Induction, contrary to deduction, is a deduction from the individual, the special to the general, and from the micro to the macro. For example, the title "Da Vinci painted an egg"-someone wrote: "If Da Vinci did not have the strict training of famous teachers, it is hard to imagine that he would become a generation of artists in the future; Paganini, a famous Italian violinist, could not have become the world-famous violin king without strict basic training when he was a child. Li is a famous Peking Opera performer in China. Without solid martial arts skills and singing skills, it is impossible to become an actor with both civil and military skills ... "Then it is concluded that" successful artists have painted eggs, which shows that they have passed strict basic training and solid basic skills, laying a deep foundation for building towering buildings, thus reaching a realm that ordinary people can't reach. " There are three typical examples in front, and the final conclusion is that it comes naturally.
Analogy is an argument method that draws conclusions according to the same or similar properties of two objects. For example, Leonardo da Vinci painted eggs. From the fact that Leonardo da Vinci's teacher asked him to paint eggs and practice basic skills, we can think of some similar examples: an acrobat skillfully spins a disc, others ask him the secret, and the actor leads the questioner to the bed and points to the one under the bed.
2. The method of quoting arguments in the composition 1. The structure of argumentative writing (1) Argumentative writing is a kind of reasoning style that reflects objective reality and expresses cognitive achievements by using concepts, judgments, reasoning and other thinking forms.
Since argumentative writing is to express the author's views on an objective thing and convince readers, it is necessary not only to present the author's views and attitudes, but also to clarify why this view is put forward and why this attitude is held. This process of explaining "why" is the process of argument.
A complete proof must consist of three parts: argument, argument and proof. These three parts are the three elements that constitute the characteristics of argumentative writing, and they each undertake different tasks.
1. argument. The so-called argument is the viewpoint or proposition put forward by the author in the article.
It is the center of the whole argumentation process, shouldering the task of answering "what to demonstrate" and clearly indicating what the author is in favor of and against. 2. debate.
The so-called argument is the basis used to prove the argument. In the proof, it undertakes the task of answering "why".
According to the nature and characteristics of debate itself, it can be divided into factual debate and theoretical debate. Factual argument is a true description or generalization of objective things, and it is the most convincing argument to prove the argument. Theoretical argumentation refers to those viewpoints that come from practice and have been proved and tested by long-term practice.
Including the basic principles of philosophy, celebrities, proverbs, idioms and proverbs. 3. Argument.
The so-called argument is the logical process and method of proving the argument with arguments, that is, the logical connection between materials and opinions, such as deductive reasoning or inductive reasoning between arguments and arguments. It is charged with the task of answering "how to prove".
In short, an argumentative essay, regardless of its length, must have three elements: argument, argument and argumentation. These three elements are closely combined and indispensable, and * * * jointly complete a complete proof task. (B) the basic structure of argumentative writing.
Argumentative writing is different from narrative writing, which is organized according to the logical connection of events. The common structural form of argumentative writing is the so-called "three-stage": introduction, theory and conclusion, that is, asking questions, analyzing problems and solving problems.
1. Introduction. Also called "introduction", it is the beginning of the article.
This part undertakes the task of putting forward the central argument. There are many ways to ask questions, and we will explain them in particular.
2. This theory. Also called positive theory, it is the most important part of argumentative writing.
This part undertakes the task of demonstrating the central argument, that is, using various arguments and quite a few proof methods to prove the argument. For this part.
Its framework mainly has three forms. (1) parallelism: several levels used to prove the argument are parallel, characterized by using several parallel sub-arguments to explain the central argument.
(2) Progressive: It is used to prove that the relationship between several levels of viewpoints is progressive and in-depth, characterized by the framework of "what to do-why to do it-how to do it". (3) Contrast: The level used to prove the argument is the relationship between two contrasts.
3. Conclusion. Generally, it is to summarize the main ideas of this theory or point out the methods to solve problems, and encourage readers to take action or accept correct ideas.
It is the inevitable result of analyzing problems. Its function is to review the main ideas and viewpoints of the whole article, so that readers can have a concrete and general understanding.
3. How to cite argumentative citation in college entrance examination composition refers to axioms, famous sayings and epigrams, classic works, historical documents, proverbs, idioms, proverbs, legends, ancient and modern poems, etc. To prove a point as an argument, that is, to cite theoretical arguments to demonstrate.
Its advantage lies in its authority and persuasiveness. The application of 1. citation to attention problems includes two factors: one is to find exact theoretical arguments, which can be called "citation"; Second, it is necessary to analyze the theoretical basis and make it fully relevant to the topic, which can be called "proof"
Many students take pains to "quote", but often pay insufficient attention to "proof"; Only "quoting" but not "proving" made the mistake of "quoting opinions". In fact, it is gratifying to find the exact theoretical basis when using the citation method, but the argument itself is only a kind of material and cannot replace the argument.
