Zola, a French writer and the founder of naturalism, became a professional writer in 1872, and Zola was a leading figure in the naturalistic literary school. /kloc-In the second half of the 0/9th century, France was an important writer of critical realism and the main advocate of naturalistic literary theory. It is regarded as a part of the literary heritage of critical realism in the19th century, and the Lugon-Marco family reflects all aspects of French society in the second imperial era. The most important ones are "Germination" which describes the strike struggle and "Collapse" which reflects the Franco-Prussian War, the collapse of the Second Empire and the uprising of the Paris Commune. He also wrote the trilogy A Tale of Three Cities, Lourde (1894), Rome (1896), Paris (1898), and the first three of the four gospels: Reproduction (65438+). Zola died of gas poisoning on September 29th, 1902/KLOC-0. His inn, Nana, money and women's paradise are also famous.
Hardy. /kloc-started as an architectural apprentice at the age of 0/6, and later worked as an assistant architect to repair the church. The architectural thesis won the Royal Academy of Architecture Award. Music, painting and language skills, knowledge of ancient Greece and Latin. He is knowledgeable in philosophy, literature and natural science. Influenced by the evolution theory, a major scientific discovery at that time, he became a religious skeptic. He wrote poetry at the age of 25, and 1866 began to write novels. The first novel, The Poor Man and the Lady, was not published. Later, he created a plot novel "Counting Helpless" with love, conspiracy, murder and detection as the content, which was positively evaluated after publication. 1874 Married Emma Lavaine. With Emma's encouragement, he created a pair of blue eyes under the green trees, away from the hubbub. Away from the hubbub has achieved great success with its fresh and natural style and vivid characters. From then on, he gave up the construction industry and embarked on the road of professional creation. In the nearly 30 years from 1869 to the end of 19, * * wrote 14 novels and nearly 50 short stories. After writing the novel, he collected his early poems into a book and continued to write poems and plays until his death.
Henrik Johan Ibsen (Norwegian: Henrik Johan Ibsen,1March 20, 828-1May 23, 906), born in Sheehan, Norway, is a far-reaching Norwegian playwright and is regarded as the founder of modern realistic drama.
Ethnic romantic historical dramas range from "Katrina" (1850) to "People who Eat for the Throne" (1863), as well as "Romantic Comedy" (1877) and "Blonde" (1866). Gold (1867) and Emperor and Galilee (1873), social pillar of contemporary realistic drama (1877), Dollhouse (1879) and Ghost (65433) (/kloc-0) , sea lady Gobler (1890), architect (1892), Little Ai Fu You (1894), John? Gabriel. Beckman (1896) and When the Dead Woke up (1899).
Mark Twain (1835165438+1October 30-1965438+April 2 1 00), formerly known as Samuel Langhorn Clemens (Sagittarius).
Adventures of Harburg Finn, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The Man Who Corrupted Hadleyburg, Abstinence, Running for Governor, Case, A Frog in Ka County, One Million Pounds, 30,000 Yuan Heritage, The Story of a Bad Boy, The Obsession on the Train, The Fact that I Recently Resigned, Tennessee Press, The Death of a Good Boy. Things, how I edited the agricultural newspaper, the story of the bulk beef contract, my experience as a senator's secretary, a friend of Goldsmith's going abroad again, a mysterious visit, a true story, a duel between the French, a strange experience, a story of a Californian, is he still alive? Go on the road with those who change their customs, the dog's self-report, the prince and the poor child, and the autobiography of Mark Twain.
Anton pavlovich Chekhov (English: а nton Chekov) (1860 ~1904) was born in the tower of Rostov State on October 29th, a Russian novelist, dramatist, Russian critical realist writer and short story artist. However, Chekhov stayed alone in Taganrog, making a living as a tutor and continuing his studies. 65438-0879 entered the medical department of Moscow University. 1884 After graduation, he practiced medicine in Rhodes, Vignau and other places, got in touch with civilians extensively and learned about life, which had a good influence on his literary creation. 1June, 904, Chekhov went to Badenweiler, a German hot spring resort in Black Forest, for treatment because of the worsening pneumonia, and died in July 15. He, French Mo Bosang and American O Henry are called the three great short story masters.
His early works are mostly short stories, such as Fat Man and Thin Man (1883), Death of a Little Civil Servant (1883), Distress (1886) and Fanka (1886). In The Chameleon and Sergeant Priscilev (1885), the author lashed Chekhov's oil painting, a slave who faithfully defended tyranny and his overbearing and ugly mouth.
