Audio language is the most important means of expression in speech activities. It consists of two elements: language and sound. It carries thoughts and emotions with flowing voice, and directly appeals to the hearing organs of the audience. It requires clear and accurate pronunciation, clear, round and sweet voice, and changeable timbre, intonation, voice and rhythm.
Body language is the speaker's posture, movements, gestures and expressions. It is a flowing body movement, supplemented by audio language, carrying thoughts and feelings and directly appealing to the audience's visual organs. It requires accuracy, vividness, naturalness and coordination.
The subject image refers to the speaker's figure, appearance, clothes, hairstyle and manners. The beauty and ugliness of the subject image directly affect the expression of the speaker's thoughts and feelings. It requires the speaker to pay attention to simple and decent decoration, chic and elegant manners, and give the audience a beautiful external image on the premise of conforming to the thoughts and feelings of the speech.
It must be pointed out that if the speech only "speaks" without "acting" and only acts on the audience's auditory organs without acting on the audience's visual organs, there will be a lack of moving subject images and performance activities; If there is only "performance" without "speaking", it only acts on the audience's organs, not on the audience's hearing organs. Therefore, both are indispensable and complement each other. However, the harmony between acting and speaking must be based on speaking, supplemented by acting, and acting must be based on speaking, otherwise it will lose its meaning. Now, the essence of speech can be defined as a realistic information exchange activity in which the speaker expresses his views and feelings to the audience in a specific situation with the help of artistic means of vocal language and body language, aiming at the reality and future of society, so as to inspire the audience and urge them to act.
So, what are the characteristics of the speech?
The first is its reality. This is because speech belongs to the category of real activities. Does not belong to the category of artistic activities. It is a practical activity in which the speaker directly publicly states his views and opinions to a wide audience through the judgment and evaluation of social reality.
The second is artistry. The artistry here is the art of real activities. Its artistry is the art of real activities. Its artistry lies in its sense of unity and coordination, that is, various factors in speech (language, voice, performance, image, time and environment) form an interdependent and coordinated aesthetic feeling. At the same time, speech is not only a real activity, but also has some characteristics of drama, folk art, dance, sculpture and other art categories, and is integrated with speech to form a speech activity with independent characteristics. Ina Fan Wenwang
The third is its agitation. If there is no agitation, it is not a speech. No matter whether it is a political speech or an academic speech, there must be strong agitation. This is because; First, all honest people have a desire to pursue truth, goodness and beauty. When the speaker spreads truth, goodness and beauty, it will naturally arouse * * * and inspire and inspire the audience. Second, the speaker uses his fiery feelings to trigger the emotional fire of the audience, which is easy to achieve the purpose of influencing the audience. Third, the image, language, emotion and posture of the speaker, as well as the structure, rhythm and plot of his speech can capture the audience. Fourth, the intuition of the speech makes it communicate directly with the audience, which is very easy to infect and impress the audience. It can be said that excitement is a sign of the success of the speech.
The fourth is its instrumentality. Speech is not only a science, but also a tool for people to exchange ideas. Any thought, any knowledge, any invention and creation can be spread through words. It can be said that pronunciation is the most economical, practical and convenient communication tool that anyone can use.
Above, we talked about the essence and characteristics of the speech. In actual speech activities, there are two tendencies that deserve attention. First, some speakers only "talk" but not "do", only pay attention to the practicality of the speech and ignore the artistry of the speech, which makes the speech nondescript and boring, thus weakening the effect of the speech. Second, some speakers blindly "perform" excessively, and pursue artistic performance skills such as cross talk, storytelling, recitation and stories, which downplays the authenticity, practicality and seriousness of the speech and makes it look funny and awkward and fail to play its due role. These two tendencies must be seriously overcome.
Focus on the manuscript
Speech is a practical style. This is the written material of the speech.
