The basic requirements of an argumentative essay are: correct viewpoint, serious generalization, practical significance, concise and comprehensive use of various expressions; The basic requirements of argumentation are: true and reliable, fully typical; The basic requirement of argument is that reasoning must be logical.
When writing an argumentative essay, you should consider the argument, what to use as an argument to prove it, how to demonstrate it, and then draw a conclusion. You can put forward a general argument first, then discuss it separately, analyze each sub-argument, and finally draw a conclusion; You can also quote a story, a dialogue, or describe a scene first, and then analyze the facts layer by layer and draw new conclusions. This way of writing is called total score, which is commonly used by middle school students. You can also ask a question that everyone cares about at the beginning of the article, and then answer it one by one, step by step, which is a difficult way to write. It also requires the author to compare two different things in the opposite way, and then draw a conclusion, which is comparative writing.
Argumentative writing is a style that uses logic, reasoning and proof to explain the author's position and viewpoint. This kind of article either puts forward some views and opinions from the front, or refutes other people's wrong views. Comments in newspapers, essays or feelings in daily life all belong to the category of argumentative essays.
Argumentative writing, also called argumentative writing, is a style of analyzing things, discussing things, expressing opinions and putting forward opinions. By stating facts, reasoning and distinguishing right from wrong, the author can determine whether his point of view is right or wrong, and establish or deny a proposition. Argumentative writing should have clear thinking, sufficient arguments, concise language, reasonable arguments and strict logic.
Argument is an expression that the author analyzes and comments on objective things to show his own views, opinions and attitudes. It usually consists of three parts: argument, argument and argument.
Argumentative essay type: 1 argumentative essay 2 argumentative essay
1, independent variable?
Argument is the author's view, viewpoint and proposition on a certain problem or a certain kind of event in the article, which requires correctness, distinctiveness and pertinence. For example, the article "Persistence is Victory" holds that persistence is an important condition for a person to achieve academic or career success. ?
success belongs to the persevering
People all want to achieve something in their careers or studies, but only some people have won, while quite a few people have fallen into the pain of failure. Why?
As the saying goes, "success comes naturally." It stands to reason that those losers can completely taste the joy of victory, but they often lack a necessary condition for victory, that is, persistence. This is the reason why they failed. In the above proverb, the meaning of "persistence" has been implied in "achievement". Obviously, if a person wants to achieve academic or career success, in addition to personal efforts, persistence is also an important condition to achieve this goal.
Dickens, a famous British writer, usually pays great attention to observing and experiencing life. No matter whether it is windy or rainy, he insists on going to the streets to observe and listen every day, recording the odds and ends of pedestrians and accumulating rich living materials. In this way, he wrote a wonderful description of the dialogue between characters in david copperfield and left a vivid description of the social background in A Tale of Two Cities, thus becoming a generation of British writers and achieving great success in his literary career. Edison spent ten years developing storage batteries, during which he kept gritting his teeth. After about 50 thousand experiments, he finally succeeded in inventing the battery and was awarded the reputation of "the king of invention"
Dickens and Edison won the final victory by persistence. Insist that Dickens left many excellent works for people and added many fine works to the treasure house of world literature. Persistence enabled Edison to overcome many difficulties and made indelible contributions to the progress of mankind. It can be seen that persistence can make people achieve career and academic success. ?
Those losers often give up their efforts at the last minute and miss success. I remember that a chemist in Sweden seemed to find a new element when extracting iodine from seawater, but he flinched in the face of this complicated extraction and experiment. When another chemist spent a year, after numerous experiments, and finally added a new member to the element family-bromine, and lived forever, the Swedish chemist could only
Silently watching each other immersed in the joy of victory. Two chemists, one of whom persevered and won; The other one didn't hold on and didn't succeed. It can be seen that persistence is the last obstacle to victory. In the darkest moment, that is, the moment when the light comes, the more at such a moment. The more you need to persist. Because persistence is victory. ? (Li Sheng)
Step 2 argue
Argument is evidence to prove the correctness of argument. To prove the correctness of the argument, first of all, the argument must make people feel authentic and can fully prove the argument. Secondly, the argument should be typical, which can achieve the effect of "taking one as ten". Third, the arguments should be novel, and try to find some fresh arguments that can give people new feelings and enlightenment. Remember that people who don't know the author don't mess with the author's name. ?
