Academic papers are often quoted from classics, with serious tone and attitude, and there are many "hidden rules" among them, which often confuse beginners. Most professors don't know it, but they seem to know themselves with the human body. There is no fixed method for writing, and the writing is formulated by law; Although there are no necessary norms for writing papers, there are always some principles that can be used to seek Tao and facilitate landing by raft.

First, literature citation, pay attention to strategy.

First of all, one of the characteristics of academic papers is to discuss the pros and cons of right and wrong. In order to have a strong argument, a solid and credible argument and a convincing person, it is necessary to quote a large number of documents in various ways. Its main principles and basic points are as follows:

(a) Introduction, followed by literature, and then explanation, is the basic format of citing literature. (Wang Zhaopeng Manuscript)

The strategies and methods of quoting literature, Professor Wang Zhaopeng thinks these words are very important. At the beginning of writing a thesis, there must be some leading words before it develops into quotation, which are called introduction (or introduction). Avoid being abrupt at first, and don't quote a paragraph without saying anything. It is difficult for readers to enter the world of papers at once. Since it is out of date, I refuse to read the newspaper. Therefore, it is essential to start a period of guidance. Mao Zonggang's "Reading the History of the Three Kingdoms": "There must be a paragraph after it, and there must be a leisure article to quote it; There will be a big article later, and there will be a small article at the end. .....' Lu people will have a relationship with God, and they must first have a relationship with Pangu', and the beauty of the article is the same. "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is written in this way. Mao Zonggang thinks that" watching the snow and listening to the thunder "is wonderful (The Method of Reading the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, originally written by Luo Guanzhong and revised by Mao Zonggang, edited by Chen, Song Xiangrui and Lu Yuchuan, Peking University Publishing House, 1986 edition). It is reasonable to start the discussion with an introduction.

Lead (speech) has its function, in principle, it plays the role of an introduction. Guidance should take into account two aspects: first, lock the meaning of the question, pave the way in advance and seek development, which should be written in the first half of the introduction. If it is the introduction of the first section, then say a few words about the title of the first section. Let readers know what concepts the following paper intends to introduce and what problems to discuss. Second, your eyes might as well aim at the literature to be quoted below and make a looming hint in general. Tell the reader specifically and slightly what to say next in a guiding way. Take out the quotations in a few words, not too detailed, and leave room for the following. The quality or depth of the paper; Professional or ordinary, you can see it in two minutes. As long as you look at the citation, how to choose the topic and judge the quality of the paper, you will probably be inseparable. What beginners need to break through is how to interpret the literature. On the one hand, it is necessary to clarify the essence of quotations; On the other hand, it is necessary to explain the connotation of quotation; Third, we should closely follow the relationship between quotation and title. Other, there are countless "hidden rules", which should be described as follows:

(2) It is a basic principle to quote documents with opinions, and documents with opinions cannot be used. The so-called viewpoint-oriented literature refers to the problem-oriented consciousness to drive away the literature and control the data.

When quoting documents, we should first pay attention to three basic formats: first, there should be an introduction, not too long, so that readers can quickly enter the world of papers; Second, quoting documents is logical and echoes the introduction; Third, literature interpretation, seeking truth from facts, and exploring the value of quotations. Literature citation is the main body, with information dissemination before and theoretical echo after. In short, its basic format includes introduction, literature listing and explanation. How to combine lead, literature and interpretation organically? Wang Zhaopeng suggested Jin Yuyan: "It is not advisable to take literature from a viewpoint." The outline is concise and worth repeating. In today's era of knowledge explosion, the Internet is far away. As long as you are diligent in surfing the Internet, you can find rich and varied literature in China, Taiwan Province Province, Chinese mainland, Japan, South Korea, Europe and America, so there is no shortage of literature. This is the advantage of modern people in learning, and it is also a big dilemma. So much information, how to filter it? How to recruit? How to choose? Because you read too much information, you are often easily kidnapped by information. But I quoted Zhang San, Li Si, Wang Wu and Liu Zhao, but I didn't have much of my own ideas and explanations. The paper is yours, so you should highlight your right to speak. You can't express your opinions from beginning to end, just be the spokesperson and mouthpiece of others. I haven't written the paper yet, so I should have decided which documents to quote to prove my claim. In this case, there has been a unique point of view. Why not speak out firmly and bravely? Because the writing outline has been drawn up, the views of each chapter have been presented. Since everything is ready except writing, we should use problem consciousness to control the literature we see. As Su Dongpo said, the "meaning" of an article is like money: money can buy many things, and it is easy to control material literature by grasping the meaning.

