I. Introduction

Second, this theory

( 1) ...

(2) ...

(3) ...

Three. conclusion

-Detailed overview

I. Introduction

1. Put forward the central topic;

2. Explain the writing intention.

Second, this theory

( 1) ...

1.

2.

3.

4.

(2) ...

1.

2,

3.

4,

(3) ...

1.

2.

3.

4.

5,

Three. conclusion

1, overview ...

2. Echo the preface at the beginning.

The conception of writing academic papers

(A) the idea and requirements of the article

1. The idea should focus on the theme.

In order to make the paper clear, it is necessary to make the full text have a running line, which is the theme of the paper. Theme is the essence of an academic paper, which embodies the author's academic views and opinions. The influence of the paper on readers is mainly realized through its theme. So before writing a paper, we must focus on the theme and serve the theme. As the French painter Miller said, "The so-called conception refers to the art of transmitting one's own thoughts to others". This article is very important.

2. conceive the layout of the paper and strive for a complete and unified structure.

When designing a thesis, it is sometimes found that it needs to be written in chronological order, and sometimes it needs to be written in geographical position (space) order, but it still needs to be written in logical relationship, that is, it needs to conform to the internal relations and laws of objective things and the logic of scientific research and understanding things. But no matter what the situation is, it must be reasonable, coherent and complete. Sometimes, there are several writing schemes that need to be compared. In comparison, with the deepening of thinking, writing ideas will go through a process from complex to simple, from complex to clear clues. At this time, we should seize the opportunity of epiphany in time and determine a better plan according to the spirit of "acting according to circumstances" of the ancients.

3. Do reader analysis.

The ultimate goal of writing and publishing any scientific and technological article is to let others see it. Therefore, it is required to "have readers in mind" and do more reader analysis when conceiving. With a clear audience, we can effectively explore ideas and successfully determine the angle of conception, material selection and expression. Generally speaking, readers can be divided into professional readers, non-professional readers, leaders in charge or heads of scientific and technological institutions, and people have different requirements and evaluation criteria for scientific and technological articles. For academic papers, their readers are professional readers. Therefore, the idea is to meet the needs and development of the specialty, determine the depth and breadth of materials and expressions, and clarify the focus of the paper. If a paper contains several topics of different importance, the author should distinguish between primary and secondary topics and consider how to transition from secondary topics to main topics in order to arouse the interest of professional readers.

(2) How to improve the ability to conceive

It is hard to imagine that an author with unclear ideas will write a well-organized and well-organized paper. Therefore, it is important to train the thinking ability through writing practice, which will improve the thinking ability and the ability to conceive papers accordingly.

Before writing an academic paper formally, it is of great help to the author to exercise his thinking and improve his conception ability. This method has been proved to be one of the effective methods by long-term practice. According to data reports, about 95% of the scientific and technological personnel in the world draw up an outline first, and then write according to it.

The role of writing an outline, specifically, has the following points:

1. Writing outline, similar to a blueprint of Zhang Jianshe, can help the author outline the framework or outline of the whole paper, reflect his initial ideas formed after digesting materials and logical thinking, plan what to write first, how to express it coherently, where to focus and where to make some comments or explanations. Writing according to this plan can make the paper clear in level, coherent in content and closely expressed.

2. To draw up a writing outline, you only need to use some simple sentences or even word phrases to prompt, and organize the material units and corresponding arguments into serial numbers. The workload is not big, it is easy to do. When the outline is written, it will come up as a whole. It's like turning a kaleidoscope Just turn an angle slightly and a new pattern will appear. The same is true of the adjustment of the outline. It should be said that it is much easier to adjust the high-speed outline than to write the humanities without an outline.

The sentences used in the outline to prompt writing can sometimes be used as the titles of paragraphs in the paper. It can be seen that the structure of the paper can be determined by drafting the writing outline, so that the whole paper can form a unified and complete theoretical system.

The preparation of the outline was completed by the busy author and co-author yesterday. The former, because of busy work, sometimes interrupts the writing process, and you can use outline tips to help you immediately restore your original ideas when rewriting; The latter can help co-authors to divide their work according to the outline and avoid repetition and omission caused by each writing.

