General review of seventh grade history classification of Beilou Middle School, Chang 'an Town, Gaocheng City, Hebei Province Ma Yingdi? Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties-Qin and Han Dynasties-Three Kingdoms, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties? It is required to remember the establishment time, capital and founding monarch of Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Eastern Zhou, Qin, Western Han, Eastern Han, Three Kingdoms, Western Jin and Eastern Jin. The basic clue of China's ancient history: The ancient history of China was from Yuanmou people 654.38+0.70 million years ago to 654.38+0.840 before the Opium War? Including primitive society, slave society and feudal society. The first volume of the seventh grade can be divided into three historical periods: pre-Qin, Qin and Han Dynasties, Wei and Jin Dynasties and Southern and Northern Dynasties. The first stage? Pre-Qin? 1.7 million years ago to 22 BC 1 year, including1year? Primitive social period? (1) The primitive society in China ended in the Yu period? (2) the slave society in China began in 2 1 century BC. 2? Xia, Shang and Western Zhou were the periods of the formation, development and prosperity of China's slave society. 3? The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were a period of disintegration of slave society and formation of feudal society. The second stage? Qin and Han dynasties? From 22 1 year BC to 220 AD? It was the foundation stone period of the first feudal unified multi-ethnic country. The third stage? Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties? From 220 to 589? It was a period of division of feudal countries and great national integration. Political aspects of the review guide? Regime change, system construction, reform and measures? Economically? What is the development of agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts and commerce? Ethnic relations? Ethnic policy, war and peace between ethnic minorities and Han nationality, ethnic regime and ethnic integration? External relations? Foreign policy and friendly exchanges? Cultural aspects? Science and technology, literature and art, ideological education? Political? First, the replacement of major dynasties in China? See the attached table for details? Second, the political system? The abdication system is the system of recommending tribal alliance leaders in primitive society. 1? Who is the abdication system related to? Yao, Shun and Yu. 2? The first person to implement this system was Yao Shun? Is to end this system. Hereditary system 1 in the establishment of Xia dynasty? After I died? Rev inherited his father? Become the second king of Xia Dynasty? From now on? Hereditary system replaced abdication system? The "public world" has become the "family world". The establishment of the Xia dynasty? It marked the beginning of slave society. 2? Various state institutions were established in the Xia Dynasty? Including government agencies, the military, criminal law and prisons? It is a tool for the slave owner class to oppress civilians and slaves. The enfeoffment system in the Western Zhou Dynasty was 1? What is the purpose of the data packet? Consolidate rule. 2? The enfeoffment system includes two aspects? (1) The son of heaven gave land and people to relatives and heroes? Make them princes. (2) the obligations of the rulers? Obey Zhou's orders? Pay tribute to the son of heaven? Usually defend the territory? Lead troops to fight against the emperor in wartime. 3? What does packet mean? Developed remote areas? Strengthen rule? Make the Western Zhou Dynasty a powerful country. Centralization of authority in the Qin Dynasty established autocratic centralization? The supreme ruler is called the emperor? In charge of all military and political power in this country. The central government has a prime minister, Qiu, and an ancient adviser? In charge of administration, military affairs and supervision? Finally, it is up to the emperor to decide. The county system of the Qin Dynasty? The Qin dynasty strengthened feudal rule? At the local level? Implement a county system? Divide the world into 36 counties? There is a county under the county. The implementation of the county system? It has far-reaching influence in the history of our country. Reform and measures in the Spring and Autumn Period? Qi Huangong and Jin Wengong's measures for hegemony? The purpose of the vassal hegemony? Forcing countries to recognize his leadership? Become the "overlord." ★ Qi Huangong's measures? ① Good at employing people? Appoint Guan Zhong as Prime Minister ② Actively reform internal affairs? Develop production? ③ Reform the military system? Build a strong army? (4) Take "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries" as the call? Expand the border? ⑤ Qi is rich in fish salt? Rich economy? It is a big country in the East. Qi Huangong was the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period. ★ Late 7th century BC? Chu Jin and China are fighting in Chengpu? Jin Jun won. Jin Wengong became the overlord of the Central Plains. What happened afterwards? Chu Zhuangwang became the overlord of the Central Plains? Win the Central Plains? . 2? Is there a reason (1) for Qi Huangong and Jin Wengong to become overlords? The decline of the Zhou royal family. 