......& gt& gt
Question 2: What is a scholarship? Systematic and specialized knowledge refers to higher education and research. The English academy, which corresponds to this word, refers to a scientific and cultural group that conducts higher education and research. When used in this sense, it corresponds to the academic circles or institutions of higher learning in China. The word "academy" comes from a place name (Akademeia). This place is located on the periphery of ancient Athens. The gymnasium there was once famous for being transformed into a learning center by Plato.
By extension, the word academia can also be used to refer to "accumulation of knowledge". In this sense, it is usually translated into academics. The development and dissemination of academics spanned several eras. /kloc-in the 0 th and 7 th centuries, religious scholars in Britain and France often used colleges (or academies) to represent higher education institutions. English is called academy, and French is called Academy and Academy.
Scholars refer to people who take research as their profession in universities or institutions of higher learning, often teachers. Scholars usually have advanced degrees. In America, scholars and professors are almost synonymous. In Britain, there are academicians, lecturers, senior lecturers or assistant professors and professors according to their academic level. The word scholar can correspond to academic or scholar in English, which have slightly different meanings in English. The latter also refers to people who took research as their profession before a large number of universities appeared. Scholars generally do not include managers.
Some sociologists divide universities into four basic historical categories: ancient universities, early universities, academic societies and modern universities. There are at least two models of universities: the European model developed since ancient times and the model developed by Benjamin? /kloc-Franklin in the mid-0/8th century, Thomas? The American model pioneered by Jefferson in the early19th century.
I. Structure
Academics are often divided into disciplines and fields. This is the three studies and four subjects set by scholars' thinking mode in the first university in medieval Europe.
With the change of time, human beings constantly revise and create disciplines and fields. Since the Enlightenment, the academic field has become more and more specialized and the research scope has become smaller and smaller. Therefore, interdisciplinary research often wins awards in today's academic circles. This has also caused difficulties in actual management and funds. In fact, many interdisciplinary studies in the past later became specialized fields today, such as cognitive science. In short, this is the historical process of academic internal differentiation.
Many academic institutions reflect the division of disciplines in the administrative structure, such as courses in different fields or valve departments or colleges. Although there are some overlapping parts (college members, researchers and administrators), usually each college has its own administrative and financial appropriations. In addition, academic institutions generally have an overall administrative structure that is beyond the control of a single college, discipline or field. Academic autonomy is an important part of academic career and research, which ensures that academic circles are relatively free from political and financial pressures.
1, education and degree
Degrees are awarded to those who have completed major academic courses and obtained qualification certificates. The typical order is that students complete their bachelor's degree, then their master's degree and finally their doctor's degree. This has only recently been regulated in Europe as part of the Bronn process. Although teachers and scholars with master's degrees are very common in some professional and creative fields, researchers and professors with doctoral degrees and other ultimate degrees are more common in many other fields.
2. Academic conference
In academic conferences and lectures closely related to academic publishing, some intellectuals in this field are often invited to explain their ideas to a wider audience in books or papers. The authors of these articles use these opportunities to further explain the ambiguities in their works. At academic conferences, scholars can get faster responses and comments. As the relevant documents have been distributed in advance, participants can have enough time to read the documents and prepare some sharp questions.
3. Conflict objectives
In academia, different groups have different and even conflicting goals. These conflicts are very common in contemporary universities.
① Practicality and theory.
Academic circles are often vilified by "practice", such as in daily life, employment and business. Critics in academic circles say that academic theory is divorced from the real world, so there is no need to consider the real role, results and risks of actions. This kind of insulation is called "ivory tower". This often leads to the tension between academics and practice in many fields of knowledge, especially when academics have a very important influence on the practice. Sometimes, the criticism of the academic school by the practical school is considered as anti-intellectualism. From a balanced point of view, even if the academic community keeps up with the present >>
Question 3: What is the purpose of academic exchange? A new interpretation of the role of academic exchange
The role of academic exchange is generally understood as the exchange of information. The so-called information exchange is generally understood as: you have ideas and I have ideas. After communication, each of us has two ideas. As far as the Association for Science and Technology system is concerned, it is more recognized that academic exchanges have the functions of exchanging information, broadening horizons and mastering new knowledge. For example, it has been suggested that the ultimate goal of academic exchange is to communicate and exchange scientific information, ideas and opinions. [1] It is also mentioned that academic exchanges are enlightening to thinking. In my opinion, this traditional understanding of academic communication is superficial and incomplete, and it cannot profoundly reveal the important role of academic communication in thinking innovation, because the more important significance than information exchange lies in its development (activation, encouragement) and enlightenment.