For example, the positive and negative examples of Dickens, Edison and Swedish chemists quoted in the article Persistence is Victory are all arguments used to prove the argument, which are both typical and credible. ?
3. Demonstration process?
The process of argumentation refers to the process of explaining and proving the correctness of an argument with evidence. It requires profound and thorough exposition and pays attention to the art of reasoning. Taking the exercise "Persistence is Victory" as an example, this composition uses two typical examples: the stories of Dickens, Edison and Swedish chemists, which proves the view that persistence is victory from two aspects of the text, and this process is the process of argumentation.
Deductive argument?
Deductive argument is an argument method to infer the essential characteristics of individual things from known general principles and laws. If the inductive argument method is from special to general, then the deductive argument method is from general to special. The application of deductive argument requires that the major premise and minor premise must be true, correct and consistent, and the reasoning is logical, otherwise mistakes will occur. For example, the exercise "Persistence is victory" adopts deductive argument, the major premise is that persistence is victory, and the minor premise is that Dickens and Edison persisted, so they won, and the conclusion naturally came out.
In addition, there are many ways to demonstrate, such as using ancient times to discuss the present, using numbers, parallelism and description. The more methods we master, the deeper and more convincing our reasoning will be, and the more convincing our logical power will be, which can be gradually mastered in the learning process.
Argumentative writing has three elements: argument, argument and argument.
Write an opinion according to the topic and explain it. Persuasive ability is very important, and three elements are indispensable. Take a closer look at the following, and you can try to write more in the future to make progress in your composition. In addition, famous sayings, aphorisms and celebrity examples should be registered in order to be better used in the composition.
Argumentative writing contains three elements: argument, argument and argumentation.
(1) argument
(1) What is an argument? Argument is the viewpoint to be discussed and expounded in the article, and it is also the viewpoint and proposition to be expressed by the author. When reading an argumentative essay, the first thing is to find, extract and understand the arguments of the article.
(2) There are multiple arguments: an article can have one or more arguments. If there is more than one argument, it is necessary to clarify the central argument. These arguments can be parallel or progressive, but they all obey the central argument of the whole paper.
(3) the position of the argument: the argument of the article can be arranged at the beginning, or at the middle or end of the article. In other words, it can be arranged anywhere in the article. But it is more often at the beginning of the article, and so is the paragraph argument.
(4) Presentation of arguments: Some argumentative arguments are expressed in clear sentences in the article, and we just need to find them out; Others are not directly expressed in clear sentences and need to be refined and summarized by readers themselves.
(5) The proposition and establishment of the argument should pay attention to:
① correctness. The persuasiveness of an argument is rooted in the correct reflection of objective things, and the correct reflection of objective things depends on whether the author's position, viewpoint, attitude and method are correct. If the argument itself is incorrect or even a lie, then no matter how it is argued, it can't be convincing. Therefore, the correct argument is the minimum requirement for argumentative writing.
② Significance. What is for and what is against should be very clear, not ambiguous.
3 novelty. Arguments should be as original and profound as possible, and can transcend other people's views. They should not repeat other people's cliches, nor should they be irrelevant and superficial. They should be as novel and unique as possible.
(2) arguments
(1) What is an argument? Argument is the material and foundation to prove the argument.
(2) Types of arguments: ① factual materials ② theoretical materials.
(1) As the factual material of the argument, it can be A. Specific cases B. Summarized facts C. Statistical data D. Personal experiences and feelings.
(2) As theoretical materials for argument, it can be A. The classic works and wise sayings of predecessors B. Folk proverbs and sayings C. Scientific axioms, laws and so on.
