Academic goal

1. Understand the stylistic features of Shuo and distinguish between discussion and narration;

2. Master the explanation of words in the text and the usage of loanwords;

3. Understand the author's thoughts and feelings in the article, and understand the tragic situation in which talents in feudal society were buried.

teaching process

1. Recall the "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties" and introduce Han Yu.

1. Eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties: Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan; Wang Anshi, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Ceng Gong.

Another topic: Jia Dao's deliberation story is related to Han Yu, and the title is remarkable.

2. Why was Han Yu listed as the first of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties?

Teacher's introduction: Han Yu has always been called "the decline of eight generations of literature", and the first soldier who rushed to the forefront will get the highest praise. After Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the content of literature deviated from the practical position, but tended to be beautiful in melody and rhetoric. ※. The real reform of literature has to wait until the Tang Dynasty, and the style of writing that attacked the Six Dynasties led by Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan is creating a practical prose movement. Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan regard literary creation as a favorable weapon for their reform.

"On that day, Han Yu declared war on the deep-rooted parallel prose front and established his new prose." ※ (History of China Literature Development)

"Han Yu is politically opposed to the separatist regime of the buffer region, and ideologically respects Confucianism and excludes Buddhism. He opposed parallel prose since the Six Dynasties, advocated prose, and advocated the ancient prose movement together with Liu Zongyuan. ※. His prose is vigorous and innovative on the basis of inheriting the ancient prose of the pre-Qin and Han dynasties. In ancient times, it was listed as the first of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties." (Excerpted from the article "Han Yu" in Ci Hai)

Han Yu (768-824) was born in Heyang (now Meng County, Henan Province). He called himself Changli Han Yu, so later people called him Han Changli. In the eighth year of Zhenyuan (792), after being a scholar, he was appointed as an observer by Xuanwu our envoy in four years. ※. In the eighteenth year of Zhenyuan (802), he was awarded four doctors and moved to the imperial army. Because the book said that the disaster in Guanzhong was demoted to the magistrate of Yangshan (now Guangdong), Yuanhe served as a military attache and Dr. imperial academy in Jiangling House, and later transferred to the assistant minister of punishments after the Peidu Pinghuai West Rebellion. There is a collection of Mr. Changli.

In the middle Tang Dynasty, Han Yu was a very important writer. On the one hand, he has a large number of excellent poems. On the other hand, as a leading figure in literary and poetic circles, he made many friends, supported and repaid others, and spared no effort to gather many like-minded scholars with similar styles around him. He not only praised Meng Jiao, who was older than him, but also rewarded Jia Dao, who was younger than him. He also encouraged Li He, a talented poet, to speak up for him and not let him take part in the imperial examination because he avoided his father's taboo. In addition, he has close contacts with Huang Fushi, Lu Tong, Fan, Liu Cha and Li Ao. In this way, he and the literati around him formed a literary group, with himself as the main leader, which set off an influential wave of new poetry. The History of China Literature (Zhang)

Today, let's take a look at how Han Yu's article embodies his theoretical proposition of "combining literature with Taoism".

4. Show the topic.

2. Explain the meaning of the full text and master the pinyin of new words.

3. The transition from words to content meaning:

4. Introduce the background of Han Yu's writing:

Ma Shuo was written in the 11th and 16th years of Zhenyuan (795, 800). At that time, he wrote to the Prime Minister for promotion three times, but none of them were adopted. He tried to find an official in Beijing, telling everyone that he stayed for 10 years, and finally left Chang 'an with infinite resentment. This bumpy experience is the ideological basis for him to write this Ma Shuo. Another purpose of this article is to express disgust at one's own talent.

Fifth, point out the significance of the full text and understand the writing technique of "expressing meaning" in the article.

1. How to "hold things for meaning"? Maxima is a metaphor for "talented people", Bole is a metaphor for "wise monarch", and Sima is a metaphor for "people who don't know or bury their talents".

2. In this article, the author reflects on the tragedy that Maxima was buried, so as to raise a realistic problem.

The main purpose of this article is to express resentment against their own talents with the metaphor of a swift horse, and to expose the behavior of feudal rulers in burying talents.

This is a "conversation" What style do you think it belongs to after reading it? (argumentative essay)

4. In order to discuss the argument, what argumentation method does the author adopt? (symbolically)

The advantages of using metaphor argument are:

Information about Han Yu

-"New Tang Book Biography 101":

Han Yu, the word back, is from Nanyang and Dengzhou. Mao, the seventh ancestor, became the post-Wei Jiangong, and was named King of Stability. Father Zhong Qing, ordered by Wuchang, has a good government. When he went, people in the county carved stones to praise him. Finally, secretary lang. The more people born at the age of three, the more lonely they are, and they are demoted to the official table with their uncle. Dying, sister-in-law Zheng Juzhi. The more you know how to read, the more you keep a diary, and the more you know how to read the Six Classics and learn a hundred things. Jinshi di Dong Jin was appointed as our Xuanwu ambassador, and he was appointed as an observer. When Kim died, the more he left the funeral, the less four days later, and the chaos, the more he went. According to Wuning, we made a Zhang Jianfeng, sealed it, and got promoted. Your behavior should be firm and upright, and you should be afraid of everything you say. Transferred four doctors to supervise the empire. On the palace city, the anger of Dezong and the decline of Yangshan. There is love among the people, and people's livelihood is dominated by surnames. Cao Cao joined the army instead of Jiangling method. Yuan Hechu, Dr. Quan Zhiguo, capital of East China. Three years old is true. Change the official of the capital to a foreign minister, that is, worship the Henan order Relocate the foreign minister of the party.

