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abstract:

Coaches should master some knowledge of sports biochemistry principles in track training, combine these knowledge with their own training practice, carry out scientific training, and finally realize the qualitative improvement of track athletes' sports ability.

Key words:

Sports biochemistry; Sports training; Track sports;

I. Introduction

Exercise biochemistry is a branch of biochemistry, which studies the chemical changes of human body during exercise, that is, the characteristics and laws of substance metabolism and its regulation, and applies these laws to physical exercise and various sports training. The ultimate goal of all kinds of sports training is to improve sports ability through scientific and reasonable methods, so we must follow and apply the laws in sports biochemistry in sports training, so as to truly achieve scientific training and stimulate athletes' sports ability to the maximum extent. As a widely developed sport, track and field events are competitive in addition to mass physical exercise, so it is very important to improve the athletic ability and performance of track athletes from the perspective of sports biochemistry in track training.

Second, the principle of biochemical energy supply for track training events

(1) Main events of track and field events

Track training is a kind of track and field sports, which mainly calculates the results by time. Common ones are 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 800 m, 1500 m, 3000 m, 5000 m, 10000 m, marathon, 3000 m steeplechase,1000 m hurdles. 4×100m relay, 4× 200m relay, 4× 400m relay, etc. Some projects will be completed in about 10s, such as 100m, and some will take several hours, such as marathon and 20km walk.

(2) The principle of biochemical energy supply for track events.

Energy supply in track sports mainly comes from three major energy supply systems of human body, namely, protophosphoric acid system (ATP-CP), lactic acid energy supply system (glycolysis) and aerobic metabolism energy supply system. It mainly involves the decomposition and synthesis of a high-energy phosphate compound (ATP) in human cells to release and absorb energy. ATP, also known as adenosine triphosphate, is hydrolyzed by specific enzymes to produce adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphoric acid (Pi), and at the same time, it releases a lot of energy to achieve the purpose of energy supply. At the same time, ADP and Pi will be converted into ATP when they absorb energy. The principle is as follows: 1. ATP-CP energy supply: ATP content in human muscle cells is very small. During strenuous exercise, the maximum energy supply time of human ATP is about 2m, and the subsequent energy supply mainly depends on ATP regeneration. At this time, the high-energy phosphate bond hydrolysis of intracellular creatine phosphate (CP) provides energy for ADP and Pi, which causes ATP regeneration and re-energy. However, the content of CP in human body is also very small, which can only be maintained at 6-8m, and the total energy supply time is generally within 10m. For example, the main biochemical energy supply principle of 100 meter running project is ATP-CP energy supply. 2. Energy supply of lactic acid energy system: the energy supply after ATP-CP mainly depends on the anaerobic fermentation of glucose and glycogen (producing lactic acid) to release energy to synthesize ATP, and ATP and ATP hydrolysis continue to supply energy, which can last for about 2-3 minutes. For example, the 400-meter running project mainly relies on glycolysis to realize energy supply. 3. Aerobic metabolism for energy supply: Lactic acid produced by anaerobic glycolysis of muscle cells easily leads to muscle fatigue, so long-term low-intensity endurance exercise mainly relies on energy released by glucose, fat and part of protein aerobic decomposition to realize ATP regeneration and energy supply. For example, marathon and 20km race walk are mainly powered by aerobic metabolism. 4. In actual exercise, there is no single energy supply system, but with the change of exercise conditions, the energy supply time, energy supply sequence and relative proportion are different, and there is no synchronous energy supply.

(C) the impact of track training on ATP-CP

1. Track training can obviously improve the activity of ATPase. 2. Track speed training can improve the activity of creatine kinase, and then improve the conversion rate of ATP and the maximum energy output power of muscle cells, thus improving the running speed of track athletes and the recovery speed of CP in recovery period. 3. Track training can obviously increase the reserve of emergency energy substance CP in skeletal muscle, and then improve the energy supply time of ATP-CP. 4. Track training has little effect on ATP content of skeletal muscle.

Third, the implementation and application of track and field athlete training

(1) Implementation and application of sprint and track events within 100 meters (including 100 meters)

Because the main principle of energy supply for 100m sprint is ATP-CP energy supply, in actual training, it is important to improve the CP reserve and ATP decomposition rate of athletes' muscles, realize more power energy output, and finally improve the speed quality of athletes. The method that can be used to improve ATP-CP energy supply system is interval training. The so-called interval training means that after one (group) exercise, the interval time is strictly controlled and the next (group) exercise is carried out without full recovery of the body. Intermittent training has the greatest exercise intensity, and the time for a single exercise (group) should be controlled at 5- 10s, each time (group).