(3) Establishing the problem consciousness is conducive to refining arguments and deepening thinking; It is helpful to ask questions, grasp questions and respond to questions. (Deng Xiaonan's Law of Ancestors-An Introduction to Politics in the Early Years of Northern Song Dynasty, Sanlian Bookstore, 2006)

With the guidance of problem consciousness, all the research materials and second-hand materials will come one after another as evidence and supplement to my point of view. I quote Party A and Party B, not Party D, because Party D's views are not desirable and too shallow. Why do A and B cite more views? Perhaps a's point of view, ignorant, belongs to a forward-looking topic; B opinions are endless, which is worth "continuing" and can be extended. When making judgments, you can see the problem consciousness. The use of problem awareness is to bring out documents with opinions, not to kidnap opinions with documents. Drawing literature from viewpoints can help me by going up one flight of stairs to talk more widely, deeply and widely. Therefore, the theme and problem consciousness of this paper is the commander-in-chief of the three armed forces, and literature is the guest of honor. Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties often said, "I have a master in my heart, and then I can cope with the changes of everything in the world." When writing a paper, you can take out the literature with your point of view, and then I choose the information and decide the point of view. The so-called discourse power of works and papers is naturally rich. With the viewpoint, the literature can be used as evidence of the viewpoint, providing the strength of the argument, and making the argument have subversive value and convincing effect.

The significance of literature citation is not to show off knowledge, but to compare more. Advocating ingenious inventions, but disdaining to establish a hash. Take the problem consciousness as the general, drive away the literature and control the data, so the quality of the literature is high and low, fine and coarse, biased, which is obvious through the balance of views. If the cited materials are not enough to confirm and clarify the views, highlight the bright spots of thinking and strengthen the effectiveness of argument, it is just like Confucius said, "Although there are many, do you think it is ridiculous?" Therefore, we should use opinions to lead to documents, not documents to lead to opinions. To draw an opinion from literature is to be kidnapped by literature and follow others. Lack of problem consciousness will make you feel at a loss when choosing documents. The advantages and disadvantages are fine and thick, and the height is biased, which is obtained by comparison; I have no problem in my heart and I don't know what to do. I read an article and liked one. It seems that every argument is reasonable, desirable and brilliant, so I can only be his spokesman or yes-man. The so-called thesis is to discuss right and wrong, pros and cons, and to be independent, original, experienced and have the right to speak, supported by documents, supported by evidence and explained, so as to make the viewpoint more prominent and convincing. Therefore, we should not use literature to guide ideas, but should use ideas to lead to literature.

The urgent task is to invest in academic research and engage in thesis writing, that is, to establish problem consciousness and form goal orientation as a way to drive away literature and control the judgment and regression of materials. "The establishment of problem consciousness is conducive to the refinement of arguments and the deepening of thinking; It helps to ask questions, grasp questions and respond to questions. " At the prompt of Professor Deng Xiaonan, the author's "Thesis Selection and Research Innovation" has been discussed in a special chapter for readers' reference.

Second, the literature citation and its interpretation methods

When writing a paper, you must quote literature, one of which must be well-founded and can win the trust of readers; Then, prepare evidence that can be used to establish self-assertion; The third is to reveal the problem literature and provide space for refutation and discussion, which is the beginning of establishing the argument. Whatever the reason, citing documents has become an indispensable symbol of writing papers. Now that the key documents have been cited, the following document interpretation will be the main axis and core of the academic project of the thesis writing series, and its success or failure will affect the success or failure of the thesis.

