Classical Chinese knowledge in senior high school Chinese persuasion.
First, the key pronunciation
It is considered that although there is a storm on the wheel (róu), there is also a storm on it.
Visit (cān) province (xǐnɡ) and look forward to (Qi).
Zhou Zhen, Ceratosaurus and Bubu.
Miracle (qí jì) Ma Xu (nú) Perseverance (qiè)
Second, literary common sense.
1, "Encouraging Learning" is taken from "Xunzi Encouraging Learning".
2. Xunzi, a native of Zhao at the end of the Warring States Period, was a famous thinker and educator. He is the last representative of pre-Qin Confucianism and a master of simple materialism. It emphasizes the role of education and etiquette, advocates that governing the world depends not only on the rule of law, but also on both education and etiquette, emphasizes the necessity of knowledge and the importance of acquired learning, and believes that acquired environment and education can change human nature.
Third, interchangeable words.
1. Think of it as a wheel (the wheel is connected with the wheel and the wood is bent by fire).
2. Although there is violence ("you" means "you" and "violence" means "exposure")
There is nothing wrong with knowing clearly and doing it ("knowledge" leads to "wisdom", wisdom)
4. The life of a gentleman is different ("life" is connected with "sex", "talent" and "personality")
Fourth, the different meanings of ancient and modern times.
1, minions: ancient times, claw teeth. Today, accomplices and lackeys.
2, gold: ancient, metal products, this generation refers to metal swords and so on. Today, gold.
3, province: ancient, check. Today, explore and understand
4. Thought: In ancient times, the preposition "Yao"+the verb "Yao" made ... I think it is today.
5, erudition: ancient, learn from others. Today, knowledge is extensive and profound.
6, intention: ancient, two words, use, preposition, because; Heart, brain. Today, concentrate and use more energy.
7, sustenance: ancient, Tibetan. Today, pin your ideals, hopes and feelings on someone or something.
8. Gentleman: Ancient times: learned and cultivated people. Nowadays, people with noble personalities.
Five, the word polysemy
1, inch
Green is taken from blue (from, preposition).
And green is bluer.
A gentleman is the same all his life, and good is false to things (for prepositions).
2, and
Green, taken from blue, is blue (indicating a turning point, not a conjunction).
A gentleman is knowledgeable, but he saves himself by going to Japan (step by step, in addition, conjunction).
I've been thinking about it all day.
Accumulate goodness into virtue, the gods are complacent, and the sacred heart is prepared.
The crab kneels six times and pinches twice.
Sixth, the flexible use of parts of speech
1, a gentleman is learned, but saves himself by taking part in daily activities.
2. It's not good enough, but it's a thousand miles away.
3. You can't swim without water or river (water, noun is verb, swimming, swimming).
4. Eat Ethiopian soil (above, position nouns as adverbials, upward).
5, drink yellow (below, the noun of the position is adverbial, downward).
Seven, classical Chinese sentence patterns
1, preposition structure postposition
Green is taken from blue (Yu, preposition, where the action is caused, can be translated as "cong").
Shine on you is better than blue (metaphor, preposition, table comparison, can be translated as "comparison").
Cold is not just water.
A gentleman knows, but visits Japan to save himself (Hu is equivalent to the preposition "Yu", which leads to the object of action and can be translated as "right").
2. Attributive postposition
Earthworms have no advantage over their minions, but their bones and muscles are strong ("profit" is the attributive of "minions"); "Strong" is the attributive of "bones and muscles". "Zhi" is a sign of attributive postposition).
3. Fixed format
It is impossible to take the Wan Li Road/rivers and seas (nothing means "there is no (method) to come ...").
Reflections on persuasion of Chinese in senior high school.
Reflections on "Encouraging Learning"
As a master of pre-Qin Confucianism, Xunzi attached great importance to learning and education, leaving a rich and distinctive learning and teaching thought, which contains many positive and reasonable elements and has eternal value beyond the boundaries of time and space. Confucius said, "Review the past and learn the new". I reread Xunzi's "Encouraging Learning" and thought it over carefully. I have gained a lot in learning and self-cultivation, and I would like to share it with you.
