First, the college entrance examination questions are the "clues" to solve problems, which indicate the direction, scope and requirements. Only by reading the stem can we grasp the main points calmly. Looking at the Chinese examination papers of college entrance examination all over the country in recent years, it is not difficult to find some similar "common terms" hidden in the questions. The summary is as follows:
Expression: The common expressions in Chinese are narration, description, discussion, lyricism and explanation.
Writing skills: the narrow sense of writing skills refers to "expression", and the broad sense refers to all writing skills, such as expression, rhetoric, suppression before promotion, symbol, straight to the point, expressing ambition and so on.
Rhetorical devices: metaphor, personification, repetition, exaggeration, parallelism, antithesis, contrast, rhetorical question, etc.
Linguistic features: generally speaking, it refers to easy-to-understand spoken language, rigorous and elegant written language, and the distinctive, vivid, vivid and perceptual features of literary language. When analyzing, it is generally analyzed from rhetoric.
Types of expository texts: expository texts of things and things (content perspective); A simple and vivid exposition (language expression angle).
Description: there are examples, classification, data, comparison, definition, explanation, analogy, drawing charts, imitation and so on. (generally three words).
Interpretation order: chronological order (program order), spatial order, logical order. You can be more specific when answering questions, such as: spatial order (from top to bottom, from inside to outside, etc. ), logical order (results first, reasons later, step by step, etc. ).
Explanatory object: refers to the main person or thing explained in the article (generally there is no need to answer the characteristics of the person or thing).
Argumentative topic: argument type, discussion type, relationship type and suggestion type.
Argumentation methods: truth argument, fact argument, contrast argument, metaphor argument and regression method required by middle school.
Argumentation method: argumentation and refutation.
Theoretical arguments: including famous sayings, proverbs and formulas.
Factual arguments: all facts, historical facts, data, etc.
What's the function: the function of answering a certain content in the text can be considered from three aspects: first, the content, such as deepening the theme and emphasizing feelings; Second, structure, such as transition and echo; Third, language, such as fascinating and lively.
Ideological: basically refers to the central idea or theme of the article.
Thoughts and feelings: the ideological tendency shown by the author or character, such as good and evil, likes and dislikes, praise and criticism, etc.
The above "common terms" secretly examine the students' Chinese foundation, which is also the main point of the topic assignment. If we understand them clearly, we can eradicate the problem of "answering irrelevant questions"
Second, the appreciation of ancient poetry commonly used terms
1, the evaluation theme category deepens the artistic conception, deepens the theme, has profound artistic conception, is beautiful and meaningful, is thought-provoking, is near and far (the language is easy to understand and the theme is far-reaching), is concise (the language is concise and rich in content), and is intended to be implied (the implication is that one word refers to another, and the implication is that words are different).
2. Language features are concise (general introduction to things), full of color (meticulous description), vivid (vivid description, mostly referring to people or animals), nuanced or poor (phase) (meticulous description and vivid description) and poetic.
3. The language style is fluent (structure and language are natural and fluent), both in form and spirit (language, structure and other forms and contents are impeccable), concise or refined (language is concise and neat), concise or clear (without modification, without modification), plain, simple, fresh, elegant, gorgeous and bright (clear and fluent).
4. The structure of the article includes foreshadowing (explanation and suggestion before the plot happens), ambush pen (clues buried in the front part are clues buried in the back part), echo or care (connection before and after), and nature (the structure is complete, just like it is naturally generated).
5. Other ideas are ingenious, novel, unique, unconventional, ingenious (innovative, not following the old format and practice, quite clever), delicate, sincere, vivid, tortuous and distinctive.
Third, the method of poetry appreciation.
1. Test-taking strategy:
(1) Master the necessary appreciation (appreciation) knowledge.
Artistic conception: it is the harmonious unity of the two factors in the poem, and the organic combination of the thoughts and feelings expressed by the poet and the life picture depicted in the poem.
Lyric ways: direct lyric and indirect lyric.
Expression techniques: such as contrast, contrast, reality, lyricism, lyricism and so on.
Style genre: Because the writer's life experience, emotional temperament and artistic accomplishment are different. They showed their unique styles, styles and tastes in their creations, and formed different styles of works, such as Li Bai's elegant and free-spirited, Du Fu's depressed and frustrated, Su Shi's broad-minded and bold, and Liu Yong's gentle and elegant. Understanding the poet's style is conducive to grasping their thoughts and feelings in poetry.
Language features: fresh-novel and plain-simple and true, gorgeous-gorgeous and fantastic, bright-broken, implicit-meaning beyond words, concise-concise.
