(1) argument

(1) What is an argument? Argument is the viewpoint to be discussed and expounded in the article, and it is also the viewpoint and proposition to be expressed by the author. When reading an argumentative essay, the first thing is to find, extract and understand the arguments of the article.

(2) There are multiple arguments: an article can have one or more arguments. If there is more than one argument, it is necessary to clarify the central argument. These arguments can be parallel or progressive, but they all obey the central argument of the whole paper.

(3) the position of the argument: the argument of the article can be arranged at the beginning, or at the middle or end of the article. In other words, it can be arranged anywhere in the article. But it is more often at the beginning of the article, and so is the paragraph argument.

(4) Presentation of arguments: Some argumentative arguments are expressed in clear sentences in the article, and we just need to find them out; Others are not directly expressed in clear sentences and need to be refined and summarized by readers themselves.

(5) The proposition and establishment of the argument should pay attention to:

① correctness. The persuasiveness of an argument is rooted in the correct reflection of objective things, and the correct reflection of objective things depends on whether the author's position, viewpoint, attitude and method are correct. If the argument itself is incorrect or even a lie, then no matter how it is argued, it can't be convincing. Therefore, the correct argument is the minimum requirement for argumentative writing.

② Significance. What is for and what is against should be very clear, not ambiguous.

3 novelty. Arguments should be as original and profound as possible, and can transcend other people's views. They should not repeat other people's cliches, nor should they be irrelevant and superficial. They should be as novel and unique as possible.

(2) arguments

(1) What is an argument? Argument is the material and foundation to prove the argument.

(2) Types of arguments: ① factual materials ② theoretical materials.

(1) As the factual material of the argument, it can be A. Specific cases B. Summarized facts C. Statistical data D. Personal experiences and feelings.

(2) As theoretical materials for argument, it can be A. The classic works and wise sayings of predecessors B. Folk proverbs and sayings C. Scientific axioms, laws and so on.

(3) Requirements for using arguments: ① certainty. We must choose those hard and typical facts. When citing theoretical materials that have been tested by practice as arguments, we must pay attention to the exact meaning of the cited theory itself. ② Typical. The cited examples should be widely representative, representing the general characteristics and properties of such things. (3) the unity of arguments and arguments. The argument is to prove the argument, so the two should be closely related.

(3) Demonstration

(1) What is argument? Argumentation is the process of proving an argument with arguments. The argument of argumentation is to solve the problem of "what to prove", while argumentation is to solve the problem of "what to prove"

Proof is to solve the problem of "how to demonstrate". The self-purpose of argumentation is to reveal the internal logical relationship between argumentation and argumentation.

(2) Types of argumentative essays: argumentative essays are generally divided into argumentation and refutation.

(1) argument is a way to prove the correctness of the author's own argument with sufficient arguments; (2) Refutation is a way to refute others' wrong arguments with strong arguments. Argumentation and refutation are proofs, one is to prove oneself right from the front, and the other is to prove oneself wrong from the back. They can use basically the same argument method.

(3) Basic argumentation methods: including induction, example, deduction, analogy and comparison.

① induction. Inductive argument is an argument method from individual to general. It draws a general conclusion through many individual examples or arguments, and then summarizes their characteristics. Induction can give examples before drawing a conclusion, or it can put forward a conclusion and prove it with examples. The former is what we usually call induction, and the latter is what we call example. Example method is an argument method to prove the argument with individual and typical concrete examples.

② Deductive method. Deductive argument is a kind of argument method from general to individual. It deduces conclusions about individual situations from general principles, and the relationship between its premise and conclusions is necessary. There are many forms of deduction, such as syllogism, hypothetical reasoning and selective reasoning, but the most important one is syllogism. Syllogism consists of three parts: major premise, minor premise and conclusion. Such as the major premise that all metals can conduct electricity, iron is the minor premise of metals, and iron can conduct electricity.