[example]

Paper: the influence of foundation stiffness on arch dam stress (research object: Ertan arch dam foundation)

I. Introduction

1. Introduce the geographical position and shape of arch dam.

2. Introduce the geology and landform of the dam site.

3. It is suggested that there are local defects in the dam foundation (1 the stiffness of the dam foundation on the left and right banks is asymmetric; There is a basalt weak zone in the middle of the right bank dam foundation; )

Four kinds of homogeneous variable modulus foundations are introduced, and the stress of dam body is calculated respectively.

Secondly, the influence of foundation stiffness on the load distribution of beams and arches

This paper analyzes the influence of three foundation conditions on the load sharing of beams and arches.

(A) the influence of λ value of uniform foundation

1. Give the expression of λ.

2. Draw the curve of "the influence of uniform foundation with different variable modulus on the load distribution of beams and arches".

3. Provide "Table of Main Geometric Parameters of' 86' Arch Dam".

Argument: the influence of λ change on the load distribution at the arch end is far less than that at the vault.

(B) the influence of asymmetry of foundation stiffness on both sides

1. Draw the curve of "Influence of Asymmetric Foundation Stiffness on Load Distribution of Beam and Arch" (draw three curves of or, right end and vault respectively).

2. Analyze the graphical results.

(c) Influence of local low modulus change

1. Draw three figures on the left, right and crown respectively.

2. Analyze the graphical results.

Summarize and explain the above three parts [explain the degree of influence on (1), (2) and (3) one by one].

Thirdly, the influence of foundation stiffness on dam body reset.

1. Unified foundation (figure).

2. Cross-strait asymmetric foundation (figure and table).

3. The influence of local foundation stiffness reduction (Figure).

Fourthly, the influence of foundation stiffness on dam stress.

1. Influence of the change of λ value on dam stress under the condition of uniform foundation (Figure and Table).

2. Cross-strait asymmetry (Figure).

3. Influence of local deformation reduction of foundation (Figure).

Verb (abbreviation of verb) conclusion (general induction)

1. According to the analysis of the influence of λ value change, it is pointed out that a certain degree of overhang should be considered at the bottom of arch dam to reduce the stress caused by water pressure at the bottom with the help of the dam itself.

2. According to the stiffness, it is pointed out that the asymmetry of foundation stiffness is compensated by the asymmetry of structure.

3. Although there is soft rock area, it is only confined near the boundary and does not change the stress distribution of the whole arch dam.

It is emphasized that the influence of foundation deformation on dam stress is remarkable and its value should be paid attention to.

There are generally two forms of composition outline.

1. Title outline

This kind of outline is relatively simple, and only paragraph titles are written.

This is a headline composition outline, and brave and concise words mark the writing points of each paragraph. It is characterized by concise writing and high speed, and is suitable for situations that are familiar with the writing content or time is tight. But for beginners, it is difficult to play a guiding role in writing.

2. Point contour

This kind of outline is more detailed, which not only shows the center of the composition, but also writes the general content of the composition; At the same time, it is necessary to explain the details of the article.

(3) Requirements for compiling an outline

1. Review questions, center and select materials.

Composition outline is the basis of writing a good composition, which should be written in three orders: examining the topic, establishing the center and selecting materials.

Composition topics generally provide us with the scope of writing (taking notes, writing scenes, writing objects, etc.). ) and writing problems (narrative, expository, argumentative). Therefore, only by examining the questions, can we know what to write and how to write, and can we avoid the problem of irrelevant text.

The central idea is the soul of an article. When writing an outline, only by establishing the center can we focus on selecting materials, determining key points and arranging details. When selecting materials, we should pay attention to closely surrounding the central idea of the article and choose authentic, fresh and interesting materials, so as to clearly and profoundly express the central idea of the article.

Step 2 be concise and clear

The composition outline is just an idea, a composition framework. Therefore, the outline of the composition should be complete and not too complicated; Be concise and achieve the purpose of writing.