The face reveals the reactionary spiritual characteristics of the dark ages. 1890, after he visited Sakhalin Island, the exile place of political prisoners, he created works that showed major social problems, such as "The Sixth District" (1892), which was a work that lashed out at the czar's tyranny. Lenin was shocked after reading this novel. A House with an Attic (1896) exposes the Russian society's destruction of people's youth, talent and happiness, and satirizes the reformist activities of liberal local autonomy associations. The Farmer (1897) describes the extremely poor living conditions of the peasants in 1980s and 1990s, showing his concern and sympathy for their tragic fate, while The Canyon reveals the vicious exploitation of the rich peasants, reflecting the infiltration of capitalism into the countryside, indicating that the author has included the expression of Russian social class struggle in his creative theme. The Bride (65438+) Chekhov turned to drama creation in his later period. His main works include Ivanov (1887), Seagull (1896), Uncle Vanya (1896) and Three Sisters (/).
Franz Kafka (Franz Kafka1883 ~1924) is an Austrian novelist. Born into a Jewish merchant family, he entered Prague University to study literature and law at the age of 18, and began to write in 1904. His main works are four collections of short stories and three novels. Unfortunately, most of them were not published before his death, and there are still three long articles that have not been finished. Kafka is a famous expressionist writer in Europe. He lived in an era when Austria-Hungary was about to collapse, and was deeply influenced by Nietzsche and Bergson's philosophy. He always keeps a live attitude towards political events, so most of his works use grotesque images and symbolic intuition to express isolated and desperate individuals surrounded by hostile social environment.
A book published before his death.
Works of "Das Urteil" and "Fireman" (or translated as "fireman") (Der Heizer).
Death of an Exile (in Song of Death)
A collection published before his death.
Betrachtung, Ein Landarzt and Ein Hungerkünstler.
Novels published before his death (uncollected)
Dialogue with prayers (Gespr? Ch mit dem Beter) "talking to drunks" (Gespr? engineering
"Bang" (Gro? Uh, l? Rm) "bucket rider" (Der kubelreiter)
Legacy (novel)
"the missing person" (Der Verschollene), "Amerika" and "trial" (or translation of "litigation") (Der Proze? ) Castle (Dasschlo &; Slig
Irish writer and poet. 194 1, 1, 1 was born in a Catholic family in Dublin on February 2 and died in Zurich, Switzerland on March 3.
Akutagawa Ryunosuke (1892- 1927) was a novelist in Taisho era in Japan. He devoted himself to writing short stories. In his short life, he wrote more than 150 short stories. His short stories are short in length, novel in materials, novel in plot and even bizarre. The works pay attention to social ugliness, but rarely comment directly. They only use cold writing and concise and powerful language statements to make readers deeply feel its ugliness, thus showing its high artistic appeal. His masterpieces Rashomon and In the Bamboo Forest have become world classics.
Virginia Woolf (or translated by Adeline Virginia Woolf,1882 65438+1October 25th-19465438+March 28th 0). British women writers are regarded as pioneers of modernism and feminism in the 20th century. During the two world wars, she was a core figure in London literature and a member of Bloomsbury Group. The most famous novels include Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse and Jacob's Room.
Graham Greene
Graham greene is an English writer, playwright and literary critic. His works explore the contradictory political and moral issues in today's world, and he organically combines popular literature with serious literature, which makes him widely praised.
Ezra pound is a famous American poet and a representative figure of Imagism. He and Eliot are both representatives of symbolism poetry in the later period. He gave birth to the theory of "artistic conception" from China's classical poems and Japanese haiku, and made outstanding contributions to the mutual reference of eastern and western poems.
In the subway station
Jorges luis borges (Spanish: jorges luis borges, 65438+August 24th, 0899-65438+June 14, 0986) is an Argentine writer. His works cover many literary categories, including essays, poems, literary criticism and translated literature. Among them, Latin meaningful words and profound philosophy are good at it. Father Jorge Guillermo Borges (1874- 1938) is a lawyer and a psychology teacher in modern language normal school. He is proficient in English and has a large collection of books in various languages. Mother Leonor Acevedo (1876-1975) was born in a noble family. After marriage, she does housework, but she also reads widely and has good English. Grandmother Frances (Fanny) Haslam (1845- 1935) is British, and English is her mother tongue.
Maze (1964), Brody's report (197 1), Shaji (1975), Tiger's Gold (1977).
Henry James (1843 April 2006 15- 1965438+28) is an English and American writer. James's main work is novels, and he also wrote many literary reviews, travel notes, biographies and plays. His novels often write about the communication between Americans and Europeans; How the sins of adults affect and destroy pure and intelligent children; The contradiction between matter and spirit; The loneliness of artists, the life of writers and artists, and so on.