③ Comparative method. Comparative argument is an argument method from individual to individual. Usually divided into two categories, one is analogy and the other is comparison. Analogy is a method of comparing different things with the same or similar properties and characteristics in some aspects, so as to draw a conclusion. Contrast is a method to prove an argument by comparing different things whose nature and characteristics are opposite or opposite in some respects.

(4) Refutation method: There are three ways to refute an argument, namely, ① refuting an argument, ② refuting an argument, and ③ refuting an argument. Because argumentative writing is composed of arguments, arguments and arguments, refuting arguments or arguments has the same effect as directly refuting arguments. A rebuttal paper can combine several rebuttal methods to strengthen the strength and persuasiveness of refutation.

(1) Refuting an argument, that is, directly refuting the one-sided, false or fallacy of the other party's argument itself, is the most commonly used method in refuting. (2) refuting the argument, that is, revealing the mistakes of the other party's argument, in order to achieve the purpose of knocking down the other party's argument; Because the wrong argument will inevitably lead to the wrong argument. (3) Refuting the argument, that is, exposing the logical errors of the other party in the process of argument, such as the contradiction between major premise, minor premise and conclusion, the contradiction between the other party's arguments, the contradiction between arguments and so on.

For example: argumentative essays with full marks in the 2008 college entrance examination.

Qinghuan (Fujian)

Life is like all kinds of drinks. Some people like sweet juice, some people prefer bitter Sweet Caffe, and some people persistently choose light mineral water. The beginning of life is a bucket of clear water. After the years have passed, people will always add different flavors to this clear water according to their own preferences. But I love plain water, because this is the true face of life.

Life like water always reminds me of a word: "Qing Huan". Qing Huan expresses Su Shi's words: "The taste of life is Qing Huan." Light life is full of wisdom and cultivation, which is a realm.

Standing on the quiet lake, a man came from afar with a pole. Zhang Xiaoxiang stood at the bow and shouted, "A boat in autumn shines ten miles on the lake. Boshen invited me to watch the sunset and stir up the waves. " His life is like water under a boat, quiet and carefree. Who can deny that he realized the true meaning of life in this watery realm?

Stepping into the bamboo pavilion, I heard a clear and beautiful piano sound floating out, blowing through branches and leaves, hovering in the forest and lingering in my ears. Sitting alone in the museum. Appreciate the happiness of the world in the plain. Looking around the world, Wang Wei found his home in Wangchuan Mountain, caressing bamboo and making strings. The piano is like water, and life is like water. He understands with his heart.

Till, raising my cup, I asked the bright moon. Through the snow, Xun Mei. Poetic life is very light, like water, but there is still strength in weakness and calmness. "This is the consistent way of human happiness. Everything will always flow to the East like water." Life like water is real life.

Big cities are bizarre and colorful, where you can drink juice, taste coffee, or be sweet or alcohol, but it is difficult to feel the lightness and purity of mineral water. Only by returning to nature can we understand what is pure joy and what is a life like water.

The life of Tibetans on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is very dull, even monotonous, like the water of the Yarlung Zangbo River flowing day after day. Maybe they are naive and ignorant, but they love their sunny skin color, their grass fragrance and milk fragrance, and enjoy a warm life as light as water. Lying on the soft grass, it seems that you can lick the cool mint-flavored blue sky with your tongue out, and you will feel that time is wandering around like water, and life as light as water is so beautiful.

In Jiangnan, Qing Huan has a unique interpretation. The beautiful and elegant women, beautiful trees and flowing rivers humming endlessly in the tune of "swing" are more like an ink painting, or an unreachable dream. Here, a light water-like life will make your heart ripple.

"The taste of human beings is pure happiness." I can't catch the shadow of the bright moon, but I beg to keep an amber heart. In the busy life, drinking a cup of light mineral water, even for a moment, will bring you different feelings.

comment

This paper closely follows one aspect of the material-the taste of "light mineral water", and extracts a happy outlook on life. Throughout, it is clear that "light life is full of wisdom and cultivation, which is a realm". In the process of elucidation, one go: Zhang Xiaoxiang's poems and Wang Wei's life in Wangchuan Mountain tell people that a happy life is "weak and serene, but still courageous"; In modern society, if we want to have such a life, we must return to the primitive simplicity. For example, Tibetans on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau live a dreamy life like a water town in the south of the Yangtze River. Only by "keeping an amber heart" can we enjoy real happiness. There are both the author's unique views on "mineral water life" and a strong sense of reality. The starting point of this paper is very small, but it opens a just right realm and shows the charm of "one flower, one world, one leaf and one Buddha".