Throughout the writing of literature, history and philosophy papers, there are six ways to interpret and interpret the literature: first, summarize the general idea; Second, highlight the early warning strategy; Third, study the origin; Fourth, touch invention; V. * * * Care; Sixth, to dispel doubts about right and wrong, we must be subtle and meticulous. Accurate, practical interpretation and proper interpretation of documents are related to the quality of papers, so it is necessary to emphasize this cognition. With the introduction, I began to discuss the problem, and then quoted paragraph after paragraph of literature. How to explain that quotation? I emphasize that the interpretation must be accurate and practical, and we can't talk about him at the same time. Is it appropriate to interpret it? Decent and inappropriate? If the paper is properly interpreted, the level of the paper will be high, and it will be excellent. On the contrary, the paper will be poor and low. Next, after introducing the cited literature, we will discuss how to explain the topic.

(A) six methods of literary interpretation

First, cut to the chase and summarize the main idea. This is the most common, simple and basic method. Generally speaking, you don't need too many words, but you should be concise and comprehensive. When learning poetry, ci, ancient prose and ci fu, we must not just translate the vernacular, because that is a summary of the general idea, not the translation of poetry. Academic papers, which belong to restricted reading, are for experts and scholars, not ordinary popular books. People who don't belong to this field usually don't read your paper. Since we are colleagues and well-educated professionals, translation and explanation are free! So the general idea of summing up is to sum up the concept and introduce the center of gravity. Combined with the problem consciousness, the first step of literature interpretation is to interpret literature materials with lengthy narration, clarify the concept of confusion, highlight the core issues and prompt keywords. Summarize the general idea, and the text should be concise and practical.

Second, highlight early warning strategies and emphasize key points. There are many papers written and many quotations, which are dazzling. In a dazzling array of cited documents, readers are often dazzled when they are new here and have no time to get into the situation. What is the focus of the classic police strategy and questions? We should grasp it in time. What are the hidden essence? Why do you want to quote this passage? Of course, because this passage is the focus of the problem and the highlight of thinking, it has both valuable and desirable points. In order to facilitate reading, but also contribute to future discussion and topic development, it is necessary to highlight warning strategies and emphasize key points when interpreting documents. It's like finding a coordinate in a word world with infinite tentacles; In the sea of learning in Wang Yang, a lighthouse appeared to provide guidance. Mastering the early warning strategies and key points is equivalent to finding strategies and tools, so that we can lighten the weight and simplify the complexity, which is conducive to the writing and presentation of the whole paper.

Third, trace the source and investigate the profit and loss of leather. For example, quoting Su Shi's poems with pictures can be compared with Du Fu's poems. Quoting Su Shi's poems about peony can be compared with those of Li Bai, Bai Juyi and Tang and Song Dynasties. Quoting involves taking prose as poetry, which should be compared with the creations of Han Yu, Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi in principle. Su Shi is versatile, able to write poems, write lyrics and be good at fu. If the cited documents are true in nature and appropriate in title, Su Shi's origin can be traced back to the poems chanting things in the Six Dynasties, the poems chanting things in the Imperial Capital, Han Yu, Ouyang Xiu and Zhou Bangyan in the early Tang Dynasty. Perhaps, this poem by Su Dongpo influenced the poetic style of Tongguang poets in Qing Dynasty, so we can make a rheological investigation. Such a literary interpretation is a three-dimensional theory, not a flat narrative. If we just look at the literature directly and explain the problem with linear thinking, it is flat narration. Not only boring, but also superficial. It's best to trace back to the source and explore the evolution of influence. The so-called "distinguishing chapters from meanings and examining the origin of mirrors"

Fourth, by analogy, create inventions. The key problem should be extrapolated and unrestricted. For example, the study of Fei Ming Qu by Wang Zhaojun and Wang Anshi caused a chorus in the Song Dynasty, because everyone wanted to write novel and creative works. From Wang Anshi's Fei Ming Qu, we can think of the whole Song Dynasty, even the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. There are not only many poems, but also many operas. If we can interpret it in this way, readers can immediately share a rich feast, which is a three-dimensional discussion. Then we know that there are more than 800 poems praising Zhao Jun in the past dynasties, and Wang Anshi's Song of the Princess is the best, which highlights the contrast before and after. For example, if we study Tao Yuanming's poems, we will think of Su Shi's series and Tao's poems, as well as Tao's "Hui Ci" and Su Men's and Southern Song literati's works with the same theme. Mastering the context system and comparing with each other can easily draw the advantages and disadvantages, which is helpful for invention. In short, the interpretation of literature pays attention to analogy, bringing together similar cases, themes and styles, and discussing a topic in a three-dimensional way, which makes it easier to have original opinions.