2 strength? By developing production, training the army and rectifying internal affairs? Qi and Jin became strong rapidly. 3 prestige? Establish prestige through "respecting the king and resisting foreign countries" or war. 3? The influence of hegemonic war ① Negative influence? Bring all kinds of disasters to society. ② Positive influence? In the war for hegemony? Some vassal States were wiped out? Some vast countries have emerged. Warring States period? Shang Yang Reform ① Time? In 356 BC. Two words? Shang Yang reformed with the support of Qin Xiaogong. 3 purpose? Establish feudal rule? Develop feudal economy? In order to be invincible in hegemony. ④ Content and Influence The Warring States Period was the period when China's feudal system was established. ? What is the impact of the content? Reward farming and production? People who produce more grain, cloth and silk? Can be exempted from corvee? Economic development? The wealth of the country has developed the economy of Qin? The combat effectiveness of the army is constantly increasing? Become the most prosperous country at the end of the warring States period. Reward soldiers? According to the size of the military, awarded the title and Tian Zhai? The combat effectiveness of the army has increased? Soldiers admit that land is private? Allow free trading, establish feudal land ownership, and establish a county system? The monarch directly sent officials to govern and strengthened the central government's incorporation of Qin State in order to consolidate and unify it. The means of creating absolutism in politics has been used in China for more than two thousand years? It has a profound influence on the history of China. The economic unification of currency and weights and measures has a very important influence on promoting economic and cultural exchanges and safeguarding national unity. The cultural unity of words and ideas destroyed culture by burning books and burying Confucianism? Restrict people's minds. Military construction of the Great Wall in the north, development of southern Xinjiang and unification of Lingnan? Building Lingqu Qin Dynasty has a vast territory? Become the first unified multi-ethnic centralized country in the history of our country. Tyranny of Qin Dynasty ── Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising ── Peasant Rebels overthrew the Qin Dynasty? Xiang Yu and Liu Bang? Performance? (1) Heavy corvee and taxes? (2) harsh criminal law? (3) ii is more cruel? Zhao Gao "refers to a deer as a horse"? . Influence? The tyranny of the Qin dynasty seriously damaged the social economy? Increased the burden and suffering of the people? Arouse people's resistance. Western Han Dynasty? Wenjing rule 1? Why? (1) What happened in the early Han Dynasty? Economic depression, national poverty? (2) Summarize the lessons of Qin Dynasty's death from tyranny. 2? Measures? Pay attention to developing agricultural production? Lighten the burden on the people? 2 advocate thrift? ③ Pay attention to "moral education". During the reign of Emperor Wendi and Emperor Jingdi? Social stability? People are rich? Is the country rich and strong? This period is called "the rule of cultural scenes" in history. ? The first prosperous period in the history of China feudal society appeared in the Western Han Dynasty. ? The Effect of the Background Measures of the Great Unification of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty; Did the vassal states that were enfeoffed in the early Han Dynasty still have considerable power of "pushing pets"? Weaken the power of sealing the country. ? Zhufuyan's suggestion? The vassal States have been unable to confront the central authorities, and various factions contending for a hundred schools of thought are still active? He "ousted a hundred schools? Respecting Confucianism alone "? Confucianism became the policy of feudal scholars to criticize the emperor? Blame the central government? Bad for centralization? Dong Zhongshu's suggestion? Running a business school? Taking the Five Classics of Confucianism as the main teaching material. Orthodox ideological economy 1? Put the right to coin and the right to operate salt and iron under the central government? Unified casting of five baht 2? Harnessing the Yellow River has curbed the profiteering of big businessmen? Greatly increased the central fiscal revenue? Achieved economic unity. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the national strength was strong. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing attacked Huns? Battle of Mobei? 