Quqing Ruxu (Fujian)

Life is like running water, clear and faint. Don't be magnificent, ups and downs, it will make people tired; Don't use colorful colors, it just gives people a mirage illusion.

The trajectory of life; You don't always go in the direction you like. You need a calm heart to face the unknown calmly.

During the Cultural Revolution, painter Huang Yongyu and writer's uncle Shen Congwen passed each other on the way down the mountain. Shen Congwen told Huang Yongyu indifferently: "Be calm." Ten years of turmoil in the past, Huang Yongyu said those three words will always come to mind inadvertently.

Indeed, what a calm and open-minded attitude towards life! As clear as water, but as firm as water, water never stops. That is to show others a "piece of ice in a jade pot" calm!

As the old saying goes, a friend of a gentleman is as light as water. It can be seen that water is also a measure and a very high standard in dealing with interpersonal relationships.

A friend of a gentleman is not in fame and fortune. Zhuangzi said: "Don't be ambitious for the crown, and don't be vulgar for the sake of difference." Confucius said: "A gentleman is harmonious but different; A gentleman is not as good as a week. " As friends of water, we don't need the smell of copper to pollute it, let alone confuse it because we disagree. The sages set an example for us in dealing with people and things. In Boya period, mountains and rivers met bosom friends, and the poet Du Li and his poetry friends paid tribute to each other, and so on. Communication with people is as clear as water, as harmonious as water and as warm as water. Harmony is proud of * * *.

Clear water has always been the representative symbol of the whole national spirit. In the face of the people in Jiangshan, Lao Tzu said that "goodness is like water"; Du Fu said: "Moisturize things silently." The earthquake in May, the Sichuan earthquake zone touched the hearts of people all over the country. People silently prayed for the people in the disaster area and silently contributed their meager strength. We can't remember the names of every rescuer, every donor and every medical worker ... but we know that they have love, respect for life and sincerity to the country! Great love is traceless, great love is like water, and it moistens things silently.

This is a person's attitude towards life, the criterion of communication with others, and the highest level of dedication to the country and the nation!

No waves, no colors, only silence like water, which is the highest respect for life!

Colorful Harmony (Fujian)

Three people went into the shop looking for something to quench their thirst. Like sweet like juice, like light choose mineral water, like bitter and sweet to buy coffee. The three flavors are different, but they are harmonious because of their differences-harmony without difference is harmony. If there is only one kind of drink in the world, it will be boring.

Colorful makes harmony. Look at the light yellow of goose willow smoke, the green of green grass, the brilliant red of red apricots on the wall, and the blue sky with clouds and clouds. Their colors are different, but what's the harm? "Ten thousand colors are always spring", and the happy spring day for all things is not dominated by one color. Difference is the appearance, harmony is the essence, and colorful achievements are colorful richness, which is the real harmony.

Tap on the door of the red chamber and look for the dream that has been longed for for for a hundred years. You said there were many people in the dream of the Red Chamber. There are so many beautiful daughters in Zhong Ling. Who do readers like best? It has always been difficult to adjust, but it has always been appealing to both refined and popular tastes, stroking the slightly rolled pages. We seem to hear the publicity of "I'm late and I haven't met a distant guest", the sadness of "I don't know when the flowers have fallen", the surprise of "this elder sister seems to have met somewhere" and the call of "love my brother, love my brother" merge into one.

Harmony is not a ruler, which abruptly measures everything and orders everything in the world to reach the same amount with the same standard; Harmony is a decision-maker, or commander, who takes the overall situation into consideration, makes everything in its proper place, allows them to interpret their true selves and achieve real harmony.