Question 4: Summarize the characteristics and history of China's academic classified speech process I. Definition of speech draft:
A speech, also known as a speech, is a manuscript that expresses one's views, opinions and opinions at meetings or other public occasions. The speech draft is the basis of the speech, the standard and prompt of the content and form of the speech, and embodies the purpose and means of the speech. Generally speaking, writing a speech is the preparation for participating in speech activities. In a special sense, writing a speech is of great benefit to the formation and development of speech thinking mode. The quality of the speech directly determines the success or failure of the speech.
The speech is as clear and logical as the argumentative paper, but it is not an ordinary argumentative paper. It is a kind of applied style with propaganda and agitation, which often uses various rhetorical devices and has strong appeal.
Second, the characteristics of the speech:
1, correct.
The so-called correctness is to reveal the essential laws of things and be positive, which is conducive to human progress and social development.
Speech is a propaganda tool. If the viewpoint of the speech loses its correctness, the speech will be meaningless and will lead the audience astray. For example, an entrepreneur's speech at school strongly advocates that "success depends on opportunities and wealth depends on relationships", which has a very bad influence on students. Another speaker put forward a different view: "Opportunities always love those who are prepared, and it is especially good to strike while the iron is hot. Success always belongs to those who make unremitting efforts. " His views gave great encouragement to everyone and were very popular with the audience. Therefore, when writing a speech, we must accurately grasp the objective things, do not be subjective and arbitrary, vigorously carry forward the truth, goodness and beauty, and resolutely put an end to the spread of decadent negative thoughts among the audience.
The latest lecture of Simple Learning Network:
Wang Daji talks about modern literature, Wang Daji talks about college entrance examination composition, and Wang Daji talks about paragraph compression.
Wang Daji talks about classical Chinese reading, Wang Daji talks about poetry appreciation, and Wang Daji talks about sentence imitation.
2. unique.
A writer once said: originality is a beautiful flower. The same is true of speeches, and the audience will be inspired by those novel and original ideas. In a speech contest held by the County Disabled Persons' Federation, a person with disabilities in both legs said in his speech: "Li Bai once said,' I was born useful'. Although I can't hold fate by the throat like Beethoven, I can't let it hold my throat! " His fresh ideas won the audience a strong sense of * * *, and many people took it as their motto after the game.
There are many ways to make an idea new, such as the old saying, breaking the old and creating the new can make people feel refreshed.
3. profound.
The ideas of the speech should be novel and profound, and the theme is not profound, which will make people feel boring. For example, a "* * *" speech contest organized by the county party Committee in my mind, some people talk about things, only making a fuss about doing one thing, loving one thing and being willing to contribute to the people, which makes the audience sleepy. A middle school teacher went a step further in his speech: "* * *" made me understand a truth. As a teacher, I want to do everything for students, for students and for all students. Only in this way can we shine in our ordinary posts.
4. Times.
The so-called times, that is, ideas and viewpoints should keep pace with the times. An orator said in "Popular Colors of the Times": "If it is a swift horse, it should scream; if it is a dragon, it should run and dance. We should strive to be a leading bird and a trendsetter, put our great wisdom and courage into the melting pot of the new era, and shine for China to take off again. This view fully shows the characteristics of today's times, so it is very inflammatory. Won the unanimous praise of the audience.