American, American (1877) works by Henry James.
Dai Xi Miller, Daisy Miller (1878) Europe, portrait of a European lady (1878), portrait of a lady (188 1) Washington Square, Washington Square (18865438+).
Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa (1896- 1957), an Italian from Sicily, wrote the novel Leopard. This immediately caused a sensation in the Italian literary world, and the novel became the best seller of the year. 1959 In May, the book was printed in the first edition of 18, and won the Strega Literature Prize. 196 1 year, this novel was translated into French, English and German. Represents a leopard
Eugène Ionesco (1912165438+1October 26th-1March 28th, 994) was born in a Romanian lawyer's family. Mother is French. From 65438 to 0938, he left his hometown and moved to Paris, France, where he was engaged in publishing. 1949 started writing plays.
Amadi; The bald singer rhinoceros
Conrad (1857 65438+February 3 ~ 65438+August 3, 0924), Joseph Teodoro Konrad Korzenovsky, a Polish-born English writer. 1857 65438+was born in a poet's family in Apollo on February 3rd, and 1924 died in Canterbury, England on August 3rd. I lost my parents when I was a child.
Meyer's stupidity (), youth, shadow line (
Alberto Moravia was born in a middle-class family in Rome. Moravia is a pen name, which comes from his grandmother's surname. His father Carlo is a Jew, an architect and a painter. Mother Teresa Iginia De Marsanich is from ancona and belongs to Dalmatian ethnic group. In Chinese mainland, Moravia's short stories were translated and introduced in 1980s. Later, she published Roman Women and Roman Stories. In 2002, Yilin Publishing House published Moravia's anthology, including five works including Cold Man.
In Taiwan Province Province, Women in Rome and Masquerade were published in the early years. After 2005, Wheat Field Publishing House divided erotic novels into two volumes: The Devil Can't Save the World and Peeking at the Wandering of Others' Lovers. Crown Publishing House published Roman stories and Moravian reports from 1927 to 19565438.
William somerset maugham (1874- 1965) is a famous British novelist, playwright and essayist. Mao Mu studied medicine at first, but later turned to writing. His articles often contain pity and sympathy for human nature in satire. The shackles of human nature is a masterpiece of his graduate students, which also established his immortal status as a great novelist.
Lawrence (1885— 1930) is an English writer and poet. Born in a miner's family, he graduated from the normal class of Nottingham University College and worked as a factory employee and a primary school teacher. I studied painting and practiced writing since I was a child. In his short writing career of 20 years, he published 12 novels, more than 50 short stories, many poems, a large number of essays and some translated works, held an exhibition of paintings and published an album of paintings. He is a rare literary generalist in the field of modern British literature and art. His novel writing style has spanned two stages of realism and modernism and has made great achievements. Under the view of postmodernism theory, it also shows new ideas and becomes an evergreen tree of literature. His essays are penetrating, and Wang Yang is bold and passionate, which is quite readable. Bi Bingbing, 1960 was born in Baoding, Hebei Province, and 1984 graduated from the English Department of Fujian Normal University with a master's degree in literature. Now it's a senior translator. He translated and published more than ten Lawrence's works under the pseudonym "Dark Horse", including The Rainbow, Kangaroo, Women in Love, Lawrence's Essays on Literature and Art, and Collection of Lawrence's Short Stories, and completed the translation (unpublished) of Lady Chatterley's Lover. He is the author of the novels Destined Love Thousands of Miles, Wandering in Beijing, the Hometown of the Soul, Love in England and Former Residence of Celebrities. After being adapted into a movie of the same name, Mixed in Beijing won the 19 Hundred Flowers Award Award for Best Feature Film.
Ya Hasek (1883 ~ 1923), a Czech writer, is known as "the father of Czech prose". Hasek is a Don Quixote figure, who challenges the bourgeois society by himself. At the same time, he is addicted to alcohol. He wrote thousands of short stories and sketches in his life, and also wrote plays, mostly satirical novels.
A handsome good soldier
Osip Mandelstam, the complete works of Manjestam, was the most outstanding genius poet in the Russian Silver Age. With constant exploration and persistence, the majestic style gradually formed the characteristics of Osip Manjieshitan's mature poems.
This book is based on 1997 "The Complete Poems of Manjieshitam" published in Russia, and refers to other collections and complete works. It has collected more than 500 works of the poet, including the most important representative works in his life-Stone Collection, Tristia and Poems of Voronezh, all of which are epics.
As an influential Russian poet in the last century, Osip Mandelstam published his first complete poem in China. The publication of this translated collection of poems is of great significance for a comprehensive understanding of Mansfield's poetry creation and research.