Thousands of years ago, in the war years of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, an unprecedented and amazing cultural feast was staged. The voice of a hundred schools of thought has penetrated the history books, and the books that have traveled through time and space are still hitting the floor. Thousands of years later, Mr. Cai Yuanpei's famous saying "Don't bind others with your own thoughts, and don't bind yourself with other people's thoughts" shocked many people in China. The idea of "academic freedom and compatibility" continues to this day, which is admirable.

Therefore, please respect different views and choices, please understand and care for real harmony, please protect the different customs and habits of different ethnic groups: please tolerate different living habits in different regions; Respect people who buy different drinks in the store; Respect customers who buy classical music or pop rock music in video stores. ....................................................................................................................................................................

-ask the boundless earth, who is in charge of ups and downs?

-Colorful colors,

-Why?

-colorful and harmonious!

comment

The candidates extracted their opinions from three favorite drinks with different tastes-richness makes harmony. They expounded their views on this issue from three aspects: "Colorful makes colorful, which is the real harmony", "Let everything be in its proper place, which is the real harmony" and "Respect different viewpoints, make different choices, and understand and care for real harmony with heart", which were clear and in-depth at different levels.

The colorful colors of nature, the diversity of children in the Red Chamber, the cultural feast in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the famous sentences quoted by Mr. Cai Yuanpei in this paper all show his unique reading accumulation and life experience.

I saw it in coffee (Fujian)

Let's remember the years together, love and time.

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Sitting alone in the empty sky, smelling the aroma of cappuccino in boiling water. I like coffee very much. This bitter and sweet taste seems to be a long journey of life.

My old friend told me to have the simplest life and the most distant dream. With a flick, the words reached my ears.

From birth, like this pot of boiled water, it is simple and tasteless. Gradually, brewing in this brown powder becomes full of flavor. In the process of slowly tasting, we learned to live. And it's not easy for us to walk all the way to today. Ye Zhi said, there are too many tears in this world, you won't understand. This stubborn love for a feminist who died in vain is very similar to our stubborn unrequited love for the future. In the lingering fragrance, we reflect on yesterday and look forward to tomorrow. A pragmatic life lies in a valuable life. You should have a coffee-like granular experience, burn and dissolve in nirvana, savor it occasionally, and then learn it by heart.

I know that there are things in this world that are much bigger and sadder than we expected, about love or hate. Since the Wenchuan earthquake, my heart has been immersed in a trough. Life and death are just a moment, and such pain is engraved on the life line like a concave and convex inscription. Make you pout and frown. Such bitter coffee, only self-knowledge.

Shi Tiesheng said, son, this is your sin and your happiness.

Crying and the happiness of the rest of my life are mixed together and melted in this coffee. You see, when life is mean to us, it always disappoints us, but life is generous. Always redeems us after we are disappointed.

I think, because of this generosity of life, we must live with dignity, just like life itself, and respect our existence.

I stared at the coffee in this white porcelain cup and remembered the genius who was trapped between love and death all his life-Virginia? Woolf. Her soul is full of profound thoughts and disorder. I seem to see the sunshine full of cornflower fragrance, the friction between quill pens and thick paper, and the hot coffee on the table in the beautiful Scottish countryside in spring. She is writing a letter to Orlando.

My mouth lifted gently. The genius was legendary all his life and eventually died of illness. She said that the core of life is empty, just like a house. In other words, after she tasted the bitterness and sweetness of coffee, all she left was an empty cup, and she could not take anything away in her life after death.

In this small world, what I have experienced is just an ordinary life, and what I have seen is just an ordinary world.

In fact, there are not so many stories in life, but love is the whole meaning of our life. The bitterness and sweetness of this coffee is a comprehensive taste. Take a sip and feel for yourself.

A moment of love in life won us a lifetime. Be generous to great sadness. Whether it is bitter or sweet, I can taste this life without regrets!

I don't know when a kite flew into the air and lonely birds circled around it. I reached out to block the light from the sunset in my eyes, just like an illusion of light and shade. I can't help crying at the thought of stumbling all the way.