-
5. Be targeted.
Speech is a social activity and a form of publicity used in public places. In order to explain and impress the audience with thoughts, feelings, examples and theories, and to "conquer" the masses, we must have realistic pertinence. The so-called pertinence, first of all, is that the questions raised by the author are the concerns of the audience, and comments and arguments must have eloquent logical power, be accepted and convinced by the audience, in order to produce the social effects they deserve; Secondly, we should understand that there are different types of "public places" with different audiences and levels, such as party groups, professional conferences, service clubs, schools, social organizations, religious groups, and various competition occasions. When writing, we should design different speech contents for the audience according to different occasions and different objects.
6. sound
The speech is an oral manuscript, which is prepared for the audience ... >>
Question 5: What should the speech say? I have some philosophical stories here, which I hope will inspire you (you can tell a story first and then connect with real life):
1, broken arrow
If you don't believe in your will, you'll never be a general.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a father and son went to war. The father became a general and the son was just a pawn. Another horn sounded, the drums roared, and my father solemnly raised an quiver with an arrow in it. The father solemnly said to his son, "This is the treasure arrow at home. It is extremely powerful when you carry it with you, but you must never take it out. "
This is an extremely delicate quiver, made of thick cowhide, inlaid with faint shiny copper edges, and look at the arrow's exposed tail. You can tell at a glance that it is made of fine peacock feathers. The son was beaming and greedily speculated about the appearance of the arrow, as if the arrow whizzed past his ear and the enemy commander jumped off his horse and died.
Sure enough, Bao Jian's son is heroic and invincible. When the trumpet sounded, the son could no longer resist the heroic spirit of victory and completely abandoned his father's words. A strong desire drove him to shout and pull out his treasure arrow, trying to find out. Suddenly he was shocked.
A broken arrow, there is a broken arrow in the quiver.
I have been fighting with a broken arrow! My son broke out in a cold sweat, as if the house had lost its pillar in an instant and collapsed.
The result is self-evident, and my son died tragically in the disorderly army.
Blowing away the misty smoke, my father picked up the broken arrow and spat heavily: "If you don't believe in your will, you will never be a general."
How stupid it is to pin victory or defeat on a precious arrow, and how dangerous it is for a person to give the core and handle of life to others! For example, pin your hopes on children; Put happiness on her husband; Insure the crew with life insurance ...
Tip: You are an arrow. You want it to be tough, you want it to be sharp, you want it to go through a hundred paces and hit a hundred shots, you sharpen it, and only you can save it.
2. The value of life
Don't let yesterday's depression cover up tomorrow's dreams!
At a seminar, a famous speaker held a $20 bill in his hand and didn't make an opening speech.
Facing the 200 people in the meeting room, he asked, "Who wants this $20?" Put one hand up. He went on to say, "I want to give this $20 to one of you, but before that, please allow me to do one thing." As he spoke, he crumpled up the money and asked, "Who wants more?" There are people holding hands. He added, "Well, what if I do this?" He threw the money on the ground, stepped on it and ran it over with his foot. Then he picked up the dirty and wrinkled bill. "Who wants it now?" Someone still raised their hands. "My friends, you had a very meaningful lesson. No matter how I treat that bill, you still want it, because it hasn't depreciated, and it's still worth 20 dollars. On the road of life, we will be knocked down, bullied or even crushed by our own decisions or adversity countless times. We feel as if we are worthless. But no matter what happens, or what will happen, you will never lose value in the eyes of God. In his view, dirty or clean, dressed neatly or sloppy, you are still priceless. "
Tips: The value of life lies not in what we do, nor in who we make friends with, but in ourselves! We are unique ―― never forget that!
It's beautiful to hold your head up and chest out.
Although it is a black cow, the milk is white.
Jenny is a person who always likes to go back to the low rock? Restore the original acyl Mi Yue shake with yellow appearance? Why are you lying there? Curtains? Are you happy? What happened? Grain? Are you kidding? Wave sand to send a fine? What's with iridium? What's the matter with you?