1 19 BC? Battle of Mobei? Xiongnu was hit hard? Can't compete with the Western Han Dynasty. Does Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty want to contact Da Yueshi in diplomacy? * * * with the Xiongnu Zhang Qian attack, twice to the western regions? BC 138, BC 1 19? Open up the silk road and establish the western regions? The first 60 years? Emperor Xiaowen reformed and moved the capital to Luoyang? The fundamental purpose and reason is to strengthen the rule of the Central Plains. ? Move from Pingcheng to Luoyang? Sinicization policy? Learn Chinese? Wearing hanfu? Use China's surname? Marry the Han nationality? Adopt the official system and laws of the Han nationality? Learn the etiquette of the Han nationality. Function? These measures of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty promoted national integration. Economically? Ancient residents? Beijing people's production activities? Gathering and hunting? The production activities of Neanderthals? Gathering, hunting and fishing. Primitive farming life: two representatives of primitive farming life in China: primitive humans discovered the time and place of production activities, production tools and housing appliances; The original inhabitants of Hemudu lived about 7000 years ago; Grow rice in Hemudu Village, Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province in the Yangtze River Basin? Raising pigs, dogs, cattle and sheep bones? Pottery, jade and musical instruments are all made of ground stone tools in houses with dry bars. About five or six thousand years ago, the original inhabitants of Banpo Textile Society planted millet and vegetables in banpo village, near Xi, Shaanxi? Raising pigs and dogs? Fishing and hunting generally use grindstones and painted pottery in semi-crypt houses? Is there the earliest writing prototype in the world? 1? Dawenkou culture? Polarization between rich and poor? Root cause? The development of productive forces? Brilliant bronze civilization, prosperous agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts and commerce? Formed a splendid bronze civilization in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. ? One? Agriculture? Is Xia, Shang and Zhou a society dominated by agriculture? The variety of "five grains" is basically complete. Back then? Seed selection, fertilization and pest control are known in agriculture. Animal husbandry? What are the main varieties of poultry and livestock today? It existed in Shang dynasty? And the barn. The Shang royal family and nobles also had special pastures. ? Two? What are the characteristics of bronze casting in Shang and Zhou Dynasties? Large scale? Many varieties? Craft? Widely distributed. The end of primitive society? Bronzes have appeared in our country. Xia dynasty? The types of bronzes are gradually increasing. Shang dynasty? The glorious period of bronze culture. The largest bronze found in China ── Simu Wuding. Four sheep square statue-strange shape? This is a fine work among bronzes. Shang and Zhou? Southwest Chengdu Plain? There is a unique bronze culture? This is the world-famous Sanxingdui culture. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was a great change in the history of China. Iron farm tools and the popularization of Niu Geng? Iron farm tools? Appear in spring and autumn? Promotion in Warring States Period? Niu Geng? Use at the end of spring and autumn at the latest? Popularization in the Warring States Period. A revolution in the history of agricultural development in China refers to Niu Geng. ? 2? The famous Dujiangyan? Is it a world-famous flood control and irrigation project? (1) designer? Li Bing, the prefect of Shu County, Qin State? 2 position? Middle reaches of Minjiang River in Chengdu Plain. 3 meaning? Dujiangyan eliminates Minjiang flood? Irrigation of large areas of farmland has turned Chengdu Plain into a "land of abundance". ? After Dujiangyan is completed? It was Chengdu Plain that won the reputation of "Land of Abundance". ? Economically in the Qin Dynasty? Unified currency? Round hole money? , measurement? Size, barrel, weight? Make uniform rules? Function? It has an extremely important influence on promoting economic and cultural exchanges in different places and safeguarding national unity. The economic development of the Han Dynasty was 1? The heyday of the Han Dynasty ① "the rule of cultural scenes" ── during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty entered its heyday, and during the reign of Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing? Social stability? People are rich? Is the country rich and strong? This period is called "the rule of cultural scenes" in history. ? The first prosperous period in the history of China feudal society appeared in the Western Han Dynasty. ? ② Guangwu Zhongxing Eastern Han Dynasty? Emperor Guangwu ordered many times to reduce the burden of farmers' labor? Punish corrupt officials? Appoint an honest official. The last year of Emperor Guangwu? Social stability? The economic situation has obviously improved? History is called "Guangxu Zhongxing". 2? Harnessing the Yellow River? Western Han Dynasty? Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered the Yellow River to be governed? Eastern Han Dynasty? Ming Di sent Jing Wong to harness the Yellow River. Progress in agriculture? A plow wall appeared in the Western Han Dynasty? Dig up the soil and break it? , where is the car? Sowing tools? , the method of two cows to wrangle. 3? Handicraft silk weaving? With a jacquard? The dyeing technology is also very high? Foreigners like silk. Smelting technology? Did Du Fu's poems in the Eastern Han Dynasty invent water platoon? Iron tools predate Europe by 1000 years. Iron weapons replace bronze weapons. 4? Economic measures to strengthen centralization? Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty restored the right to coin and the right to operate salt and iron to the central government? Five baht unified casting? Economic unification? The prosperity of business? Dongxijing? Tokyo Luoyang Special Business District Xijing Chang 'an? City. ? But the rulers implement the policy of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce"? What is the economic development of the Three Kingdoms Wei? Many water conservancy projects have been built? Production in the north has been restored and developed. Shu State? Is the silk industry prosperous? Shu brocade is marketed in the Three Kingdoms. Wu? The shipbuilding industry is developed? Has Wu Fleet ever arrived in Yizhou? Now Taiwan Province Province has strengthened the ties between the mainland and Taiwan Province Province? In 230, Sun Quan sent Wei Wen to Taiwan Province Province? . The development of Jiangnan economy ★ 1? Reasons for economic development in Jiangnan ① Jiangnan has superior conditions for developing agriculture. ② Population moving south? Brought labor and advanced production technology. ? The main reason? (3) Is there less war in Jiangnan? The society is relatively stable. (4) the hard work of the working people in the North and the South. 2? Performance? A lot of wasteland has been reclaimed into farmland. ② Many water conservancy projects have been built. (3) the progress of agricultural technology? Start using green manure? Niu Geng and manure were popularized. ④ Wheat extends to the south of the Yangtze River. 5 Fujian, Guangdong and other places? It has also developed to a certain extent. 3? Influence? It laid the foundation for the gradual shift of economic center of gravity to the south. Ethnic relations? 1? The relationship between the Huns in Qin and Han Dynasties and the Western Jin Dynasty ① Qin Dynasty? Settle in the north? Safeguard national unity? Qin Shihuang took an active defensive strategy against the Huns in the north. Meng Tian ordered a massive counterattack against Xiongnu? Capture the Hetao area? And moved the mainlanders there to reclaim land and defend the border. Put Meng Tian in charge again? Building Lintao to the west of Qin Changcheng? East to Wan Li Liaodong Great Wall? Against the Huns. (2) The time of Xiongnu and the peace war in the Western Han Dynasty. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Emperor Yuan of the Han Dynasty, the economic situation was depressed, the country was poor, and the cultural scene was governed. The national strength is strong, and the Huns are divided? Among them, Uhaanyehe's policy of reducing Han nationality is positive? Take a royal woman as a princess? Marry Huns far away? A lot of food and textiles are sent every year. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing attacked Huns? Battle of Mobei? 1 19 BC? The effect of Zhaojun's going to the fort is that tarquin sends troops south every year? Didn't Qin fundamentally solve the threat of Xiongnu, the battle of Mobei? Xiongnu was hit hard? Unable to fight against the Western Han Dynasty, it made great contributions to the friendly coexistence and cultural exchanges between China and Hungary. ③ The relationship between the Eastern Han Dynasty and Xiongnu? Eastern Han Dynasty? Xiongnu was divided into north and south. South Xiongnu surrendered to Han? The northern Xiongnu often sent troops to attack the eastern Han border. The Eastern Han Dynasty sent Dou Gu and Dou Xian to fight back? Defeat the Huns? Part of it migrated westward. (4) AD 3 16? An inward-moving armed force of Xiongnu perished in the Western Jin Dynasty. 2? What is the relationship between the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Di nationality? Battle of feishui. 1 time? In 383 ad. (2) Both parties? Qian Qin? Did Tijen establish Fu Jian? VS Eastern Jin Dynasty. 3 results? In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, less wins more? Before the defeat of the Qin Dynasty. The collapse of pre-Qin rule? Has the northern region returned to the state of separatist melee? Temporary stability in the Eastern Jin Dynasty? It provides favorable conditions for economic development. Political power established by ethnic minorities 1? On the occasion of Qin and Han Dynasties? Xiongnu leader modu chanyu unified Mongolian grassland for the first time? Build a strong country. 2? 1 before the middle of the century? How many parts did the Huns split into? Uhaanyehe, one of the leaders, surrendered to the Han Dynasty? A settlement agreement was reached with the Eastern Han Dynasty. 3? Late fourth century? Was the pre-Qin regime established by Di people? Fu Jian, the former king of Qin, unified the Yellow River basin. ? Taking Wang Meng, a Han Chinese, as prime minister? 4? 439? The Northern Wei Dynasty established by Xianbei nationality unified the Yellow River basin. ? Feng Taihou? Queen mother of civilization? Emperor xiaowen? Tuoba Hong? Great ethnic integration 1? Ethnic migration? Beginning in the late Eastern Han Dynasty? Wuhu? Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Di and Qiang have long lived together with the Han nationality? Mutual influence? Racial boundaries are shrinking. 