Look up and drink the last sip of coffee, and the fragrance of life stays between your teeth.

Woolf said with a smile, let's remember the years, love and time.

comment

In the examination room, the author "like coffee", "finely crushed" and "burned and dissolved" his granular feelings, and expressed his views on a valuable life in a personalized way: the pain of life is disappointing and saves our hearts, so we should live with dignity and remember time with love. It is an essay with strong essays, but it is thoughtful and profound.

It is the greatest wish of every college entrance examination proposer to respect students' writing personality, let each candidate enter the best writing state in the examination room and give full play to their writing level. This kind of composition allows candidates to extract the center suitable for their own expression from multiple angles, which is both inclusive and atmospheric, and it is unnecessary to say more about the grasp of the theme meaning. However, in today's composition mode of examination room, such as "total-sub-total" and "first sentence summary", should we pay more attention to students with writing personality? This article was rated as an excellent volume and conveyed a positive voice. After all, you can't just drink one flavor of drink.

Don't say "no" easily (Guangdong)

Saying "no" is a kind of ignorance and shallow show-off for frivolous people, but it is a wise refusal to understand the world for smart people. Saying "no" is arrogant and unnecessary sacrifice for impulsive people, but it is an unswerving persistence and unswerving struggle for truly brave people.

So, please don't say "no" easily. It is not a brave tool, nor an excuse to escape. However, in life, we never say "no". In order to avoid the heavy burden, the election of the monitor takes "no" as the best in the world and flaunts that no one is willing to do so. However, I was late for school, but I refused to let the doorman register my name with a tough attitude to show my courage. As everyone knows, I said at that time: I have three treasures, one is kindness, the other is frugality, and the third is not daring to be the first in the world. It is to persuade people not to rush for fame and fortune, let the soldiers meet each other, and ruin their lives. This is the reason why wise men long for people to shout for harmony, not to evade their duties, but to be brave, not arrogant and unreasonable.

Don't say "no" easily. When the world is unclear and the world is not worldly, we should use "no" rationally before we have a deep understanding of what "no" is.

Don't say "no" easily, but also because it requires us to pay a price, sometimes even the price of blood and life. The defeated Xiang Yu said "no" to the director of Wujiang Pavilion, gave up the opportunity to make a comeback and committed suicide in Wujiang River. Since then, Farewell My Concubine has become a swan song; But Han Xin didn't say "no" to her wandering mother, refused her help, endured humiliation and eventually became a big star. The reason is that Xiang Yu cares too much about his heroism, but he doesn't know that a gentleman can bend and stretch, just like Han Xin. If Xiang Yu does not say "no" easily, I am afraid that history will be rewritten, and Xiang Yu may be more than just a tragic hero.

Saying "no" is sometimes a life-and-death choice. Please think twice before you act.

Of course, saying "no" in front of evil forces is like Wen Tianxiang's swan song in the Yuan Dynasty, "No one has died since ancient times, so we can manage our history"; Saying "no" in the face of troubled times, such as Qu Yuan throwing himself into the river, such as Tao Qian retiring; Say "no" in the face of setbacks and difficulties, such as Beethoven's cry of "grasping fate by the throat", such as the miracle created by Guanyin with a thousand hands ... These are the truly brave people who, after careful consideration, stick to the pure land in their hearts, resist evil forces on earth and fight against unfair fate.

So, please don't say "no" easily.

Comments: Although the composition was written in the college entrance examination, this article still shows the author's writing talent and literary talent. There is an atmosphere of reasoning at the beginning of the article, and the beginning is full of speculative colors, which shows that the candidates are mature in thinking. The main part focuses on why we should not say "no" easily. First, give two examples from campus life to illustrate that we can easily say "no", and then easily say "no" from three angles: "the world is not yet clear", "paying the price" and "life and death choice". The overall concept is rigorous and the focus is thorough. Generally speaking, this paper is ingenious in conception, fully demonstrated, fluent in language and full of passion.