(2) Master the appreciation method
Understanding the relevant background of a poet or work is conducive to grasping the content and thought of poetry.
With the help of association and imagination, it is helpful to grasp the artistic conception of poetry, because poetry has tension and infinite charm.
Taste the words, sentences and meanings extracted by the author in poetry. In appreciation, it is necessary to deeply analyze the poet's accurate and vivid words, exquisite and appropriate rhetoric, the blending of emotion and scenery, and the combination of matter and reason, which is conducive to grasping the artistic conception and emotion of the work, entering the truth of the work and feeling the poet's feelings.
Appreciation of literary works is a creative activity with strong comprehensiveness and high level of ability. At present, the teaching of poetry appreciation can be said to be a weak point in Chinese teaching and a blind spot in the review of senior high school entrance examination. When reviewing, we should pay attention to the setting of examination sites for appreciation questions from the following aspects: 1, understanding the content of poetry (1), understanding the central idea; (2) understanding of the feelings expressed; ⑶ Understand the lyric subject image; (4) Understanding of symbolic meaning. 2. Understand the expression techniques used and their functions. 3. Understanding of poetic language (1) Understanding of key words; Understanding of key sentences. 4. Understanding the artistic conception of poetry.
There are three types of questions: choice, fill in the blanks and short answers, and some are open questions to encourage students to innovate.
Thinking and skills to solve problems:
1. Grasp the theme of the work, the author's emotional tendency and the original intention of the poem from the background information of the writer and the work.
2. Understand the meaning of poetry and express emotions from the author's style (bold and graceful, etc.). ) and language features (such as conciseness, implication, etc.). ).
3. Start with key words, such as grasping the usage, meaning and function of key verbs in poetry.
4. Analyze, summarize and reason from key sentences (such as topic sentences, philosophical sentences and emotional sentences).
5. Taste language and imagine artistic conception from rhetoric and expression.
6. From the comprehensive understanding of the specific content of poetry, grasp the ideological content of all kinds of poetry (farewell, object-chanting, patriotism, etc.). ). For the answers to subjective questions, we should also pay attention to being concise and clear, and to the point.
Familiar with the common terms of classical poetry appreciation
(1) Evaluation subject category
Deepening artistic conception, deepening theme, profound artistic conception, beautiful artistic conception, meaningful, intriguing, concise, meaningful, implicit and so on.
(2) Analysis technology
Zhang Xianzhi, who makes the finishing point, expresses his mind directly, expresses his will by supporting things, symbolizes, sees the big from the small, comes straight to the point, entrusts, sets off, sets off, renders, describes the outline, compares, rises, blends scenes, interacts with scenes, expresses emotions and contrasts scenes, and all situational words are emotional.
(3) Language feature classes
Sketch, strong color, meticulous description, exquisiteness, vividness, detail, poverty alleviation, philosophy, incisiveness, fluidity, conciseness, simplicity, brightness, clarity, fluency, simplicity, freshness, elegance and magnificence.
(4) The style is gloomy, bold, bold, broad-minded, gloomy, desolate, diluted, deep, sad, vigorous, soothing, sad, chic, and so on.
(5) the structure of the article
Lay the groundwork, ambush, echo, let nature take its course, etc.
(6) Writing skills
Virtual reality, harmony, etc.
7. Grasp the characteristics of poetic rhetoric methods.
Rhetorical devices commonly used in poetry include metaphor, personification, contrast, exaggeration, metonymy, pun and intertextuality.
Secondly, we should pay attention to the application method when reading poetry.
(1). With the help of title, author and comments.
The topic is the starting point The topic selection of ancient poetry is very particular, which often reveals the time, place, object, event and theme of poetry writing, and is an important starting point for us to interpret poetry. Starting from the topic, we can understand poetry quickly and accurately.
Author: Determine the dynasty and style, and pave the way for the later analysis of language, expression skills, ideological content and the poet's views and attitudes.
Note: You can know the background of the work.
(2) Learn to classify and appreciate poetry from the content.
Classification of ancient poems
The ancient poems and songs from the Book of Songs to the Qing Dynasty are vast, with an amazing number and a wide range of topics. But as far as its content is concerned, it can be roughly summarized as: epic, pastoral, object-chanting, frontier poems, sentimental poems and so on.
Master the characteristics and methods of all kinds of poems. In view of the space, I won't go into details. ) It's great to taste tea.
Use background
Appreciation of poetry should not ignore the understanding of its background. The background mentioned here includes the social era, life experience, ideas and so on. These aspects often have a direct impact on the poet's poetry creation. So when we appreciate poetry, we should use it to understand and grasp it.
