The first step: column phenomenon. List immoral phenomena in reality that hinder the healthy development of society. The typicality of case selection to alert people; The richness of the list, in order to arouse readers' * * *; The diversity of rhetoric can highlight literary talent and enhance momentum. Example:
I just studied art and recently sent a batch of antiques to Paris for exhibition. I don't know what will happen after that. There are also several "masters" holding several ancient paintings and new paintings and hanging them all the way in European countries, which is called "carrying forward the national light". I heard that Dr. Mei Lanfang will be sent to the Soviet Union to promote "symbolism" in the near future, and then he will go to Europe to preach.
Step 2: Show the shortcomings. Every ugly phenomenon will cause more or less social losses. Some losses are obvious, which makes people despise and spit on; But after a long time, there will be some losses, and many people can't see the harm of this imagination, so it is necessary to reveal it, which requires writers not only to have a profound vision, but also to have the ability to foresee through phenomena.
(this kind of blind delivery has caused the exhaustion of materials. Although some people say that digging underground coal is enough for the world to use for hundreds of years. But, hundreds of years later? Hundreds of years later, of course, we will become souls, or go to heaven or go to hell, but our children and grandchildren are still alive, so we should leave them some gifts. Otherwise, on the occasion of the festival ceremony, they get nothing, so they have to kowtow to each other and ask for some leftovers as a reward. This kind of reward should not be misunderstood as throwing things. It was thrown away. To put it mildly, it can be called "sending". I don't want to give examples here.
Step 3: Explore the root cause. Looking at the problem from a philosophical perspective and a theoretical perspective shows the depth and breadth of thinking.
But we were frightened by what was delivered. First, British opium, abandoned guns in Germany, then French gunpowder, American movies, and various Japanese gadgets printed with "completely domestic products". Therefore, even sober young people are disgusted with foreign goods. In fact, this is precisely because it is "sending" rather than "bringing".
Step 4: Find a way. Have a long-term vision and strategic vision, and point out a way to solve the problem for readers. From the perspectives of education, government regulation and guidance, and severe punishment by law.
So use your head, open your eyes and get it yourself!
Anyway, we must take it with us. We want to use it, store it, or destroy it. Then, if the owner is a new owner, the house becomes a new one. However, first of all, this person should be calm, brave, discerning and not selfish. Without it, you can't be a newcomer. Without bringing it, literature and art can't become new literature and art.
For another example: "Don't let the hero burst into tears", you can write the following outline.
The first layer: don't do it yourself, stop and restrict others; Seeing honor, jealousy and denigrating others: this is a typical performance of people who make' heroes' cry.
The second layer: hurting others, making the hero feel like dying; Harm society and make society healthy and depressed. It is the danger of making the' hero' cry.
The third layer: strong personal desire, strong jealousy, narrow-mindedness, and belief in "everyone for me" are the fundamental reasons for the tears of' heroes'.
The fourth layer: we are not afraid of gossip, and we are opposed to being jealous of talents. This is our correct attitude towards this outrageous behavior; Strengthening moral education and protecting the rights and interests of heroes are the correct measures for us to deal with this outrageous behavior.
The above is the author's thinking on refuting the writing of the paper. I hope that the majority of candidates can actively learn from them, show deep and long-term vision and far-sighted views in the examination room, and win the exam.
Argument and rebuttal
Argumentative papers are generally divided into argumentative papers and refuting papers.
(1) Argumentative essay is an argument method to explain the author's views and opinions on some events or problems from the front. To write an argumentative essay, we must:
The argument should be correct and clear. Correctness means that the argument itself should conform to Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory, conform to objective reality and stand the test of practice. Distinctive means that the author must clearly express what he affirms, denies, agrees with and opposes, and must not be vague or ambiguous.
(2) The arguments should be true and sufficient. In other words, we must cite enough facts or recognized truths to prove the correctness of the argument.
Facts as arguments include representative and conclusive examples or historical facts, as well as statistical data. It is very convincing to use facts as arguments.
It is also very convincing to use scientific truth as an argument. If the principles, laws and formulas of natural science are taken as arguments, they can also play a powerful role in proving arguments.
(3) Argumentation must conform to the correct form of reasoning. Writing argumentative essays should be well-founded and logical. Argument commands argument, and argument proves argument. The argument must be sufficient to prove the argument, and the argument must be an inevitable conclusion inferred from the argument.
(2) Refutation is to discuss certain events and problems, expose and refute wrong and reactionary views or opinions.
There are three forms to refute wrong and reactionary arguments:
(1) directly refute each other's arguments. First point out the absurd arguments of the other side, then directly refute them with correct truth and conclusive facts, revealing the contradiction between lies and facts, absurdity and truth. In some articles, it is first proved that the argument opposite to the enemy's argument is correct, thus proving that the enemy's argument is wrong.
2 refute each other's arguments by refuting each other's arguments. Argument is the basis of argument, which proves the argument. Wrong reactionary arguments are often based on wrong arguments. If the argument is refuted, it will be untenable.
(3) refute the other party's argument by refuting the fallacy of the other party's argument process (refuting its argument). Refuting the key issues in his argument also refutes the fallacy.
In short, when writing an argumentative essay, we should also pay attention to the following points: ① aim at the handle. To write an argumentative essay, we must first set out the fallacies or reactionary views of the other side and set goals. How to set goals? There are usually two methods. The first is an overview. That is, retelling the refuted enemy theory in popular language. When summing up, you can quote some original words appropriately, but it should be focused and the tendency should be clear. The second is the quotation. That is, extract the key parts or related parts of negative materials, and then refute them against the target. (2) Grasp the key points. Lu Xun said: "It is the key to' discussing the enemy'. It only takes one blow to cause fatal harm to people." We must grasp the reactionary nature of fallacies and heresies and expose and criticize them in depth. ③ Pay attention to discretion. We must distinguish between the enemy's counter-revolutionary fallacies and the wrong ideas among the people. Expose the enemy mercilessly, denounce the enemy and give a fatal blow; We must adhere to the principle of "unity-criticism-unity" for erroneous ideas among the people, and we must never compare them.
Although there are two ways of argumentation and refutation, they are not completely separated. Breaking and standing are the unity of dialectics. In argumentative writing, sometimes we have to refute the wrong argument; In refuting an article, it is generally necessary to clarify the correct point of view while refuting the wrong argument. Therefore, argumentation and refutation are often combined in argumentative writing.