1. Warm-up activities 15 minutes

2. Run 50 meters x 10 (group), with an interval of 35s for each group.

3. Rest 10 minute

4. Run 100 m x 10 group (group) with an interval of 35S.

Relax and tidy up

Note that the interval between each group should be controlled at about 30 seconds, neither too long nor too short. If the interval is too short, the recovery rate of phosphofibrinogen will be too small. At this time, the energy supply will be converted into lactic acid energy supply after exercise again, which will obviously increase the blood lactic acid level, which is not conducive to improving ATP-CP energy supply. On the other hand, if the interval is too long, the fibrinogen will recover completely, but insufficient training density is not conducive to improving ATP-CP energy supply.

(B) the implementation and application of the 200-meter and 400-meter sprint events

The time score of 200-meter and 400-meter sprints is generally 2? 3 minutes, although the energy supply for the first 10 second mainly comes from phosphate system, its energy supply system mainly comes from glycolysis, so the improvement of athletes' 200-meter and 400-meter sprint ability mainly comes from glycolysis. At present, the highest lactic acid training method is commonly used. The so-called maximum lactic acid training method refers to keeping the body in an anaerobic metabolic state for a short time (30s? 60 seconds) to produce as much lactic acid as possible, so that the energy supply ability of glycolysis reaches the highest level and the exercise ability of corresponding exercise is improved. Interval training is usually used for maximum lactic acid training. Studies have confirmed that the 200-meter and 400-meter sprinters run 1min with an interval of 4min. After running for 5 times, the blood lactic acid concentration can be as high as 32 mmol/L, such as the training plan of 200 m and 400 m running.

1. Warm-up activities 15 minutes

2. Run 350 meters during the journey. The gap time is 4 minutes.

3. Supervision activities: walk around the track and field for 20 minutes.

4. Repeat step (2) again.

5. Relax, tidy up and have a rest.

It is worth noting that in the process of exercise, although the accumulation of lactic acid will lead to the fatigue and functional attenuation of the body and affect the exercise ability, a large amount of lactic acid accumulation can stimulate muscles to buffer and adapt to acidic substances such as lactic acid, thus improving the tolerance to lactic acid and further enhancing the energy supply ability of glycolysis.

(3) Implementation and application of track events over 800 meters (including 800 meters)

Generally, the energy supply system of track events over 800 meters is mainly aerobic metabolism, but it is accompanied by phosphorus and glycolysis in a short time before the start of the exercise. Aerobic metabolism energy supply means that carbohydrates, fats and protein are oxidized and decomposed under aerobic conditions to produce carbon dioxide and water and release energy at the same time. Aerobic metabolism requires athletes to have good aerobic metabolism ability, and improving aerobic metabolism ability is closely related to improving the functions of respiratory system and cardiovascular system. The development of aerobic metabolism ability is mainly based on continuous endurance training and altitude training, which can improve the transport and utilization ability of oxygen in the body and improve the quality of aerobic endurance.

Generally, 5000m long-distance running, 10000m long-distance running, half marathon and cross-country running are the main endurance training methods, which can also be supplemented by slow interval running, but in the fast running stage of slow interval running, the heart rate should not exceed 170 ~ 180 beats/min. Besides, there are other ways. Continuous endurance training can increase myoglobin and glycogen in muscle cells, increase the number and volume of mitochondria in skeletal muscle and improve aerobic metabolism.

With the increase of altitude, the oxygen concentration becomes lower and lower. Altitude training is mainly to improve the ATP biosynthesis ability of track athletes under hypoxic conditions. At an altitude of 2000? 2500 meters is the best, and the maximum training effect can not be achieved if the altitude is too low or too high.

Four. conclusion

To sum up, when training athletes, track coaches definitely hope that their athletes can achieve good results, so they need to master certain knowledge and rules of sports biochemical training and conduct scientific training. Make the training have "laws" to follow and avoid aimlessness.

refer to

[1] Xu Yali. A preliminary study on the evaluation practice of sports biochemistry teaching process for sports training majors [J]. Intelligence, 20 16(34):97

[2] Xu Ming. Biochemical problems in sports training [J]. journal of chengdu sport university, 1986(02):94-95.

[3] Ma Zhiyun. Reflections on the teaching of sports biochemistry for undergraduates majoring in physical education [J]. zhanghua, 20 12(22): 188.

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