Jenny walked into the classroom and met her teacher head-on. "Jenny, how beautiful you look with your head held high!" "The teacher lovingly patted her on the shoulder and said. That day, she was praised by many people. She thought it must be a bow, but when she looked in front of the mirror, there was no bow on her head. She must have lost it when she came out of the jewelry store.
Self-confidence is a kind of beauty, but many people lose a lot of happiness because they care too much about appearance.
Tips: Whether you are poor or rich, whether you look like a fairy or plain, as long as you hold your head high, happiness will make you cute-the kind that everyone likes.
4. Draw a leaf for life
As long as you have the heart ... >>
Question 6: What is an academic goal scholarship? It refers to systematic and specialized knowledge, generally refers to higher education and research, and is a discipline of existence and its laws. "Academic" refers to the study of methods. It is not the same as learning knowledge.
Zhang Ronghuan, a contemporary anthropologist, defines the concept of scholarship as a disciplinary demonstration of existence and its laws. The English academy, which corresponds to this word, refers to a scientific and cultural group that conducts higher education and research. When used in this sense, it corresponds to the academic circles or institutions of higher learning in China. The word "academy" comes from a place name (Akademeia). This place is located on the periphery of ancient Athens. The gymnasium there was once famous for being transformed into a learning center by Plato. Academic disciplines and fields. This is the three studies and four subjects set by scholars' thinking mode in the first university in medieval Europe. With the development of society, the academic content is gradually refined, and various specialized academic fields are gradually emerging, and the research content is more and more targeted.
general situation
By extension, the word academia can also be used to refer to "accumulation of knowledge". In this sense, it is usually translated into academics. The development and dissemination of academics spanned several eras. /kloc-in the 0 th and 7 th centuries, religious scholars in Britain and France often used colleges (or academies) to represent higher education institutions. English is called Academy, and French is called Academy and Academy.
scholar
Scholars refer to people who take research as their profession in universities or institutions of higher learning, often teachers. Scholars usually have advanced degrees. In America, scholars and professors are almost synonymous. In Britain, there are academicians, lecturers, senior lecturers or assistant professors and professors according to their academic level. The word Scholar can correspond to Academic or scholar in English, which have slightly different meanings in English. The latter also refers to people who took research as their profession before a large number of universities appeared. Scholars generally do not include managers.
Some sociologists divide universities into four basic historical categories: ancient universities, early universities, academic societies and modern universities. There are at least two models of universities: the European model developed since ancient times and the model developed by Benjamin? /kloc-Franklin in the mid-0/8th century, Thomas? The American model pioneered by Jefferson in the early19th century.
Question 7: What is the position of the speech in the speech? The structure of a speech is divided into three parts: the head, the main body and the end, and its structural principle is roughly the same as that of a general article. The beginning of a speech is also called prologue. It occupies a prominent position in the speech structure and has a special role. There are generally the following kinds of speeches at the beginning: 1) Get to the point and reveal the theme. General political or academic speeches come straight to the point and directly reveal the center of the speech. For example, Soong Ching Ling's speech at the ceremony of accepting the honorary doctorate in law from Victoria University in Canada began with: I am honored to accept the honorary doctorate in law from Victoria University in Canada. Using this method, we should first clearly grasp the center of the speech and present the arguments to the audience, so that the audience will know what the center of the speech is and concentrate immediately. But this method is easy to appear too dull and calm, and it is difficult to attract people. 2) Explain the situation and introduce the background. For example, at the beginning of Engels' speech in front of Marx's tomb: at 2: 30 on March 14, the greatest thinker of our time stopped thinking. ...................................................................................................................................'s opening statement gives a necessary explanation of the time and place of the incident, in order to prepare for further revealing the topic to the audience. Use this method from the beginning, we must start from the center of the speech, we must not talk nonsense and digress from Wan Li, and we must prevent rhetoric and empty talk from ruining the listener's appetite. 3) Ask questions to attract attention. At the beginning of writing a speech, we can ask some questions according to the characteristics of the audience and the content of the speech to stimulate the audience's thinking, thus arousing the audience's interest. This kind of question should be novel and unique, which can really make the audience think.
