It is the essence of the full text, a summary of a scientific research work or technical practice, and a summary of research purposes, methods and results.

Before the main part, the purpose is to let readers know the content of the paper first, so as to decide whether to read the full text. Generally speaking, this abstract is written after the full text is completed. The number of words is limited to 200 ~ 350 words. The content includes the research purpose, research methods, research results and main conclusions. In other words, the abstract must answer questions such as "what to study", "how to study", "what results have been achieved" and "what does the result show".

Short and pithy is the main feature of academic journal abstracts. Just briefly summarize the research objectives, methods, results and conclusions in 1 ~ 2 sentences respectively.

Abstract, also known as abstract, is an important part of the paper. It aims to provide a summary of the contents of the document and describe the important contents of the document concisely and accurately, without comments or supplementary explanations. It should be self-evident, and it has the same main information as the literature, that is, you can get important information without reading the full text. The abstract is usually placed after the title and at the beginning of the article. After a paper is published, its abstracts are often collected by the literature retrieval system.

It consists of four parts: purpose, method, result and conclusion. The purpose part should briefly explain the purpose of the study, explain the reasons for asking questions, and explain the scope and importance of the study; The method part should explain the basic design of the research topic, what materials and methods are used, how to compare them in groups, the scope and accuracy of the research, how to obtain data and what statistical methods are used; The results part should list the main results and data of the research, what new findings are there, explain their value and limitations, be specific and accurate, and give the credible value of the results and the exact value of statistical significance test; The conclusion part should briefly explain and demonstrate the correct viewpoint and its theoretical value or application value, and whether it is worth recommending or popularizing.

To put it bluntly, the abstract is the skeleton of your article.

Tell you a lazy way: the first sentence is the purpose of writing, that is, the problem you want to solve in this article and the reason for raising this problem, and then it is "This article expounds ... Please remember that the abstract should be about 400 words, not too long.

2. How to write an introduction

Introduction is also called introduction and introduction. The main task of introduction is to outline the basic content and outline of the full text to readers. It can include all or several of the following five contents:

1) introduces the background, significance, development and current level of a certain research field;

2) Review and summarize the literature in related fields, including previous research results and solved problems, and make appropriate evaluation or comparison;

3) Pointing out the unsolved problems of predecessors, leaving technical gaps, and at the same time proposing new problems, new methods and new ideas to solve these new problems, thus leading to the motivation and significance of my own research topic;

4) explain the purpose of your research project;

5) Summarize the main contents of the paper, or outline its general outline.

For shorter papers, the introduction can also be relatively short. In order to shorten the space, you can briefly introduce the importance, significance or problems to be solved in a certain research field in one or two sentences, then review the literature, and then introduce your own research motivation, purpose and main contents. As for the research methods, research results and the components of the paper, they can be completely omitted.

(1) How to write the beginning of the introduction

The main purpose of the introduction (the first layer) is to tell readers what the research field and significance are, what problems the research should solve, and what the current situation or level is.

(2) How to write a literature review

Literature review is an important part of academic papers, and it is the author's summary and comments on the work and research results of others in a certain research field, including his representative views or theories, inventions and discoveries, and methods to solve problems. When quoting other people's research results, you should indicate the source, that is, who, when and where publicly published this research result.

(3) How to write the research motivation and purpose.

After introducing the work and achievements of others in a certain field, the next step is to introduce the author's own research motivation, purpose and content. The research motivation can be introduced from two angles, one is to point out the unsolved problems or knowledge gaps of predecessors, and the other is to explain the significance of solving this problem or filling the knowledge gaps.

After pointing out or implying gaps in the knowledge field, or putting forward questions or assumptions, it is natural to tell readers the purpose and content of this study and what problems to solve, so as to fill the gaps or prove the assumptions put forward.

(4) How to write the end of the introduction

The purpose of the study can be the end of the introduction. You can also briefly introduce the structure of the article and the main contents of each part, which will make the finishing point and let readers know the outline and context of the article.

As for the research results, there is absolutely no need to write them in the introduction. The research result is the most important part of the conclusion.

3. The paper should have a conclusion.

The conclusion of the paper is the final and overall conclusion, not a simple repetition of the summary of each chapter in the paper. The conclusion should be clear, rigorous, complete, accurate and refined. Words must be concise and to the point. If we can't reach an appropriate conclusion, we can also have the necessary discussion without conclusion.

