Interpretation of 1. standard
1. 1 definition and function of standard
The definition of standard is a unified regulation of repetitive things and concepts. It is based on the comprehensive achievements of science, technology and practical experience, approved by the competent department through consultation, and published in a specific form as a criterion and basis for compliance. Norms and regulations are the manifestations of standards. According to the above definition, all industrial products, all kinds of engineering construction, environmental protection, safety and health must be formulated and implemented in China. 1989 In April, China promulgated the Standardization Law, which established the legal status of all kinds of standards, and defined the obligation to implement standards according to law and the legal responsibilities that should be borne for violating standards. Therefore, formulating standards, organizing the implementation of standards and supervising the implementation of standards are of great significance and role in developing the socialist market economy, promoting technological progress, improving the quality of products and projects, improving social and economic benefits, and safeguarding the interests of the country and people.
1.2 "standard" grade specified in the Standardization Law
National standards. This is the national standard. National standards are usually formulated for general technical requirements that need national unification and other technical requirements that need state control.
Industry standard. It is a standard implemented by a domestic industry. Industry standards are usually formulated for general technical requirements and special technical requirements of something that needs to be unified within a certain industry in the absence of national standards.
Local standards. It is a standard implemented in a certain area. Local standards are usually formulated for technical requirements that need to be unified in a certain area without national standards or industry standards.
Enterprise standards. It is a standard implemented within an enterprise or institution. Enterprises and institutions that already have national standards, industry standards and local standards may also formulate standards that are stricter than these standards.
2. Standards in the field of building waterproofing
The standards in the field of building waterproofing mainly include: waterproof material standard (product standard) and waterproof technical specification (including quality acceptance specification). The former belongs to the standards that should be observed in the production field, while the latter belongs to the standards that should be observed in the engineering application field.
2. 1 Elements of formulating product standards and their applicability
The product standard of waterproof materials should be based on the requirements of technical specifications, accurately reflect the scope of use of products, and avoid several types of products or products with different raw materials being included in one standard; The technical indicators of products should focus on reflecting the internal quality of products, and establish inspection rules and simple test methods; At this stage, we should pay attention to speeding up the integration with the international community.
2.2 "Regulations" serve the construction.
"Regulation" is one of the expressions of "standard". There are not many regulations on the application fields of waterproof technology. At present, the regulations officially promulgated and implemented are: Beijing local standard (DBJ/T 0 1-26-2003) "Technical Specification for Construction of Building Installation Sub-projects" (including roofing works, floor works and underground waterproofing works); Technical Code for Construction of Building Waterproofing Engineering (enterprise standard) compiled by China State Construction Engineering Corporation, a large construction enterprise. Judging from the current situation, some waterproof material manufacturers engaged in waterproof engineering construction have begun to pay attention to the preparation of enterprise regulations (enterprise standards), which are similar to construction methods and are formulated through comprehensive research. Their characteristics are: they can form consistency in technical management and solve the coordination and restriction among materials, design and construction; It makes up for the shortcomings of the use requirements in product standards and the principles of construction methods in technical specifications; Conducive to the popularization and application of complete sets of technology (sales system); In the form of industrial product specifications, guide users to use products correctly and provide users with all-round services. These characteristics undoubtedly create good conditions for ensuring the quality of waterproof engineering, which is welcome.
3. Forms and functions of laws and regulations
3. 1 Relationship between regulations and standards
The above standards (norms and regulations) belong to the rules of conduct that should be followed in the field of technical management, while the regulations belong to the rules of conduct that should be implemented in the field of administrative management. The forms of expression of "regulations" include laws, regulations, plans, rules and policy documents. Therefore, the relationship between standards and regulations is complementary in management.
Since 199 1, the National People's Congress, the State Council and construction administrative departments at all levels have issued a series of important regulations and policy documents in the field of building engineering (including waterproof engineering) according to the social and economic development, including: building law, regulations on quality management of building engineering, ways to popularize the application of chemical building materials and restrict the elimination of backward technologies and products, and strengthening the production and application management of building waterproof materials. These laws and regulations have played an important role in promoting the development of building waterproof engineering technology and ensuring the engineering quality.
3.2 the relationship between laws and regulations and product standards
It should be pointed out that the national standard of waterproof materials is formulated for the use in the national construction field, and housing construction engineering is only one of them. Moreover, the technical indicators specified in the product standards only reflect the average level that domestic manufacturers of similar products can reach, and the state encourages enterprises to formulate enterprise standards higher than the national standards. At the same time, the Ministry of Construction, as the administrative department in charge of construction, can put forward technical requirements for materials or products that are higher, stricter or supplementary to product standards by formulating policy documents according to the importance of waterproof engineering in the construction field, in order to ensure the engineering quality and represent the interests of users, which is also in line with national laws and regulations.
4. Problems in the field of building waterproofing.
It is an indisputable fact that fake and shoddy waterproof materials are rampant in the market at present. According to investigation and analysis, the qualified rate of waterproof materials for residential projects sold in some areas is only 25? 40%, brand products and high-grade waterproof materials are rarely used, which leads to the aggravation of hidden dangers of leakage, and the ultimate victims will be users and property buyers. Many waterproof experts are very worried about this and think that these situations are not technical problems, but management problems. Waterproofing project is a systematic project. In order to prevent leakage, comprehensive treatment is needed. 65,438+00 years ago, the building waterproof engineering community advocated the implementation of the quality guarantee period system for waterproof projects. The Building Law also stipulates the warranty period for waterproofing of roofs and walls and ground works that need waterproofing, and entrusts the quality responsibility of waterproofing works to the construction unit. However, due to the inconsistency of their rights and obligations, the implementation effect is not good. Through the analysis of the market situation in recent years, the existing problems mainly focus on the following aspects.
4. 1 Laws and policies are not in place.
In the field of building waterproofing, there are not a few laws and policy documents issued by the government. However, due to insufficient publicity and weak awareness of laws and regulations, they cannot be seriously implemented, and there are many cases where laws are not complied with and enforcement is lax. .2 Lack of understanding of the legal status of standards (codes and regulations)
Mainly manifested in the lack of design, more designers are interfered by developers, unable to adhere to principles and strictly implement specifications, leaving the important responsibility of selecting waterproof materials to the construction unit for decision, thus opening the door for fake and shoddy waterproof materials to enter the market.
4.3 the behavior of the construction unit is not standardized
At present, engineering construction units and real estate developers are in a dominant position in the construction market, but they are not familiar with the laws, regulations, policies and norms that should be implemented in the construction field. They are more profit-driven and ignore the rules. Their bad behavior has become an important factor affecting the order of waterproof material market and construction market. Mainly manifested in: there is a "black and white contract" in the project bidding; The implementation of bidding without reserve price, bidding without reserve price and malicious price reduction; Recognize fake and shoddy waterproof materials and condone unqualified, affiliated and low-quality construction units to enter the project.
4.4 Lack of supervision mechanism
There are serious management loopholes, irresponsibility and even behavior problems in implementing product standards, complying with technical specifications, implementing laws and regulations, and market operation. Poor management and lack of supervision mechanism are the root causes of these problems.
5. Conclusion
It is urgent to solve the above problems. In the final analysis, we must administer according to law and thoroughly rectify and standardize the market order. Vigorously safeguard the unity, authority and seriousness of standards and regulations; Strengthen market supervision and law enforcement to ensure a fair and just competitive environment in the market. Only in this way can the progress and healthy development of building waterproofing be promoted.