Rose, also known as bean snow red, periwinkle, moon red and so on. Belonging to Rosaceae and Rosaceae. Chinese rose flowers are beautiful, diverse and fragrant. They have been blooming and are deeply loved by people. They were rated as one of the top ten famous flowers in China. At present, the widely cultivated rose is very different from its ancestor China rose, so it is called modern rose for short. It can be used in cut flower production, garden planting and potted plants, and plays an important role in flower gardening. Rose and rose are different species in Rosa, but they are not separated from each other abroad, and are collectively called rose. People in southern China and Shanghai also collectively refer to modern Chinese rose as Chinese rose.
(1) Morphological characteristics and varieties
It is a thorny shrub or vine, climbing. Leaves alternate, odd pinnate compound leaves. Flowers are solitary or arranged in umbrellas or panicles, and most petals are double petals with rich and colorful colors, including red, yellow, white, blue, purple, green, orange, tea, black, medium color and some fragrance. Rose hips.
Modern Chinese rose is a hybrid of China Chinese rose and various Rosa plants introduced into Europe. There are many cultivated varieties, which can be roughly divided into six categories, namely, hybrid perfume rose (ht line), abundant flower rose (F line), strong flower rose (gr line), miniature rose (min line), vine rose (ci line) and shrub rose (sh line). Shrub roses are a huge group, including almost all kinds of roses that cannot be included in the first five categories. There are semi-cultivated original species, old rose varieties and newly bred new shrub rose varieties.
(2) Ecological habits
Rose is more adaptable to climate and soil than other flowers, and can be cultivated all over China.
Although the requirements of Chinese rose on soil are not strict, loose, fertile loam rich in organic matter and slightly acidic soil is more suitable. Sexual preference is warm, sunny, well ventilated and well drained environment. The optimum temperature of most varieties is 15c ~ 26c in the daytime and 10c ~ 15c at night. In winter, when the temperature is lower than sc, it goes into hibernation. Some varieties can tolerate the low temperature of 15c and the high temperature of 35c, but when the temperature lasts for more than 30c in summer, they enter semi-dormancy, and the plants grow poorly. Although it can bear buds, there are few petals, and the color is dull, which loses its ornamental value.
Roses like water and fertilizer, and they can't lose water all their lives, especially from germination to leaf opening and flowering. Adequate water supply is needed when flowering, and the soil should always be moist, so that the flowers will be full and bright. It is not advisable to control too much water after hibernation. Because Chinese rose flowers are constantly sprouting, sprouting, budding and flowering, it is necessary to fertilize regularly in time to prevent the decline of trees and keep the flowers blooming.
(3) Breeding methods
There are two ways to reproduce Chinese rose: asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction is mostly used to cultivate new varieties and sow wild roses to multiply rootstocks. There are cutting, grafting, rameting, layering, tissue culture and other methods of asexual propagation, among which cutting and grafting are simple and easy to operate, and are widely used by people.
1. Logging in the Yangtze River basin is mostly carried out in spring and autumn. Spring transplanting generally begins in late April and ends at the end of May. At this time, the climate is warm and the relative humidity is high. Rooting can take place about 25 days after transplanting, and the survival rate is high. Autumn sowing began in late August and ended at 10. At this time, the temperature is still high, but the temperature difference between day and night is large, the rooting period is longer than that of spring sowing 10 ~ 15 days, and the survival rate is also high. It can also be transplanted in winter, and the branches pruned in winter can be fully utilized. If it can be cultivated in greenhouse, the survival rate is also very high. If there is no greenhouse, southern China can choose to carry out cutting in the open field in a sunny and leeward and warmer environment, but special attention should be paid to preventing dry freezing in management. When cutting, quickly soaking the lower end of cuttings with 500ppm ~ 1000 ppm indolebutyric acid or 500ppm indoleacetic acid can promote rooting. It is best to insert loose loam with good drainage and add 30% chaff ash (by volume). The cutting depth is 65438+ 0/3 ~ 2/5 of the cutting depth, which should be deeper in early spring, late autumn and winter, and shallower in other times.
2. Grafting is the main means of rose propagation. In order to obtain high-quality grafted seedlings, we must first choose the appropriate rootstock. At present, there are wild roses and pink roses commonly used in China. Multi-purpose branch grafting and bud grafting: branch grafting is carried out in dormant period, from February 65438 in the south to February the following year, and before leaf bud germination in the north in spring; Bud grafting can be carried out during the growth period. Management should be strengthened after grafting.