Suggestions, research ideas, suggestions for improvement of instruments and equipment, problems to be solved, etc. Can be put forward in the conclusion or discussion. Don't simply repeat and list the experimental results, but carefully clarify my creative achievements and new ideas in graduation work, my position and role in this field, and the significance of new ideas. The existing problems and shortcomings should be described objectively. We should strictly distinguish between our own achievements and those of others (especially tutors).

4. thank you

In the process of this thesis design, teacher XXX gave careful guidance and guidance to all aspects of the thesis from topic selection, conception to finalization, so that I finally completed the graduation thesis design. In my study, teachers' rigorous academic attitude, rich and profound knowledge, keen academic thinking, working attitude of striving for perfection and tireless teacher style are the models of my lifelong learning, and my tutors' profound and exquisite attainments and rigorous and realistic academic spirit will always inspire me. In these X years, I have also received the care, support and help of many teachers. Here, I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks and high respect to the teachers!

Finally, I would like to thank all the teachers who took time out of their busy schedules to review, comment and participate in my thesis defense.

Example of graduation thesis thank you

I am very grateful to Mr. xxx and Mr. xxx for their guidance in the final study stage of my university-graduation design stage. They gave me patient guidance and selfless help from the initial selection of topics, to data collection, to the writing, revision and finalization of papers. In order to guide our graduation thesis, they gave up their rest time. Their selfless dedication is admirable, and I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to them. At the same time, I want to thank all the teachers and classmates for their guidance and help in the past four years. They taught me professional knowledge, how to study and how to be a man. It is because of them that I can make remarkable progress in all aspects. I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to them, and wish all teachers to cultivate more and more outstanding talents.

Through this stage of efforts, my graduation thesis "XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

In the process of writing this paper, my tutor, Mr. xxx, devoted a lot of efforts, from selecting topics to opening reports, from writing outlines to repeatedly pointing out specific problems in each draft, and strictly checked and persuaded them. I would like to express my heartfelt thanks here. At the same time, I would also like to thank all the teachers who have given me great care and support during my study, as well as my classmates and friends who care about me.

The graduation thesis has come to an end temporarily, which also means that my four-year study and life in XXX University is coming to an end. In retrospect, it is a great honor to spend the most precious time in life under the influence of many knowledgeable and talented teachers on such a campus. In these four years, I have benefited a lot from studying and thinking. In addition to our own efforts, this is inseparable from the care, support and encouragement of teachers, classmates and friends.

The writing of the paper is boring, hard and challenging. XXXX is a hot topic in theoretical circles. Teachers' earnest guidance, classmates' suggestions, and parents' support and encouragement are the driving forces for me to persist in completing my thesis. Here, I especially want to thank my tutor, Teacher xxx. From topic selection, literature collection, frame design, structural layout to the final paper, from content to format, from title to punctuation, she has made great efforts. Without the hard cultivation and hard teaching of teacher xxx, there would be no successful completion of my thesis.

Thanks to all the students in the Department of Economics of XXXX, their communication has benefited me a lot. Finally, I want to thank my family and friends for their understanding, support, encouragement and help. It is because of them that everything I do is more meaningful. It is because of them that I have the courage and confidence to pursue progress.

Due to the rush of time and the lack of professional level, there must be some undiscovered shortcomings and mistakes in the whole paper. Teachers and students who read this article are kindly requested to make more corrections. Please pay attention to the main points in your writing, which will be appreciated.

Firstly, the theoretical framework of the paper.

There must be a theoretical framework when expounding the thesis arguments, especially the thesis with a master's degree or above, which can't just be a list of 12345.

Second, learn to write headlines.

A good paper title should be concise and to the point, and the full-text title should be consistent in style, which also tests your generalization ability and should be paid attention to.

Third, we should pay attention to abstract writing.

After reading some students' academic papers, I found that many students can't write abstracts, perhaps because they don't pay attention to abstract writing? It is very important for papers: it determines whether editors and reviewers will adopt your papers and whether readers will read your papers.

Fourth, the paper should be written.

When middle school students are learning to write argumentative essays, the teacher has repeatedly stressed the need for arguments and arguments. Moreover, it is best to have a clear point of view, have your own unique views, and don't always agree with others' views. Thesis is to express one's own views.

Fifth, pay attention to conclusion writing.

Students often don't pay much attention to the final conclusion writing in their papers, which may be because there is nothing new or they don't pay attention at last, so they end up hastily. But writing a thesis conclusion is a good opportunity to exercise people, which can well reflect your generalization ability and keen judgment ability. And readers generally attach great importance to the beginning and end of the article.