(3) Requirements for using arguments: ① certainty. We must choose those hard and typical facts. When citing theoretical materials that have been tested by practice as arguments, we must pay attention to the exact meaning of the cited theory itself. ② Typical. The cited examples should be widely representative, representing the general characteristics and properties of such things. (3) the unity of arguments and arguments. The argument is to prove the argument, so the two should be closely related.
(3) Demonstration
(1) What is argument? Argumentation is the process of proving an argument with arguments. The argument of argumentation is to solve the problem of "what to prove", while argumentation is to solve the problem of "what to prove"
Proof is to solve the problem of "how to demonstrate". The purpose of argument is to reveal the internal logical relationship between arguments.
(2) Types of argumentative essays: argumentative essays are generally divided into argumentation and refutation.
(1) argument is a way to prove the correctness of the author's own argument with sufficient arguments; (2) Refutation is a way to refute others' wrong arguments with strong arguments. Argumentation and refutation are proofs, one is to prove oneself right from the front, and the other is to prove oneself wrong from the back. They can use basically the same argument method.
(3) Basic argumentation methods: including induction, example, deduction, analogy and comparison.
① induction. Inductive argument is an argument method from individual to general. It draws a general conclusion through many individual examples or arguments, and then summarizes their characteristics. Induction can give examples before drawing a conclusion, or it can put forward a conclusion and prove it with examples. The former is what we usually call induction, and the latter is what we call example. Example method is an argument method to prove the argument with individual and typical concrete examples.
② Deductive method. Deductive argument is a kind of argument method from general to individual. It deduces conclusions about individual situations from general principles, and the relationship between its premise and conclusions is necessary. There are many forms of deduction, such as syllogism, hypothetical reasoning and selective reasoning, but the most important one is syllogism. Syllogism consists of three parts: major premise, minor premise and conclusion. Such as the major premise that all metals can conduct electricity, iron is the minor premise of metals, and iron can conduct electricity.
③ Comparative method. Comparative argument is an argument method from individual to individual. Usually divided into two categories, one is analogy and the other is comparison. Analogy is a method of comparing different things with the same or similar properties and characteristics in some aspects, so as to draw a conclusion. Contrast is a method to prove an argument by comparing different things whose nature and characteristics are opposite or opposite in some respects.
(4) Refutation method: There are three ways to refute an argument, namely, ① refuting an argument, ② refuting an argument, and ③ refuting an argument. Because argumentative writing is composed of arguments, arguments and arguments, refuting arguments or arguments has the same effect as directly refuting arguments. A rebuttal paper can combine several rebuttal methods to strengthen the strength and persuasiveness of refutation.
(1) Refuting an argument, that is, directly refuting the one-sided, false or fallacy of the other party's argument itself, is the most commonly used method in refuting. (2) refuting the argument, that is, revealing the mistakes of the other party's argument, in order to achieve the purpose of knocking down the other party's argument; Because the wrong argument will inevitably lead to the wrong argument. (3) Refuting the argument, that is, exposing the logical errors of the other party in the process of argument, such as the contradiction between major premise, minor premise and conclusion, the contradiction between the other party's arguments, the contradiction between arguments and so on.
[Edit this paragraph]
Three elements of argumentative writing
Explain in detail the three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.
Parameters:
Definition: the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed (events, phenomena, people, ideas, etc.). )
Form: a complete sentence with a clear statement of the subject.
1. Argumentative essays generally have only one central argument, and some argumentative essays also put forward several sub-arguments around the central argument. Sub-arguments are used to supplement or prove the central argument. As long as we study the relationship between these arguments, we can distinguish between master and slave.
2. How to find the central argument? Argument should be a clear judgment, a complete statement of the author's point of view, and a complete sentence in form. Location can be divided into: article title, article beginning, article end, article middle, and some need to be summarized by readers.
Note: rhetorical questions and figurative sentences cannot be used as arguments.
Argument: it is the material to support the argument and the reason and basis used by the author to prove the argument.