Without the process of argumentation and analysis, the article is bound to be pale and powerless. Therefore, after listing the theoretical basis, it must be properly elaborated. The citation should be supported by evidence and words, and the purpose and significance of the cited materials should be clearly defined, and it should be closely related to the viewpoint.
How to use citation well? (1), quote famous aphorisms and other targeted statements. Every famous saying comes from a specific background and is used for a specific communicative purpose. Even when talking about the same problem, there are many famous sayings to choose from.
We should carefully analyze the unique function of each argument and quote it to the most suitable language environment. For example, to emphasize the importance of ambition, we should choose "the three armed forces can win the handsome, but the ordinary man can't win the ambition."
Emphasize lofty aspirations and choose "How do sparrows know the ambition of swans?" Some students are addicted to surfing the Internet and choose to "play with things and get tired of it". Some students can't persevere and are violent and cold. They choose "those who do things have long-term aspirations, and those who don't do things always yearn for them." 2. Be concise, not too much.
Discussion is to express your own views, not to introduce others' views. The purpose of quoting others' words is to convince readers of their own words, which should be the main body of discussion and the most eye-catching part of the full text.
It's easy to drown out your own analysis by quoting too many. ③ Pay attention to the difference between direct quotation and indirect quotation.
Direct quotation ensures the accuracy of words and even punctuation; Indirect speech only needs to state its general idea, but pay attention to the transformation of person. 2. It is clearly divided into two types: explicit citation and implicit citation.
But no matter which one, it must be consistent with the point of view or center of the article, and the writing is naturally harmonious. In human language, there is a word that is the most sacred, sublime, eternal, transcending time and space and has immortal value, and that is "motherland".
When Qu Yuan threw himself into the river, he thought of his motherland. Wen Tianxiang thought of the motherland when he sang "Who has never died since ancient times, and the heart of keeping Dan shines in history"; Yue Fei thought of "the motherland" when he issued the rhetoric of "going straight to Huanglongfu and drinking with the kings"; When Tan Sitong faced the knife, his face did not change color. "I laughed from the horizontal knife to the sky." He still thinks about "the motherland"; Lu Fangweng said, "When I died, I knew everything was empty, but I was sad to see Kyushu.
Julian Waghann set the Central Plains Day in the north, so don't forget to tell Nai Weng about family sacrifices. "His dream is haunted, and this is also the' motherland' he misses; General Ji Hongchang, the national hero of the Anti-Japanese War, said on his deathbed: "If you hate the Anti-Japanese War, you will have the shame of today.
The country is still so broken, why should I cherish this head "His blood, death and retribution are also' motherland'. They have a strong, profound and inseparable love for their motherland.
For the fate of the motherland, they are willing to sacrifice their own flesh and blood and melt in the land of the motherland. "Blood is the grass of China." Commonly used quotations can be divided into two forms: ① direct quotation, such as 1, direct quotation of famous sayings or poems to prove the center of the article; (2) Modifiers, that is, quotations appear as attributes and modifiers in the text.
3. Learn to analyze. So, how to analyze the theoretical arguments cited? We can start from the following two aspects: a If you quote famous sentences in classical Chinese, you'd better explain them a little, and you don't have to implement them word by word, giving priority to free translation. At the same time, contact the viewpoint and make an explanation.
For example, when we wrote "The Way to Make Friends", we talked about "people are expensive and know each other": "Li Bai once said:' Life is expensive and know each other, so why should we have money'. Friendship between people is the most precious and difficult to measure with money. "
The previous sentence quoted Li Bai's poem, in which "knowing each other is the most important thing in life" perfectly fits the point of view. The last sentence not only explains the general idea of the poem, but also makes its own explanation. Friendship is more expensive than money.
Talking about "the way to make friends is to pay": "I would like to be friends with horses and chariots, and have no regrets. This is Lutz's promise to my friends, and I will share them with my friends, even if they are worn out. Because the way to make friends is to pay.
Of course, it's not just things like horses and chariots, but also sincere emotional and spiritual support. "After explaining the quoted Lutz's words, I will explain the relevant content of the view of" paying "a little, and the demonstration analysis is in place.
B. If you quote a popular sentence in the vernacular and there is no obstacle to understanding the literal meaning, you should grasp the key words in the quotation-the content closely related to the argument to analyze and reveal its content more clearly. If rhetorical devices such as metaphor and symbol are used, some remarks should be made to make the meaning of the argument clear.