First, the understanding of the importance of learning should be profound, comprehensive and in place.
"A gentleman is learned. If he cares about himself every day, he will know it but not make mistakes."
"I taste and think all day long, not as good as what I learned at the moment. I've tasted it and I'm looking forward to it. It is better to climb the mountain to see ... gentlemen are the same, good and false. "
These two words mean that a person should study extensively and check himself every day, then he will be smart and resourceful and his behavior will not be wrong. Thinking all day is not as rewarding as learning for a moment ... there is no difference in qualifications between people, just learning the day after tomorrow and not studying hard.
What is particularly emphasized here is "doing what you know" and "doing good and faking things". What can you know if you don't learn? How can you be "fake" if you don't learn something? This requires articles on learning, in other words, learning is the foundation and support for being a man, cultivating oneself and doing things.
Second, the attitude of learning should be modest, correct and serious.
First of all, the learning attitude should be modest and open-minded.
"So don't climb the mountain, I don't know the sky is high; Don't face the deep stream, I don't know the thickness of the ground; If you don't listen to the last words of the late king, you don't know the greatness of learning. "
This sentence says that a person does not know how high the sky is unless he climbs the mountain. I don't know how thick it is without facing the deep stream. As for the last words of the late king, it is more appropriate for us to understand them as the wise words of the socialist sages today. It is also the answer that "it is difficult for those who look at the sea to find water, and it is difficult for those who swim at the door of saints to say." "Gold is not full of red, no one is perfect" has its own shortcomings and defects, which is not terrible. The terrible thing is to be afraid of illness and avoid medical treatment, and be blind and arrogant.
Secondly, learning attitude should be correct and calm, and glitz should be abandoned.
"The gentleman's learning is also in the ear, in the heart, in the four bodies, in the shape of movement ... the ancient scholar is himself, and today's scholar is a human being. The study of a gentleman is also for beauty; Little people learn that birds are calves. Therefore, if you don't ask, you will be proud of it, and if you ask, you will be proud of it. Proud, no, ooh, no; A gentleman is like a ring. "
Learning to be impetuous and complacent is the enemy of learning. Xunzi said: the learning of a gentleman is to listen to it, remember it in your heart, behave in a condescending manner, and conform to the etiquette. The ancients read books for their own moral cultivation, but now people read books just to show off others. Gentlemen learn to improve themselves, while villains learn to show off and grandstanding, and take knowledge as gifts such as poultry and calves to win praise. Therefore, it is impetuous to teach others without asking your advice; Ask and answer, wordy; Impetuousness and wordiness are wrong. A gentleman should answer questions like an empty valley, no more, no less, just right.
Third, study should be serious and strict.
"One shot at a time is not enough to be a good shot; A thousand miles is not enough, and being good at defense is not enough ... all of them, and then scholars also. "
An arrow in a hundred shots is not a good arrow if it doesn't hit the target; A car in Ma Qianli, only half a step away, is not a good car, and a real scholar can only be considered if he can fully and thoroughly master what he has learned. When we are building a learning organization and a learning society, we must be more strict. We must never go through the motions and produce practical results.
Third, there is no end to learning, and the learning methods should be convenient, efficient and step by step.
Perseverance.
"Learn mo is close to that person. Rites and music are not mentioned, poetry and books are not cut, and the Spring and Autumn Period is unhappy. If you learn from a gentleman, you will respect him all over the world. Therefore, learning ink is close to people. "
What this passage says is that learning is nothing more convenient than being close to your tutor. Concise and thought-provoking. Both the Book of Rites and the Book of Music have statutes, but they are too rough. The Book of Songs and Shangshu are simple but not close to reality. Chunqiu is implicit but not thorough enough; It is noble and comprehensive to learn the knowledge of gentlemen by imitating good teachers, and it is also understandable to the world. So learning is nothing more convenient than getting close to the tutor. In our study and life, we should pay special attention to learning from the people around us. "As a threesome, we must learn from each other, follow the chosen ones and change the bad ones." This is a fact.