Question 8: What are the basic principles of topic selection in speeches?
Principle of necessity
The principle of necessity means that the topic should face reality, pay attention to social needs and stress social benefits. This is the first and basic principle of topic selection, which embodies the purpose of scientific research, that is, the purpose principle. The so-called needs here include two aspects: first, according to the needs of social practice, especially the needs of industrial and agricultural production, this is its social significance; Second, according to the needs of the development of science itself, this is its academic significance. Or both.
Feasibility principle
The principle of feasibility means to consider the realistic possibility when choosing a topic. The principle of feasibility embodies the "conditional principle" of scientific research. The selection of topics must proceed from the subjective and objective conditions of researchers and choose topics that are conducive to development. If a subject does not have the necessary conditions, no matter how much the society needs, how advanced and how scientific it is, it is impossible to achieve it, and the topic selection is equal to zero.
Question 9: What are the characteristics of the speech? Forms, characteristics and types of speeches
Format of speech
The structure of the speech consists of three parts: title, title and text.
(1) title. There is no fixed format for speech topics, and there are generally four kinds.
(1) Prompt the theme, such as "People should have dedication".
(2) the type of suggestive content, such as "speech at the class meeting with the theme of cherishing life and staying away from drugs"
(3) ask questions, such as "what qualities should contemporary middle school students have"
④ Thinking about Scientific Outlook on Development and building a well-off society in an all-round way.
(2) address. In the second line, write the title with a colon, and decide the title according to the needs of the audience and the content of the speech. Often use "comrade:" or "friend:", and you can also add attributes to render the atmosphere, such as "young friend:".
(3) the text. The text consists of three parts: introduction, text and conclusion.
(1) Opening remarks. The task of the prologue is to attract the audience and lead to the following. There are six forms:
A. First say the background, greetings and thanks; B. summarize the content of the speech or reveal the central argument;
C. start with the theme of the speech; D. from the reasons for speaking;
E. introduce a topic from another matter; F. Start with a thought-provoking question.
2 main body. The subject is the central content. There are generally three types:
A. narrative speech. Describe writing with the narration of character events and life pictures;
B. debate speech. Based on typical cases and theories, act logically and convince the audience with opinions;
C. lyric expression. Express your views in passionate and lyrical language, convince the audience with emotional people, and express your feelings in things, reasons and things. 3 conclusion. It is the key to the success of a speech, and is often used to summarize the full text and deepen the impression; Put forward hope and inspire people; Express determination and end the oath; Take care of the topic and other methods, and end the full text with an exciting conclusion.
Characteristics of speech
(1) pertinence.
The content of the speech is what the audience is most concerned about, interested in and want to know, and the expression is easy to accept, paying great attention to the effect.
(2) encouraging.
The purpose of the speech is to move the audience, convince the audience, and strive for the best publicity and persuasion effect with emotion.
(3) pronunciation.
A speech should be able to turn silent words into spoken language through the speaker's eloquent speech. It is best to speak, listen, understand and remember, write fluently, speak sweetly, be easy to understand, be picturesque and humorous.
Types of speeches
(1) According to the occasion of the speech, it can be divided into conference speech, radio speech, TV speech, classroom speech, court speech, etc.
⑵ According to the content and nature of speeches, they can be divided into political speeches, academic speeches and social activities speeches.
⑶ From the way of expression, it can be divided into narrative speech, argumentative speech and lyrical speech.
Question 10: After graduation, I was sad for a long time because I couldn't meet my favorite person silently. What should I do? Actually, it's not her you love.
Since she doesn't know you, you are actually strangers and have never really got along.
She just lives in your imagination, and you love her in your imagination.
If you get along, I think you will find that she is not what you think.
Far away, she is also very ordinary.
In fact, people like you are very pure and reliable targets for women;
Since you have chosen not to talk, please choose to talk to others.
Since you have chosen to escape, please choose to face others bravely.
Now that you have missed one person, please miss another.