For example, in the book The Way to Make Friends, we quoted the following famous saying and made a further explanation: "Roman? Roland said:' Wisdom and friendship are the only light that illuminates our night', and the friendship in our life, like a fire in the dark, is particularly precious in the frustrated' night'-it shows us hope and light, and then we have the courage to continue. The former sentence is quoted from the original text, and the latter sentence captures the words "light", "night" and "light", reveals their meanings and points out the preciousness of friendship.
"'When it comes to fame, honor and wealth, if compared with friendship, they are all dust ... In Darwin's view, many things you think you are striving for are not as valuable as friendship, they are as humble and illusory as dust, and friendship can bring people long-term happiness and comfort, and it is a' wealth' of life. The above quotation.
4. Is citation a rational argument or a citation argument? Citation argument is a kind of "rational argument", also known as "citation", that is, citing famous sayings or opinions as arguments to analyze problems and explain reasons in a classic way. There are two ways to quote: one is to quote clearly, to explain who said the quoted words, or to explain their sources; The other is implicit quotation, that is, it does not indicate who said the quoted words. Very flexible. Many celebrities also like to use quotations to consolidate their views when writing articles. For example, Su Xun's "Six Kingdoms", "The ancients said,' Qin is not as good as carrying firewood to put out the fire, and the salary is endless, and the fire will not go out'." "The phrase' the ancients said' is mentioned in the Warring States Policy and Historical Records." The Analects of Confucius will be cut down. "Zhou people have a saying:' Chen Li will make a list, and if it doesn't work, stop. "He quoted saint Zhou Ren to strengthen his point of view. The function of quoting an argument: it can enhance the persuasiveness or literary talent of the article, make the argument more powerful or attractive, and further explain the argument of the article. Citation argument is generally used for argument. What are the argumentation methods of argumentative writing? 1. Factual argument (inductive argument) 2. Theoretical argument (deductive argument) 3. Comparative argument (comparative argument) 4. Metaphorical argument 5. Causality argument 6. Justification.
5. The method of quoting arguments in the composition 1. Structure of argumentative essay
(1) Argumentative writing is a style of reasoning and argumentation that uses concepts, judgments and reasoning to reflect objective reality and express cognitive achievements.
Since argumentative writing is to express the author's views on an objective thing and convince readers, it is necessary not only to present the author's views and attitudes, but also to clarify why this view is put forward and why this attitude is held. This process of explaining "why" is the process of argument.
A complete proof must consist of three parts: argument, argument and proof. These three parts are the three elements that constitute the characteristics of argumentative writing, and they each undertake different tasks.
1. argument. The so-called argument is the viewpoint or proposition put forward by the author in the article. It is the center of the whole argumentation process, shouldering the task of answering "what to demonstrate" and clearly indicating what the author is in favor of and against.
2. debate. The so-called argument is the basis used to prove the argument. In the proof, it undertakes the task of answering "why". According to the nature and characteristics of debate itself, it can be divided into factual debate and theoretical debate. Factual argument is a true description or generalization of objective things, and it is the most convincing argument to prove the argument. Theoretical argumentation refers to those viewpoints that come from practice and have been proved and tested by long-term practice. Including the basic principles of philosophy, celebrities, proverbs, idioms and proverbs.
3. Argument. The so-called argument is the logical process and method of proving the argument with arguments, that is, the logical connection between materials and opinions, such as deductive reasoning or inductive reasoning between arguments and arguments. It is charged with the task of answering "how to prove".
In short, an argumentative essay, regardless of its length, must have three elements: argument, argument and argumentation. These three elements are closely combined and indispensable, and * * * jointly complete a complete proof task.
(B) the basic structure of argumentative writing.
Argumentative writing is different from narrative writing, which is organized according to the logical connection of events. The common structural form of argumentative writing is the so-called "three-stage": introduction, theory and conclusion, that is, asking questions, analyzing problems and solving problems.
1. Introduction. Also called "introduction", it is the beginning of the article. This part undertakes the task of putting forward the central argument. There are many ways to ask questions, and we will explain them in particular.
2. This theory. Also called positive theory, it is the most important part of argumentative writing. This part undertakes the task of demonstrating the central argument, that is, using various arguments and quite a few proof methods to prove the argument. For this part. Its framework mainly has three forms.
(1) parallelism: several levels used to prove the argument are parallel, characterized by using several parallel sub-arguments to explain the central argument.
(2) Progressive: It is used to prove that the relationship between several levels of viewpoints is progressive and in-depth, characterized by the framework of "what to do-why to do it-how to do it".
(3) Contrast: The level used to prove the argument is the relationship between two contrasts.
3. Conclusion. Generally, it is to summarize the main ideas of this theory or point out the methods to solve problems, and encourage readers to take action or accept correct ideas. It is the inevitable result of analyzing problems. Its function is to review the main ideas and viewpoints of the whole article, so that readers can have a concrete and general understanding.