"If you don't accumulate steps, there will be no miles; If you don't accumulate small streams, you won't be a river. Leap, not ten steps; This is a great contribution to the success of Ma Xu. Perseverance, rotten wood can't be carved; Perseverance, the stone can be smashed. "
Diligence is like a seedling in spring. If you don't see its increase, you will be stronger every day. Learning is like a whetstone. If you don't see its losses, you lose money every day. We should endure loneliness and mediocrity in our usual study, and uphold the mind and courage of "clothes are getting wider and wider, and people are haggard for Iraq" in order to appreciate the learning realm of "looking for him in the crowd for thousands of Baidu, suddenly looking back, that person is there, and the lights are dim".
Fourth, the ultimate goal of learning is to benefit the people and serve the public.
In Xunzi's view, the highest state of reading is: "Being good, like a good eye with five colors, a good ear with five sounds and a good mouth with five flavors, is beneficial to the whole world." Rights can't be tilted, people can't move, and the world can't swing. "In today's words, when you reach the ideal situation of being completely addicted to learning, just like having a pair of good eyes, a pair of good ears and a good mouth, you are eager to have this world. If this is done, then there will be no evil thoughts in front of power and selfish desires, many people will not give in, and nothing in the world can shake their beliefs.
As party member in the new era, government officials can no longer think that "there is Yan Ruyu in the book, and there is a golden house in the book". If we relax our study, our thoughts will fall behind the situation, we will lose our advanced nature, and it will be difficult to resist the temptation of greed if we try the spiritual world in low taste.
"Encouraging Learning" is Xunzi's first work, which systematically discusses the purpose, significance, attitude and methods of learning, focusing on the importance of learning and the attitude that should be adopted in learning. This is of great reference value for us to cultivate high-quality socialist builders and successors and build a learning organization and a learning society today.
Translation of Chinese Persuasion in Senior High School
The gentleman said: learning can't stop.
Indigo is extracted from bluegrass, but its color is darker than bluegrass. Ice is condensed from water, but it is cooler than water. The wood is straight enough to conform to the straight ink line. If the wheel is made by painting, the radian of the wood conforms to the standard of circle. Even if it is dried by the wind and the sun, the wood will not be straight again, because it has been processed like this. Therefore, wood can be measured with ink lines, straightened with auxiliary tools, sharpened with swords on grindstones, and a gentleman can study extensively and reflect on himself every day, then he will be wise and his behavior will not be wrong.
Therefore, if you don't climb the mountain, you don't know how high the sky is; I don't know how thick the ground is without facing the deep stream; If you don't understand the legacy of the emperor, you won't know the breadth of knowledge. Children of michel platini, Vietnamese, foreigners and raccoons cry at birth with the same sound, but their customs are different when they grow up. This is because of education. The Book of Songs says, "You are a gentleman, don't always covet comfort. Respect your work and love the virtue of integrity. The gods will give you good luck and blessings when they hear all this. " There is no greater spiritual accomplishment than being influenced by morality, and there is no greater blessing than not having a disaster.
I used to think all day and didn't learn much in an instant; I once stood on tiptoe and looked at it from a distance, but I didn't see it as wide as when I was climbing. Wave when you climb high, your arms are not lengthened, but others can see you in the distance; Calling with the wind will not get louder, but the listener can hear clearly in the distance. With the help of chariots and horses, people can walk Wan Li Road without walking fast; People who use boats and boats are not good at swimming, but they can cross the river. A gentleman's qualification is no different from that of ordinary people, but he is good at using foreign things.