1. factual argument: the role of facts in argumentative writing is very obvious. Analyze the facts, see the truth clearly, and check whether it is consistent with the logic of the article. Representative examples, conclusive data, reliable historical facts, etc.
2. Theoretical arguments: arguments are always familiar to readers or generally recognized by society. They are the result of abstracting and summarizing a large number of facts.
Argument: the process and method of proving an argument with arguments.
Relationship with argument: proof and proven
Arguments and arguments in argumentative essays are organized through argumentation. Argumentation is the process and method of proving an argument with arguments, and it is the logical connection between arguments. Argumentation is to solve "what needs to be proved", argumentation is to solve "what to prove" and argumentation is to solve "how to prove".
The demonstration method is as follows:
1. Demonstration with examples: cite conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument; (Function: Demonstrate opinions concretely and forcefully, and enhance the persuasiveness of the article)
2. Reasoning and argumentation: use the incisive opinions in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, epigrams of famous people at home and abroad, and recognized theorem formulas to prove the argument; (Function: Strongly demonstrate opinions and enhance the authority and persuasiveness of the article)
3. Comparative argument: compare the positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove the arguments in comparison; (Role: Highlight the point of view and be impressed)
4. Metaphorical argument: use familiar things as metaphors to prove the argument. (Function: vividly demonstrate the point of view, so that the article is easy to understand and accept.) In addition, in refutation, the refutation methods of "spear belt, shield belt attack" and "reduction to absurdity" are often used. It is often used comprehensively in most argumentative papers.
5. Citation arguments: Citation arguments are complex and related to the specific cited materials, including quotes, aphorisms, authoritative data, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes, etc., and their functions should be analyzed in detail. For example, quoting famous sayings, aphorisms and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read.
Demonstration mode:
Argumentative papers are generally divided into argumentative papers and refuting papers.
1. Argumentative essay: Argumentative essay is an argument method that expounds the author's views and opinions from the front in view of a certain event or problem. When expressing attitude, we should pay attention to the following three points:
(1) These views and opinions must be based on careful thinking or certain practice, and they are truly unique and correct, or ideas that can effectively solve practical problems. Let readers feel innovative, increase their knowledge and improve their understanding of things.
(2) It must be demonstrated around the issues discussed and the central argument. What kind of question is raised at the beginning, and the conclusion comes down to this question. In the process of argumentation, we should not deviate from Wan Li, give full play to it at will, or change the topic at will. If there are several sub-arguments, each sub-argument should be related to and subordinate to the central argument. All arguments should revolve around the central argument. Only in this way can readers clearly understand the sub-argument and the central argument. Argumentative writing is very logical, and the argument must be close to the center and consistent from beginning to end. ?
(3) "standing" is often based on "breaking". In the process of argumentation, we should mention some wrong views and propositions, deny and refute them, so as to enhance persuasiveness and prevent readers from misunderstanding their own views. ?
2. Refutation: Refutation refers to expressing opinions on certain events and problems, exposing and refuting wrong and reactionary views or opinions.
(1) refute the argument. Refutation mainly refutes arguments, because the fundamental purpose of discussion is to expound opinions and express opinions. If we can't agree with each other's views and opinions, we should refute and deny them in various ways and point out their absurdity or fallacy. A rebuttal argument is a direct refutation of the other party's argument.
One of the ways to refute an argument is to directly point out the error of the argument, directly refute it with conclusive and irrefutable facts, or make a thorough analysis and dissection in theory and directly point out the error. ?
Another way to refute the argument is to reduce to absurdity. Reduction to absurdity is a reasonable extension based on certain arguments and logical laws, but the conclusion is absurd. Because the extended conclusion cannot be established, therefore, the argument extending this conclusion cannot be established. In writing, some specious vague understandings can be clarified by using reduction to absurdity to reveal their "non-". ?
The reduction to absurdity method can also be used to refute, that is, the author does not directly point out the fallacy of the other party's argument, but establishes a new argument that is tit for tat with the other party's argument, and this new argument is established after full argumentation, so the opposing party's argument does not refute itself. ?