2? Ethnic integration in the Yellow River basin? Affect each other in production technology and living customs? Gradually become one of the reasons for the success of Emperor Xiaowen's reform? The reform measures of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty promoted national integration. External relations? Western Han Dynasty? Han Tong's Western Regions and the Silk Road i. Zhang Qian Tong's Western Regions 1. Western Regions: People put today's Yumenguan and Yangguan in the west of Gansu? Xinjiang today and its future. 2? When was Zhang Qian's first mission to the Western Regions? BC 138. Purpose? Contact Dayue's family? Attack the Huns. Meaning? Let the Han Dynasty know about the Western Regions? And their desire to communicate with the Han Dynasty. 3? When was Zhang Qian's second mission to the Western Regions? 1 19 BC? Purpose? Develop friendly political and economic exchanges with countries in the western region. 4? When was the protection of the western regions established? 60 BC. Meaning? From now on? Xinjiang is now under the jurisdiction of the central government? Become an inseparable part of China. Second, the Silk Road 1? The Silk Road on Land? Named for transporting silk mainly to the west? Silk and silk fabrics in China? From Chang 'an to Hexi Corridor? Xinjiang today? Shipped to west Asia? And ship it to Europe? Rare treasures from western countries were imported into Chinese mainland. ? Chang 'an-Hexi Corridor-Xinjiang-West Asia-Europe? 2? Maritime Silk Road? Starting from Guangzhou? Eastern Han Dynasty? Ban Chao manages the Western Regions, and Gan Ying goes to Daqin 1? What is the purpose of Ban Chao's management of the Western Regions? Early Eastern Han Dynasty? The northern Xiongnu regained control of the western regions? In order to restore the jurisdiction of the western regions. Time? In 73 AD? The Eastern Han government sent Ban Chao to the Western Regions. And was appointed as the protector of the western regions. Meaning? He has been operating in the western regions for more than 30 years? Further strengthened the links between the western region and the mainland. 2? Gan Ying to Daqin, Gan Ying to Daqin? Ancient Rome, but useless. 166? Daqin sent envoys to visit Luoyang? The ivory of the Eastern Han Emperor? Rhinoceros horn and other gifts. This is the first direct contact between European countries and China. Cultural aspects? The Prosperity of Chinese Culture ── the Prosperity of Qin and Han Dynasties ── the Evolution of Cultural Characters in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties ── Oracle Bone Inscriptions ── Jinwen ─── Dazhuan ─── Xiaozhuan ─── Lishu ─── Regular script ─── cursive script ─── running script. ? Homophonic memory? Old and modern, big and small, build straw houses? Time, Shang Dynasty, Zhou Dynasty, Late Western Zhou Dynasty and Warring States Period. The writing history of Oracle Bone Inscriptions bronze bamboo slips, silk tortoise shells, bronze bamboo slips of animal bones, silk books and silk books China began in Shang Dynasty? Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a mature language? Cultural classification: Do the works of representative figures of past dynasties contribute to science and technology? Paper? Hemp paper in the early Western Han Dynasty is the earliest known paper in the world. Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Nine chapters of Cai Hou's paper mathematics in the Eastern Han Dynasty? Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period to Eastern Han Dynasty? Some of them were advanced in the world at that time. Zu Chongzhi composed music in the Southern Dynasties for the first time in the world to calculate the value of pi to the seventh place after the decimal point? Leading the world for a thousand years. The Book of Qi Yao Min by Jia Sixie, an agronomist in the Northern Dynasties, is the first complete agricultural scientific work in China. Geography Zhang Heng's seismograph in the Eastern Han Dynasty is recognized as the earliest seismic instrument in the world. Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics in the Northern Wei Dynasty focused on recording the waterway system. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Bian Que's four diagnostic methods of looking, smelling, asking and cutting have been used by Chinese medicine to make Ma Feisan and Wu Qin Xi. This is a pioneering work in the history of world medicine? Mr. Ma Fei? Zhang Zhongjing's Treatise on Febrile Diseases in the Eastern Han Dynasty comprehensively expounded the theory and treatment principles of traditional Chinese medicine. Astronomy Many records about solar eclipse and lunar eclipse recorded in the earliest eclipse of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the ancient books of Xia Dynasty have been verified by modern scientists? They are all very reliable. The calendars of Xia Dynasty, Xia Dynasty and Shang Dynasty were more complete. During the Warring States period, 24 solar terms were defined in a year. Literature, art and literature at the end of the Warring States Period, Li Sao by Chu Quyuan? Leave? Meet Sao? Sad? World Peace Council designated Dragon Boat Festival as a world cultural celebrity? On the fifth day of May every year? Historical Records by Sima Qian, a historian of the Western Han Dynasty: Lu Xun's evaluation of Historical Records? Historian's swan song? Li Sao has no rhyme.

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