In the south, there is a bird called "Mongolian pigeon", which takes feathers as its nest, weaves with hair and ties it to the ear of a tender reed. When the wind blows, the reed spike breaks, the bird's nest falls down and all the eggs are smashed. It's not that the nest is poorly woven, but that it shouldn't be tied to reeds. In the west, there is a kind of grass called "Belamcanda", which grows on a high mountain. It is only four inches high, but it can overlook a hundred miles away. Not because grass can grow tall, but because it grows on the top of the mountain. Pennisetum grows in hemp fields and can stand upright without support. White sand will not turn white when mixed into black soil. The root of Sophora japonica is called Ai Xiang. Once it is immersed in smelly water, gentlemen and servants will avoid it. It's not that Ai itself is not fragrant, but that it is soaked and stinks. Therefore, a gentleman should choose a good environment to live and a moral person to make friends, so as to prevent delay and protect his moderation and integrity.
Everything happens for a reason, and the arrival of honor and disgrace also corresponds to virtue. Rotten meat gives birth to maggots, while dead fish give birth to worms. If you slack off and forget the code of conduct, something will happen. Objects that are too hard are easily broken, and those that are too weak are easily bound. If you are not nice to people, it will cause disgust. Dry wood is flammable, low-lying and easy to wet, and there are many animals and plants. Everything is like sheep. Therefore, when the target is set, the bow and arrow will be shot. When a tree grows into a forest, it will lead to axe cutting. When the forest is lush and shady, birds will come to stay. When vinegar turns sour, it will attract mosquitoes. Therefore, words may cause trouble and actions may be humiliated. A gentleman can't help being cautious when dealing with people.
Earth and rock piled up into mountains, from which wind and rain started; Water flows into the abyss, and dragons are born from it; Accumulate good deeds, cultivate noble morality, improve spirit, and thus have the state of mind of a saint. Therefore, without the accumulation of half a step, there is no way to reach thousands of miles away; Without the accumulation of tiny flowing water, there is no way to merge into the rivers and seas. The horse jumped less than ten paces; A bad horse walks for ten days in a row, and its success lies in its non-stop. If you stop carving a few times, then the rotten wood will continue to carve. If you insist on carving, then this stone can be carved successfully. Earthworms have no sharp claws and teeth, and no strong bones and muscles, but they can eat the soil and drink the underground spring water, because they are single-minded. A crab has six legs and two claws, but it has nowhere to hide without snakes and eels, because it is impetuous.
Therefore, without the will to study hard, there will be no significant academic achievements; Without hard work, there will be no great achievements in career. Neither side will tolerate a man who can't get to his destination on the wrong road and serves two monarchs at the same time. The eyes cannot see two things at the same time and see clearly, and the ears cannot hear two sounds at the same time and hear clearly. A poisonous snake can fly without feet, and a mouse has five skills, but there is still no way. The Book of Songs says, "Cuckoo nests in mulberry trees, and there are seven young birds. A good gentleman should be single-minded and impartial. Only when the behavior is single-minded and impartial will the will be rock-solid. " Therefore, a gentleman is determined and single-minded.
In ancient times, there were harpists, and the fish in the water surfaced to listen. Boya played the piano, and the horse pulling the cart would stop to eat and listen with its head up. Therefore, the sound will not be heard because it is weak, and the behavior will not be discovered because it is hidden. If Baoyu is buried in a deep mountain, the vegetation is moist, and if pearls fall into the abyss, the cliff shore will not dry up. Can't good deeds be accumulated? How can we accumulate good deeds without being widely read?
Where should learning begin and end? A: According to its practice, it should start with reading poems and other classics and end with reading the Book of Rites. In its sense, it begins with learning and ends with becoming a saint. Sincere practice, such long-term accumulation, will certainly be able to deeply understand the fun, learn to die. Therefore, although the tutorial of learning has an end, the desire to make progress cannot be slackened for a moment. It takes a lifetime to learn to be a man, and vice versa. Shangshu is a record of political affairs; The Book of Songs is a summary of one's heart. The Book of Rites is the premise of the legal system and the general program of various regulations, so you can't finish it until you learn the Book of Rites, which is the pinnacle of morality. The Book of Rites respects the ceremony, the Book of Rites speaks in harmony, the Book of Songs and the Book of History are profound and profound, and the Spring and Autumn Annals is righteous and has covered all the university questions between heaven and earth.