When using reduction to absurdity, we should pay attention to the contradiction and incompatibility between the refuted argument and the argument proved by ourselves. Only in this way can we meet the requirements of the law of contradiction in logic and achieve the purpose of affirming this and denying that. ?
(2) refute the argument. Refute an argument, which is a radical way to refute the other side's argument. In the process of argument, argument is the pillar on which argument depends. If the argument cannot be established, then the argument will lose its support and break itself. ?
(3) rebuttal. Refutation argument is to deny the argument put forward by the other side by exposing the loopholes in the illogical relationship between arguments in the process of argument. To carry out such an argument, we need to make a calm analysis of the other party's remarks, find out the contradictions in logical reasoning, and then make a strong disclosure.
(4) Draw inferences from others and seek truth from facts.
Second, the argumentative structure
1. The basic structure is to ask questions (introduction), analyze problems (theory) and solve problems (conclusion).
It can be divided into two categories.
A. vertical style: discuss the structure step by step.
Example 1. "Layer by layer deepening" type, first put forward the argument, then demonstrate it from the opposite side, and then further discuss it from the front.
Example 2. "start recording, turn around" style: break the topic at the beginning and lead to discussion; Then take the lead and explain the problems discussed; "Turn" is a double proof argument from all angles; In the final analysis, it is "combination."
B. horizontal style: parallel expanded discourse structure
For example:
There is a kind of "general-sub-theory-general" style, which first puts forward the argument, then expounds it from several aspects and finally summarizes it;
There is a style of "general theory-divided theory", which first puts forward arguments and then demonstrates them from several aspects.
There is a style of "divided theory-general theory". The things to be discussed are always analyzed in several aspects, and then a comprehensive conclusion is drawn.
In a word, to analyze the structure of an argumentative essay, we should first understand the internal relationship between paragraph levels, and also pay attention to the transitional paragraphs, transitional sentences and transitional words that serve as a link between the preceding and the following.
Common exam questions:
(1) Find the argument and summarize it (person name+event name+argument attribute)
(2) Argument function (providing arguments or sub-arguments)
Specifically, such as:
(1) Factual argument: Demonstrate the viewpoint truly and forcefully.
(2) Theoretical argumentation: enhance the persuasiveness of the article and reflect the characteristics of accurate and rigorous language.
(3) Comparative demonstration: through the comparison between _ _ _ and _ _ _, highlight the point of view. Prove this point more forcefully.
④ Metaphorical argument: use _ _ to compare _ _ to make the viewpoint vivid and easy to understand.
The specific context should be analyzed concretely.
(3) supplement the arguments according to the arguments (function: make the arguments more comprehensive, powerful and universal)
(4) Anti-inference point
(5) Analyze whether the arguments used in the paragraph are appropriate (query: attribute, comprehensiveness, typicality and echo relationship)
First, the three elements of argumentative writing:
1. Argument: It is the soul and commander-in-chief of an article. Any article has only one central argument, and usually there can be sub-arguments. The argument should be correct, clear and general, and it is a complete judgment sentence. Never be ambiguous.
There are generally four kinds of positions in the debate:
① Title
② At the beginning
③ In the middle of the article
④ Ending
Step 2 argue
There are two kinds of materials used to prove arguments: factual arguments and theoretical arguments.
Pay attention to when choosing factual arguments:
(1) must be typical. Both ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. Most people know it, at least in newspapers and TV.
(2) It's better to be fresh.
The statement of the argument should be accurate, the narrative should be summarized, and the argument should be proved.
The argument of choosing truth should pay attention to:
① It can be famous sayings, epigrams, proverbs, proverbs, theorems, formulas, etc.
(2) To be accurate and not to be tampered with or distorted.
(3) It is necessarily related to the argument and can prove the argument.
3. Argumentation: the process of proving an argument with arguments.
① Basic types of argumentation: argumentation and refutation. Argument is discussed from the front, and rebuttal is discussed from the opposite side. We usually write argumentative essays mainly through arguments.