If it is required to breed a large number of specific varieties in a short time, tissue culture can be carried out. Can cultivate a large number of aseptic seedlings that maintain the characteristics of the original species.
(4) Cultivation techniques
There are generally three forms of rose cultivation, namely pot cultivation, ground cultivation and cut flower cultivation.
1. Potted plants are mostly used in indoor small scenes, and the management can be summarized as 10 four-word strategy: loose soil, suitable pot diameter, moderate humidity, thin and diligent fertilization, flower picking and pruning, pest control, frequent outdoor, loosening soil and weeding, stripping rootstocks and buds, and turning pots every year.
2. Ground planting is often used in parks, scenic spots, factories, schools, streets and gardens. Ground planting methods include plane greening and vertical greening. , commonly used in the arrangement of flower beds, flower screens, flower gates, flower corridors, flower belts and flower bars. The most important links in its management are fertilization, pruning and pest control.
(1) Fertilization: It should be carried out after pruning in winter and before germination. At this time, the operation is convenient, and sufficient organic fertilizer should be applied. Roses bloom a lot and need a lot of fertilizer, so it is best to apply fertilizer many times during the growing period. After flowering in May, topdressing should be done in time to promote summer flowering and autumn flowering. Fertilization should be controlled at the end of autumn to prevent the autumn shoots from freezing. When the leaves begin to spread in spring, new roots grow in large quantities, so concentrated fertilizer cannot be applied to avoid new roots being damaged and affecting growth.
(2) Pruning: It is the most important work in rose cultivation, mainly in winter, but it is not advisable to prune it too early in winter, otherwise it will cause germination and be vulnerable to freezing injury. The degree of pruning depends on the desired tree shape. Re-prune the low stems and branches 30 cm ~ 40 cm above the ground, leaving 3 ~ 5 thick branches, and removing all the others. Gao Qian's unique light scissors. The inner branches of the crown need to be thinned. Cut off the dead branches of all pests and diseases. When transplanting larger plants, they should be pruned again. Cut off the pedicels in time after flowering. Rootstocks and tillers of grafted seedlings should also be removed in time, and roses with strong uprightness can be cut into single trunk trees.
(3) Pest control: mainly powdery mildew, black spot, aphids, sawflies, thorn moths, longicorn beetles, etc. , must be controlled.
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3. Cut-flower cultivation of rose is one of the four largest cut flowers in the world. In the Netherlands, the annual output value of cut rose flowers exceeds 200 million US dollars. At present, the demand at home and abroad is huge, and the development of cut rose production has broad prospects.
In the cultivation of cut rose, we should first choose varieties according to market demand, usually ht varieties are the main ones, and we should mainly grasp the following links in cultivation techniques:
(1) Environmental selection and seedling planting: The planting place should be in Gao Shuang with good ventilation. Before planting, deep ploughing and sufficient base fertilizer should be applied. The time to plant seedlings depends on the age, which can be in spring or in the early stage of Meiyu. Set the row spacing of plants. Take a 6-meter-wide greenhouse as an example, and make four beds with a width of 2 meters, each with 2 rows, with a row spacing of 50 cm and a plant spacing of 20 cm. There are slight differences between varieties.
(2) Pruning: Pruning can determine the production date of flowers, the number of flowers per plant and the grade of flowers. The annual yield of general ht varieties is controlled at 18 ~ 25 branches/plant. After flowering, diseased branches, weak branches and degenerated branches should be removed in time, and the plant height should be adjusted appropriately. Keep the second blade below when cutting flowers. In the early stage of germination, the buds should be thinned, and the lateral buds and auxiliary buds on the flower branches should be picked in time to prevent nutrient dispersion.
(3) Fertilizer and water management: cut rose likes fertilizer and water. Water every other day in spring, summer and autumn. It is hot in summer, and furrow irrigation is better. Boil water every five days in winter. Because of frequent watering, the soil is easy to harden, so loosen the soil in time. Fertilization amount, generally 180 square meter greenhouse, can apply 40 kilograms of decomposed dry cake fertilizer, and 5 kilograms of urea can be applied every month in vegetative growth period. At flowering stage, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied more and nitrogen fertilizer should be applied less. Soil planted for three years should be supplemented with trace elements.
(4) Heat preservation in winter: The optimum temperature for cultivating cut rose is 25c during the day and 15c at night, but it is difficult to achieve it in general greenhouses or greenhouses. If the temperature can be maintained at around 10c at night, it can grow normally. A 180 square meter production shed can withstand the outdoor low temperature of 5℃ if three 1000 watt floor heating wires can be hung in the air. When the room temperature is lower than 0c, the buds are easily frozen.