of …" and "from the perspective of …". If the order of these arguments were reversed, there would be no logical confusion. However, arrange several sub-arguments in parallel. There must be a certain order.
① order of importance
For example, the order of "primary and secondary" can be placed at the beginning of each paragraph, and words are used to indicate the order of "first" and "second" or "first and second" respectively.
Case-centered argument: Only by developing team spirit to show personality can we show team characteristics and personal charm.
Argument 1: First of all, individuals should give full play to team spirit, so that the team can win unanimously and individuals will be more confident and attractive.
Sub-argument 2: Secondly, the team should provide a useful place for individuals to display their complementary personality advantages, so that the team can be unique and full of vitality.
② Time sequence
The events discussed in several parallel arguments are chronological, and the writing order can be arranged in chronological order.
Central argument: You can have your cake and eat it, and you should have both fashion and classics.
Sub-argument 1: Classics are enriched by the inheritance of fashion.
Sub-argument 2: classic nutrition-rich fashion.
③ The order from simple to complex
Some sub-arguments at the same level are easily accepted, so we can say them first; Some arguments need more arguments to be accepted, but they need to be discussed later. This is in line with people's cognitive law.
Central argument: ordinary people are proud.
Argument 1: Ordinary people are not necessarily mediocre.
Argument 2: Ordinary people can be proud.
⑵ Progressive relationship
The relationship between deepening and advancing step by step at all levels has strict requirements and cannot be changed casually.
There are often signs indicating progressive relations between paragraphs, such as "not only that", "moreover" and "even".
There are three hierarchical relationships:
(1) The development order of things
Several arguments reflect the different stages of the development of things, so they are arranged in the order of the development of things.
Central argument: Try again and the door to success will open to you.
Sub-argument 1: failure is often the end of the attempt;
Argument 2: Retrying is often the end of failure.
② Progressive sequence
Several sub-arguments demonstrate the central argument from the outside to the inside, from the shallow to the deep.
Central argument: smile and compete, walk hand in hand, which is win-win wisdom.
Argument 1: Competition dances on the shoulders of virtue.
Sub-argument 2: Competition smiles in the arms of cooperation.
(3) The order of breaking before standing.
The previous arguments deny some practices respectively, and the last argument points out the correct practices.
Central argument: the road to science, democracy and legal system is the broad road to enriching the country and strengthening the people.
Sub-argument 1: Feudal superstition restricts the creation of creativity and blocks the road to strengthening the country through science.
Sub-argument 2: Anarchy infringes on the legitimate rights and interests of the people and blocks the road to enriching the people and strengthening the country.
Sub-argument 3: Democracy, legal system and science are the three magic weapons to help us move towards the road of enriching the country and strengthening the people.
There is a parallel relationship between argument 1 and argument 2, and there is a hierarchical relationship between argument 3 and the first two arguments.
⑶ Contrastive relation
This is actually a parallel relationship, that is, comparison and reasoning from both positive and negative aspects. This is a simple, easy-to-operate and quick-acting writing method, so it is common for beginners to use this writing method.
Central argument: Holding high the torch of honesty makes people feel warm.
Sub-argument 1: light the fire of honesty, and your surroundings are warm and bright.
Sub-argument 2: Put out the fire of honesty, your front is cold and bleak.
(4) Total score relationship
Include a total score, a total score or a total score.
The relationship of juxtaposition, hierarchy and contrast is the hierarchical relationship between arguments. In the general relationship between total score, total score and total score, the general part is a general statement or summary of argumentative arguments. In sub-arguments, it should be noted that there is still a parallel, hierarchical and contrasting relationship between several sub-arguments, so the order of sub-arguments must be arranged well.
3. Hierarchical relationship between parameters at the same level
Arguments at the same level are often juxtaposed or contrasted. But you can also use the writing method of "always writing-close-up" or "close-up-separate writing".
3. Prepare highlights and set details.
The theoretical part of the argumentative essay is a detailed part, in which the factual arguments and their analysis and comments are detailed. But there is more than one argument used. We should write vivid examples in detail and briefly summarize the familiar classic examples. This combination of details can make examples rich and informative without bothering to say anything.
The best places to set highlights are: title, inscription, beginning, end, beginning of paragraph, end of paragraph, transitional sentence paragraph and key paragraph.
Argument is the soul of the article, so it is very important to regard the central argument and the sub-argument as the eyes of the article, that is, as the highlights of the article.
Several main discourse structure patterns and outlines of argumentative essays or argumentative essays
The most common argumentation structure arrangement and the "five-step method" and "four-step method" in the argumentation process.
1. "Five Steps": Demonstration-Demonstration-Transition-Re-Demonstration-Conclusion
Step 1: Make an argument-make a central argument, or just make a topic.
The second step: demonstration-the demonstration of "standing, swinging, discussing and concluding"
(1) "Li", conception, put forward a sub-argument, and take care of the central argument.
2 "pendulum", put forward one or two factual arguments or theoretical arguments.
(3) "Discuss" arguments, analyze and comment arguments, and demonstrate argument one.
(4) An overview of anaphora's "knot" and argument 1.
Step 3: transition-connect the front and the bottom.
(1) This part can be placed at the end of the "argument" paragraph, at the beginning of the "re-argument", or written as a separate paragraph.
(2) During the transitional period, arguments of "argumentation" and "re-argumentation" can sometimes be put forward. That is, summarize and reveal the sub-arguments in the previous part; Put forward the next part of the argument. In this way, the transitional text is generally divided into paragraphs or placed at the beginning of the "argument" part.
③ "Transition" can be a complex sentence or a paragraph.
In the transitional period, relevant words are selected according to the hierarchical relationship between "argument" and "argument again". The sentences that can be used are "both" ... and (also) ... ","on the one hand ... on the other hand ... "(coordinates)," not only ... but also "(progress)" although ... but "however" (turning point).
Step 4: Re-demonstrate-demonstrate "standing, swinging, discussing and concluding" again.
That is, put forward the second argument, put forward one or two arguments, discuss and analyze the arguments, and summarize and take care of the second argument.
Step 5: Conclusion-Summarize the full text, reiterate the central argument, and put forward what to do.
If the argumentation part only raises the topic, then most of them raise the central argument at the end.
2. "Four Steps": argumentation-argumentation-argumentation-conclusion
If both the "argument" and the "re-argument" parts use the same sentence at the beginning of the paragraph to lead to different arguments, or use the same sentence pattern to present arguments or arguments, then there is no need for a transitional paragraph, which we will explain in detail in the next chapter.
The general model of argumentative or argumentative discourse structure.
The manifestations of structure can be divided into logical structure expressing thinking form and textual structure expressing language form.
Writers generally form logical structure first, and then form textual structure; Readers generally understand the text structure first, and then sort out the logical structure.
Logical structure mainly refers to the reasoning form of proving arguments with arguments. Such as causality, induction, deduction and analogy. This is described in detail in the section "Arguments and arguments". Here are some common text structures and their outline modes.
From the position of the central argument, there are generally four types of common structural modes of argumentative writing:
1. The most common pattern is to put forward a central argument at the beginning.
2. The mode of putting forward the central argument in the conclusion is also a common mode.
3. The way to show the central argument in the title.
4. Put forward the central argument of the middle transition part of the article.