A gentleman's knowledge is obvious, which is manifested in his dignified behavior and his behavior in line with etiquette. Every move, even the slightest words and deeds, can set an example for others. Little people learn from their ears and from their mouths, only four inches apart. How can they perfect their seven-foot figure? The study of the ancients is the demand of their own moral cultivation, but today's study is just to show off others. Gentlemen learn to improve themselves, while villains learn to show off and grandstanding, and take knowledge as gifts such as poultry and calves to win praise. Therefore, it is impetuous to teach others without asking your advice; Asking and answering two questions is lengthy; Impetuousness and wordiness are wrong. A gentleman's question and answer should be like an empty valley, no more, no less, just right.
Nothing is more convenient than getting close to your tutor. "Book of Rites" and "Yue Ji" have statutes but are too rough; The Book of Songs and Shangshu are simple but not close to reality. Chunqiu is implicit but not thorough enough; It is noble and comprehensive to imitate a good teacher and learn from a gentleman, and it can also reach the world. So learning is nothing more convenient than getting close to the tutor.
Respecting the tutor is the most convenient way to learn, followed by advocating etiquette. If you don't respect the teacher or salute in class, just read some miscellaneous books and explain the Book of Songs and Shangshu, then you will only be a scholar all your life. To study the wisdom of saints and seek the root of benevolence and righteousness, the shortcut to mastery is to start with etiquette. It's like bending your five fingers and lifting the collar of a fur robe. When you eat, your hair will be completely smooth Not learning manners is like measuring a river with your fingers, holding millet with your fingers, and getting something to eat in a rice cooker with an awl. Therefore, respecting etiquette, even if the knowledge is not thorough and clear, can still be regarded as a moral and cultivated person; If you have no manners, even if you can distinguish right from wrong and be eloquent, you are just a shallow Confucian scholar without real cultivation.
If someone comes to you for an impolite question, don't answer it; Talk about impolite things, don't ask questions; Say rude things in front of you, don't participate; Don't argue with savage and competitive people. Therefore, it is necessary to conform to the principle of propriety and righteousness before giving reception; Avoid people who don't conform to the principle of propriety and righteousness; Therefore, only respectful and polite people can talk about the purpose of Tao; Only those who are fluent in writing can talk about the content of Tao; Only people with sincere attitude can talk about the profound meaning of Tao. Therefore, talking to someone who can't talk is called impetuous; Don't talk to people who can talk to you, that's neglect; Talking casually without looking at the other person's reaction is called blindness. Therefore, a gentleman should not be impetuous, careless or blind. He should be careful with everyone who comes for advice. The Book of Songs says: "It is approved by the son of heaven not to be impetuous or negligent." That's the truth.
An arrow in a hundred shots is not a good arrow if it doesn't hit the target; Car Ma Qianli, only half a step away, is not a good driver; You can't master ethical norms, adhere to the principle of benevolence and righteousness, and of course you can't be considered good at learning. Learning is a matter that needs full attention. Learning for a while and stopping for a while are ordinary people in the market. There are few good behaviors and many bad behaviors. Jay, Zhou and Tuo are all such people. A scholar can only be considered if he can master the knowledge he has learned comprehensively and thoroughly.
A gentleman knows that learning is not perfect, so he reads a set of books to achieve mastery, understands through thinking and exploration, practices through imitating a tutor, and removes his wrong habitual temperament to maintain. I don't want to see if my eyes are wrong, I don't want to listen if my ears are wrong, I don't want to talk if my mouth is wrong, and I don't want to think if my heart is wrong. When you reach the ideal state of concentrating on your study, you will be as eager to have colorful eyes, good ears and good mouth as you are. If this is done, then there will be no evil thoughts in front of power and selfish desires, many people will not give in, and nothing in the world can shake their beliefs. Living is like this, and it will not change until death. This is called moral integrity. Only with virtue and integrity can we be firm, and only with perseverance can we improvise. If you can be firm and improvise, you are a mature and perfect person. At that time, the sky will be bright and the land will be wide, and the value of a gentleman lies in the perfection of virtue.