4. Pay attention to the "description of details" in the works.
China's classical poems are generally short and pithy, and there are not many details as narrative works. However, even short chapters and lyrical sketches cannot ignore the details.
5. Pay attention to the author's "logical thinking".
In classical poetry, people can generally pay attention to the thinking in the image and make a full analysis of it, but ignore the analysis and understanding of the necessary logical thinking, so that they can't fully and objectively appreciate the true meaning of the work at some time. Thinking in images cannot exclude logical thinking, but must be based on logical thinking.
6. Pay attention to the use of allusions in the works.
Citation is a common expression in ancient poetry, which not only enhances the meaning of the work, but also affects our reading. Sometimes, if we can't understand the meaning of allusions correctly, it will directly affect our appreciation of the whole work. Therefore, we must have a preliminary understanding of the "allusions" in the works, and then understand the new meaning expressed through the original allusions. Generally speaking, we should pay attention to the following situations when using allusions in ancient poetry.
Sentences that point to predecessors. Pointing is different from direct quotation, but digesting the sentences of predecessors and writing them in your own words.
Use historical stories wisely. When quoting historical stories, clearly point out who and what it is, which is Ming Yong.
Using historical stories in the dark is more hidden than using them in the light, because they are not clearly pointed out, so it is difficult to see them at a glance. If you know the historical stories used, you can read poems. On the contrary, it will be a big headache.
Anti-use of historical stories. The explicit use and implicit use of historical stories are all using their meanings, while the reverse use is using their meanings.
Second, appreciation and evaluation.
1. Grasp the imagery and artistic conception of poetry
Images in poetry:
There are various images in poetry, which can be summarized into the following categories:
(A) Symbolic images
(B) figurative image
(c) descriptive images
(D) Synaesthesia image
2. Appreciate the images in poetry
The so-called "image" is the life picture displayed in literary works, which can be generally divided into character images and natural scenery.
(1) character image. The poet image "I" in poetry generally refers to the lyric hero, that is, the poet himself, which is different from the "I" in the novel (not the author himself).
(2) Scenery image. The landscape image in the poem is a scene in love. Lyrics are often based on the subjective emotional images of objective objects (mountains, rivers, plants, etc.). ), that is, there is an image of "meaning", that is, "image". Poets usually express themselves by means of images, and as the main body, they are often integrated with images. Sometimes there are several images in a poem, and they are all interrelated.
When writing a short essay, we should pay attention to "blocking" first, that is, to tell the general characteristics of the poet's image, and then take this as the "central argument" to analyze and demonstrate this argument from the specific words used in poetry. The other three aspects of appreciation and evaluation generally use this idea. It is worth noting that we must write around this argument. Beginners often lose focus and write all aspects in short words.
The way to appreciate the poet's image is the same as other literary works. Generally, we start with his social status, ideology and personality characteristics. But these words should not appear in the specific writing process, so we borrowed its way and ideas at this time.
3. Appreciate the language of the work
Conciseness, vividness, emotion and jumping are the main features of poetic language. The appreciation of poetic language mainly starts from these aspects, which are often integrated into one.
4. Appreciate the expressive skills of the works
Expression skill refers to the specific and special artistic means by which poets flexibly use general creative rules and methods when shaping artistic images with the help of language and words, mainly examining artistic characteristics and expression forms.
(1) lyric method.
There are direct lyricism and indirect lyricism. The main means of indirect lyric is to express one's ambition through scenery or things, and also to melt feelings into scenery, recall the past and hurt the present, and feel the present.
(2) expression techniques.
Expression can be grasped from three aspects:
1, creative method: Fu, Bi and Xing;
2. Performance: narration, description, lyricism and discussion;
3. Conception skills: write static with motion, write sadness with joy, combine reality with reality, see big with small, combine point with surface, imagine association, symbolize sustenance, etc.
Of these three aspects, the third aspect is its focus.
(3) Use allusions.
There are two main points in using allusions to appreciate poetry:
1, the source and meaning of allusions.
2. The role of allusions. The function of allusion in poetry before Tang Dynasty is mainly to increase the capacity of poetry and make it elegant, lasting and rich in literary talent. In the poems and songs after the Tang Dynasty, it is mainly to remember the past and hurt the present.
(4) Style
Style is the overall ideological and artistic characteristics of a work determined by its creative personality. In terms of style, it can be divided into romanticism and realism. As far as the overall style of poetry music is concerned, it can be divided into elegant poetry, charming words, harmonious words (vulgar), bold and graceful.
1, different styles have different characteristics:
Romanticism: Good at expressing passionate pursuit of the ideal world, often using exaggerated and passionate language and magnificent imagination. Representative poets are Qu Yuan, Li Bai, Li He, Su Shi and Gong Zizhen.