5. * * * When observing, peers are dwarfed. The same period * * *, not necessarily the same period, both the early and late periods are counted. Take Su Shi as an example. His teacher is Ouyang Xiu, his peer is Wang Anshi, and his student is Huang Tingjian. We can compare the figures of the same period. We can put the research object in an era to conduct a comprehensive investigation. What is the collective consciousness of poets in a certain period? Are there any signs of literary performance or academic achievement? The academic orientation of a generation, or the judgment of personal academic value, is obtained through comparison. For example, before, Mei, Wang Anshi and Ouyang Xiu all contributed to the formation of the characteristics of Song poetry. However, judging from the proportion of the quality of the works, Su Shi and Huang Tingjian made the greatest contribution. Therefore, to interpret the literature, we might as well discuss a group of people at the same time. In the process of research, it covers a wide range and has far-reaching influence; After the paper is completed, it will expand the orientation of knowledge and find new academic growth points, and the accumulation of knowledge and experience will become profound unconsciously. Pingxu, like a small country with few people, will never turn in a small world.

Sixth, dispel doubts and doubts and correct mistakes. This seems like a negative behavior, but it's not. Writing a pen to make up for nature is tantamount to recreating Gankun. In the cited literature, if we find predecessors' mistakes, academic unsolved cases, secular misunderstandings, and everyone's doubts, we must explain where the doubts are, so as to let go. The rope overcorrects and refers to the defects wrongly. Re-creation of the works has the functions of correcting audio-visual and refreshing. Interpreting the literature in this way can avoid misleading all beings and delaying future generations, and the academic contribution is naturally significant. Eliminating confusion and correcting mistakes is just like seeing and hearing correctly. Just for the sake of readers, guarding the truth. The cited literature is doubtful, let me explain; I corrected my mistake. The sacred mission of academic research is nothing more than this

The above six methods of literature interpretation are put forward, which can be discussed in detail and explained with confidence, and can become the selling point of research and enhance the credibility of the argument. In addition, Byakki Smoker's strategy of interpreting Chunqiu can also be transformed into the method of interpreting literature when writing a paper, such as:

(2) It is helpful to improve the level of the thesis by comparing things with words, getting to the point of the pulse and achieving theoretical three-dimensional.

Comparing words with things was originally a strategy for ancient scholars to interpret the calligraphy of Chunqiu. Pulse annotation is a term in the sentence of Wen Xin Diao Zhang Long, which shows how the context and structure of the article echo and how the text and meaning interweave. Comparing things means comparing historical things; As an academic paper, it is to list documents and provide evidence. Attributive words are words connected up and down to show the context and highlight the meaning. Confucius wrote Spring and Autumn Annals because he had to resign. When we write a paper, we also focus on the problem consciousness, quote literature, build new evidence, stick rhetoric, highlight the highlights and draw out our experience. For example, when Su Shi was relegated to Huizhou, there was a poem "Peach Blossom Garden in Tao Tao", which claimed that fishermen saw a paradise, not a fairyland. Textual research on Su Shi's poems on paintings, poems on harmony with pottery and inscriptions on Buddhist scriptures during his relegation, and reading Tanjing, Tripitaka and Jiuyin Fu can enrich Su Shi's theory of "building a paradise with the heart". Studying Lu You's "The Draft of Jian Nan Poetry", which contains many reading poems and dream poems, can we use the credit information and interpretation of documents to explore his ideals and reality? If this problem consciousness is established, it will be natural because of things.

Regarding the interpretation of materials and documents, the above six methods are put forward, plus the interpretation method of Chunqiu, that is, "comparing things with words". If we can use each other, compare their facts, connect their words, pay attention to the problem consciousness, and give full play to the subtlety of the subject concept, then the literary interpretation will be exquisite and not thin and dull. It can also be seen that the accurate and practical interpretation and proper interpretation of the literature are related to the quality of the paper.

(Author: Chinese Department of Hong Kong Shue Yan University)