Scholars despise each other, as it has been since ancient times. Fu Yi and Ban Gu are equally talented in humanities. However, Ban Gu despises Yi Fu. In a letter to his younger brother Ban Chao, he said: "Fu Wuzhong became an official position in the history of Lantai because he could write articles, but he wrote thousands of words, and the list goes on. Ordinary people are always good at seeing their own advantages. However, there is not only one genre of articles, and few people are good at all genres. So everyone always uses what they are good at to despise what others are not good at. There is a saying in the village: "If you have a broken broom at home, you will know that it is worth thousands of dollars. "I can't see my own problems.

There are only seven literati left, namely Kong Wenju in Shandong, Chen in Guangling, Wang in Yang Shan, Xu Weichang in Beihai, Ruan Wenyu in Chen Liu, Ying Yun in Runan, Serina Liu in Dongping and Liu Gonggan. This "seven sons" are (eclectic) in learning (so to speak), and they are (self-made) if they don't borrow others' words. It's really hard for them to admire each other because they are all kindred spirits. I look at myself (I think I have the ability) to measure others, so I can write this paper without this drag (scholars despise each other). RoyceWong is good at ci-fu, and Xu Gan (article) has the habit of soothing people from time to time, but it is also comparable to RoyceWong. For example, RoyceWong's Fu on Initial Expropriation, Fu on Climbing the Building, Fu on Feeling and Fu on Thinking, and Xu Gan's Fu on Xuanyuan, Fu on Missing Flowers, Fu on Fan, and Fu on Orange are all beyond Zhang Heng and Cai Yong's reach. However, other articles can't compare with this. Chen Lin and Ruan Yu's chapters, tables, books and notes (several genres of articles) are outstanding today. Ying Yun (article) is peaceful but not majestic enough, while Serina Liu (article) is atmospheric but not detailed enough. Kong Rong's charm is elegant and extraordinary, but he is not good at making arguments, and his words are better than reasoning, even mixed with jokes and teasing words. As for what he is good at (genre), he is first-class in Yang Xiong and Bangu. Most people value the ancients, despise the present, advocate fame, ignore reality, fail to see their own shortcomings, and always think they are virtuous.

The essence of an article (expressing its content in words) is the same, but the details (genre and form) are different. Therefore, it is appropriate to play sparingly and criticize elegantly, letters and argumentations should be reasonable, inscriptions and obituaries should be appropriate, and poems should be gorgeous. The styles of these four subjects are different, so people with culture (often) have preferences; Only a generalist can be good at all kinds of articles. The article focuses on "qi", which can be divided into two types: clear qi and turbid qi, which cannot be obtained by hard work. Using music as a metaphor, the melody rhythm of music has the same measurement, but the sound of luck is not so neat, and the usual skills also have advantages and disadvantages. Although they are fathers and brothers, they cannot teach their sons and brothers.

The article is related to the great achievements of governing the country, and it is a great cause that can be passed down to future generations and will last forever. People's age and life span are limited by time, and honor and joy can only be combined in the end. Both of them end in a certain period of time, which can't be circulated forever like articles, and there is no shortage. Therefore, ancient authors, who devote themselves to writing and express their thoughts and opinions in articles and books, do not need to borrow the words of historians or rely on the power of senior officials, and their fame can naturally be passed on to future generations. As a result, Zhou Wenwang was jailed and interpreted the Book of Changes, and Zhou Gongdan had an insightful bar mitzvah. King Wen didn't stop his career because of poverty, and Duke Zhou didn't change his ambition because of his great insight. Therefore, the ancients looked down on a foot of jasper and valued an inch of time because they were afraid of the passage of time. Most people don't want to work hard, the poor are afraid of cold and hunger, and the rich are addicted to ease and happiness, so they only know how to manage what is in front of them and give up achievements that can last for thousands of years. The sun and the moon move in the sky, but the human body looks old day by day underground, and suddenly dies of old age like everything else. This is a sad thing for people with lofty ideals!

Kong Rong and others have all passed away, and only Xu Gan wrote On China, which became a family statement.

Hint: Lu Xun said: "An era of Cao Pi can be said to be the conscious era of literature." Then, Dian Lun Wen can be said to be the first conscious monograph on literary theory and criticism in the era of literary consciousness. The main theoretical viewpoints of Dian Lun Wen are as follows:

First of all, it criticizes the bad habit of "belittling scholars" and the ideological tendency of "respecting the past and belittling the present" and "backing the truth", and puts forward the relationship between writer's talent and literary essence. As for the causes of the bad habit of "scholars despise each other", the article holds that one is the writer's "self-awareness" of his own strengths, and the other is the "darkness overrides self-awareness" of his own shortcomings. Second, "literature is not integrated, and there are few good ones." A writer can't be good at writing skills in various styles, and each is often shorter than others because of his appearance.

Secondly, regarding the stylistic theory, it puts forward the theory of four-body and eight-body, and puts forward the different stylistic features of "four-body". The cover is decent and elegant, the book theory is reasonable and the inscription is realistic. Poetry is beautiful. " This is an accurate theoretical summary made by Cao Pi on the characteristics of artistic grasping style. Among them, the phrase "poetry should be beautiful" separates literary works from the tradition of not distinguishing between literature, history and philosophy. This has gone far beyond the value of its simple division of style and has epoch-making theoretical significance. It marks that the "era of literary consciousness" mentioned by Lu Xun has arrived.

Thirdly, Cao Pi put forward the theory of "literature is based on qi" in his "Dian Lun Paper". The article mentions different kinds of qi, such as qi, body qi, clear qi, turbid qi and so on. Then he said: "Prose is dominated by qi, and the turbidity of qi has a body, which cannot be caused by force." Being the "master" means that literary creation, including other works, mainly depends on the "Qi" endowed by the author, and embodies different styles, either as soothing "Qi" or as unrestrained "Yi". Although the concept of "Qi" was not first put forward by Cao Pi, it was Cao Pi who first applied this concept to literary creation and literary theory criticism. The theory of "writing based on qi" had an important influence on the formation of the tradition of "writing based on qi" in China's ancient literary theory and criticism.

In addition, Cao Pi also affirmed the social value theory and social function of literature in "Dian Lun Papers". Prior to this, literature was regarded as "carving a worm, carving a seal", which was an elegant "road". Cao Pi put forward: "Covering articles is a great cause of the country and an immortal event." It fully affirmed its social value theory and social function.

Dian Lun Essay is the first independent literary criticism work in the history of ancient literary criticism in China, and it is a sign that literature has stepped onto the awakening era. (translated by Han Chuantong)