Realism: pay attention to accurately and delicately describing reality according to the original life, and truly reflect people's lives and pursuits. Representative poets are Du Fu, Xin Qiji and Lu You.
2. Many poets have formed their own unique styles:
Su Shi and Xin Qiji: bold Liu Yong, Li Qingzhao: graceful Li Yu, Liu Yuxi: meaningful.
Xie Tiao and Xie Lingyun: Natural Li Bai: Fresh and Elegant Du Fu: Depressed and frustrated.
Qu Yuan: vigorous and tragic Wang Anshi: vigorous and lofty Tao Yuanming: distant and quiet.
Wang Wei: Quiet and Beautiful Wang Changling: Magnificent and Heroic Li He: Magnificent and Strange.
Cao Cao: Heroic and majestic
3. Different types of poetry have different styles:
Palace poetry: lingering pastoral poetry: quiet landscape poetry: fresh and beautiful
Frontier poems: sad and generous allegorical poems: gloomy and angry poems: magnificent and magnificent
(5) Rhetoric:
To master the eight rhetorical devices required by NMET, the examination form is generally to distinguish the artistic devices of rhetoric and analyze the artistic effects of rhetoric.
5. Evaluate the ideological content of the work
First, thoughts and feelings:
There are three points to check:
1. Emotional categories: sadness, anger, hatred, sadness, joy, happiness, yearning, parting sadness and hatred of the present, nostalgia for the past.
2. Emotional carrier: willow-parting chrysanthemum-proud full moon-reunion of fallen leaves-depression, etc.
3. Lyric method: See the previous "Appreciation and Expression Skills".
Second, the content:
The main items reviewed are:
1, cultural common sense, life common sense, historical allusions, myths and legends, and natural phenomena involved.
2. The general idea or connotation of a poem.
3. The poet's ideological inclination, political opinions, ambition pursuit, life experience, etc.
4. The background of the times and social reality.
Poetry expresses ideological content in two forms: one is to express emotion by scenery, and the other is to express ambition by characters. Lyrics and songs tend to remember the past, that is, to express their thoughts by borrowing things and words, and their thoughts are concentrated in lyric poems.
To appreciate the thoughts and feelings of poetry, we should first start with the basic content of the poem, and then write out the feelings contained in the poem.
III. Summary and Statement
1. Flexible use of common terms to appreciate ancient poetry, accurately and appropriately express their own "on poetry" experience.
"What to write": lyrical description of scenery; Recite things and express aspirations (feelings); Nostalgia for history; That is, feelings; Battle of frontier fortress; Landscape pastoral; Image; Artistic conception; Background; Main idea
"How to write": romanticism; Realism; Poetic eyes; Lyric with scenery; Integrate feelings into the landscape; Say it out loud; Combination of reality and excess; Picturesque and vivid; Dynamic and static combination; Turn static into dynamic; Refine words; Take over and turn over; Fu Bixing; Exaggeration; Use allusions; Implicit; Confrontation; Rhyme.
"Why write": express the thoughts and feelings of; Reflect social reality; Show interest in; show interest in; Entrust feelings (such as admiration, melancholy, melancholy, depression, etc.). ). Express the pursuit of; Show a tendency to; Give off the feeling of ...; Show one's heart; Have the feeling of ...
2. Distinguish several concepts and make clear the content angle of the answer.
When you ask "expression", you should describe, describe (reality, movement), discuss, express your feelings, elaborate, etc.
When you ask "figures of speech", you should answer the figures of speech used;
When you ask about "artistic (expressive) skills", you should imagine, associate, contrast, contrast, symbol, allusion, application, implication and so on.
4. When answering questions, pay special attention to the following points:
First, stick to the requirements and don't talk in general; Second, the main points should be complete and should be considered from multiple angles; The third is to scrutinize the terms and strive to be accurate, concise and standardized.
The Role of Rhetoric and Interpretation in Reading Text (Reading Comprehension)
1, parallelism, repetition: strongly express. Parallelism often gives people a sense of unity, and the language is fluent and magnificent, which can enhance the persuasiveness and appeal of the article. Emphasize a certain meaning or highlight a certain emotion repeatedly.
2. rhetorical question: make the tone stronger, stronger than the feelings expressed in general sentences, and more vivid than the straightforward expression of meaning.
3. Metaphor: using metaphor to describe things can make things vivid and tangible; To explain the truth,
You can tell the truth in a simple and understandable way.
4. Exaggeration: used to emphasize or highlight some characteristics of things and express some strong thoughts and feelings.
5. Setting questions: Answering questions by yourself, attracting readers' attention and thinking, also plays an important role of emphasis.
6. Duality: Make the sentence more complete and the language more concise.
1, analogy: make- more vivid and vivid in language. 2. Classification: Make the explanation of-clearer.
3. Example: Make readers more convinced -4. Enumerating numbers: make readers believe more and make the language more accurate.
5. Contrast: Reveal -6. Definition: explain more accurately. Explain the essential characteristics of things.
7. Interpretation: It is more accurate to define a certain feature of things.
Third, the answer format of poetry appreciation
1, image: identity+personality
2. The image and meaning of poetry: surface meaning+deep meaning (that is, explaining poetry)
3. Expressed feelings: What content+lodge/reveal what feelings.
4. Experience the artistic conception: what artistic conception is the objective image+subjective feeling+integration?
5. Taste keywords: meaning+technique+expression (sentence meaning+text meaning+theme emotion)
6. Appreciating rhetorical methods: revealing skills+analyzing and expressing functions (sentence meaning+text meaning+theme emotion)
7. Appreciate expression: how to say (describe)+what to say (describe)+what to express.
8. Appreciate the expression technique: technique+expression function (sentence meaning+text meaning+theme emotion)
9. Summarize and evaluate the content of the poem: what is this poem+what is written in each sentence of the poem+what emotion is expressed by what means+evaluation (total score and general formula).
Examples of common images
tree
Yellow leaves: withering, ripening, withering and metabolism.
Green leaves: vitality, hope and vitality.
Pine and cypress: firm, proud, strong and full of vitality.
Bamboo: Honest and positive.
Child: Bitter.
Liu: Farewell, nostalgia, sadness and beautiful spring.
Flowers and plants
Bloom: hope, youth, the brilliance of life.
Flowers fall: withered, frustrated, frustrated with life and career, yearning for spring, nostalgia for beautiful things.
Chrysanthemum: secluded, noble and refined.
May: I am proud of Snow White, strong, indomitable and in adversity.
Lan: Really?
Peony: Rich and beautiful.
Grass: vigorous vitality, endless life, hope, desolation, remoteness, hatred and humbleness.
Xiaomi: the sorrow of Xiaomi's separation (the prosperity of the country in the past and the decline now)
3. Animals
Sub-rule: misery and sadness
Ape: Sorrow and biting.
Red Song: Ideal and Pursuit
Fish: Free.
Lonely goose: loneliness, homesickness, homesickness, tidings and news.
Eagle: Stiffness, freedom, hard work in life and successful career.
Dogs and chickens: the breath of life, rural life
Thin Horse: Pentium, Pursuit, Wandering
Crow: a villain, an ordinary person and a mediocre person.
Sha Ou: Degeneration and sadness.
Wind, frost, rain, snow and water clouds:
River water: the passage of time, the shortness of time, the long sadness and the trend of historical development.
Smoke: the obscurity of emotion, the uncertainty of the future and the disillusionment of ideals.
Light rain: spring, hope, vitality, vigor and subtle enlightenment.
Rainstorm: cruelty, enthusiasm, political struggle, the power to eliminate evil and the power to cleanse filth.
Spring breeze: open-minded, happy and hopeful.
Dongfeng: Spring, beautiful.
West Wind: Loneliness, Melancholy, Decline and Wandering Homesickness
Gail: The power to make trouble and destroy the old world.
First frost: Life is easy to get old, the social environment is bad, evil forces are rampant, and life is bumpy and frustrated.
Xue: Pure, beautiful, harsh environment and rampant evil forces.
Lu: Life is short and fleeting.
Cloud: Wandering, wandering
The gloomy sky: depression, sadness and loneliness.
Sunshine: Happy and bright.
Prehistoric artifacts
Jade: noble and elegant.
Pearl: Beautiful and flawless.
6. Other categories:
The ancients: Zhi Ming, introspection, flogging.
Monuments: nostalgia, ambition, past prosperity and present decline (country), decline, depression (monuments are generally closely related to the ancients)
Dawn: the first hope
Late at night: nostalgia
Country: homesickness, disgust, rural scenery, life breath, simplicity and beauty, ease and tranquility.
Fairyland: elegant, beautiful, clean, forget the dust and dislike the customs.
Month: the perfection or deficiency of life, homesickness, homesickness.
Sunset: loss, depression, cherish the beautiful and short-lived life or things.
Heaven and earth: people's smallness, short life, broad mind and emotional loneliness.
Wine: joy, pride, depression, sadness.
————————————— I hope to make progress in my studies, be the first, get my wish, work smoothly, and live a happy life.