Huayin made Liu Jian guilty, and the former secretariat was illegally played, and the secretariat was not reported. Jane satirized the people for sheltering Suojun's direct service, but later she was a villain in history. According to him, he was demoted to Zhou Sima. The more you cross China, the more you feel that the Secretariat of the Party is Yin, and the more you will be neglected. Since I answered the suggestion, I collected the stolen goods and demoted Feng Xiwei. The more you sit, the more you become a doctor. As a senior official, the official moved down again, so he wrote an interpretation of learning to tell himself: …

Let's take a look at it. It's amazing. It was revised by Langzhong Department and History Museum. Transfer to the exam, know the patent, enter the Chinese book and give up people. At the beginning, Xian Zong established Cai Ping, and ordered Cheng Peidu in the suggestion to make the armies take care of him. Moreover, it is said that thieves can be destroyed, but the Prime Minister does not agree. The more he said: ... I don't like being in power. Some people will criticize Pei Jun for being thick-skinned when he was in Jiangling, and the more he made an issue of it, the more he slandered it. The reason is that he changed his right bastard. When the prime minister, Zhang Zhanyi, Xuanwei Huaixi, played more marching Sima. Please take this opportunity to enter the city first, and say that Han Hong established Ye Li. Yuan Jiping, Assistant Minister of Demolition.

The envoys of the Xian Sect went to Fengxiang to welcome the Buddhist bones into the forbidden area and sent them to the Buddhist temple three days later. It is the best way to save the body, burn the skin, entrust precious shells and tie the road for princes and scholars. The more I smell evil, the more it says: ...

The emperor was furious and showed his prime minister that he would die. Pei Du and Cui Qun said, "The more you talk, the more guilty you are. However, if you are not loyal inside, can you reach this level? I am willing to take less time off and have been fighting. " The emperor said: "The more I say that I worship Buddha too much, the more tolerant I am;" It is said that after worshipping Buddha in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the son of heaven had the urge to die, so why did he say he was good or evil? The more so, people and ministers are arrogant and daring, which is simply unforgivable! " Therefore, fear at home and abroad, although more expensive, but also wordy, is derogatory Chaozhou secretariat.

Since the tide is high, I express my condolences and say: ...

When the emperor got this watch, he regretted it very much and wanted to reuse it. He said to the prime minister, "The more you said before, the more you love me, but it is not appropriate to say that the son of heaven is a year to promote ears." The more straightforward Huang Fuyun is, he said, "The crazier he is, the more he can move in." Is to change Yuanzhou secretariat. When I first arrived in Chaozhou, I asked the people about their sufferings, and they all said, "There are crocodiles in the evil stream, and the people are poor because they have eaten up all the livestock." A few days later, the more I looked at it, the more I thought it belonged to Ji Qin. He threw a sheep and a dolphin into the stream and made a wish, saying, ... On the night of the wish, a storm shook the stream. A few days later, the river dried up and moved 60 miles west. There are no crocodiles in the tide. People in the Yuan Dynasty took men and women as slaves. If they don't redeem after the expiration, they won't be included. The more I realized that I had no redemption, more than 700 parents came back. Being a servant is forbidden because of the contract. Call worship guozi to offer wine and turn it over to the assistant minister of the Ministry of War.

There was chaos in the town and state, and Tian killed Wang Ting and summoned Yue. If we do this, everyone will be in danger. Yuan Yan array: "It's a pity that Han Yu." Mu Zong also regretted that the more he ordered, the better. Nothing was inevitable. The more you arrive, the more the court will gather the soldiers like Yan Bing and Chen Ting together. As soon as they sat down, the court said, "So all the successors are foot soldiers." The louder you speak; "The son of heaven regards the public as a general, so he gives it a festival. You mean fighting against thieves? " At the end of the speech, the scholar plausibly said: "First, Grand Priest attacked Zhu Tao for his country, and his bloody clothes are still there. Why do you think this army is a thief? " Yue Yue said, "I thought that if you don't remember the first teacher, if you do, you will be fine. Since Tianbao, have An Lushan, Shi Siming, Li Xilie and other grandchildren ever cared? There are also officials? " The crowd said, "Nothing." Yue Yue said, "Heaven belongs to the imperial court, and there are six states of Weibo. The official makes a book order, and the father and son collect the flag; Liu Wu and Youjiang are both big cities. This army has heard of it. " The people said, "Hong Zheng carved it, so the army was uneasy." Yue Yue said, "However, Cao Cao also hurt Tian Gong and his family. What can we do? " The crowd said, "Good." The court took care of all the changes and urged them to go. Because: "What do you want to do now?" Yue Yue said: "There are many people who plan the Sixth Army to be like Niu Yuan Yi, but the imperial court takes the overall situation as its priority and cannot give them up. What happened to the siege for a long time? " The court said, "Let's get it out." The more he said, "If you do it, nothing will happen." Huiyuan wing also collapsed, delaying again and again. The more you play your language, the happier you will be. Transfer to the assistant minister of the official department.

At that time, Prime Minister Li hated it and wanted to drive him away. Therefore, he became more and more respectful to an ancient scholar, and specifically refused to participate in Taiwan, while rejecting gentry and honest people. The more the gentry and the fruit are disintegrated, the more they explain themselves with a letter. Later, the article was full of thorns, and the Prime Minister refused to cooperate with Taiwan Province and the government, so he became an assistant minister of the Ministry of War, went abroad to observe Jiangxi and became an envoy. When the gentry saw the emperor, they had to stay and become assistant ministers of the official department. Changqing died in the fourth year, aged 57, and was given the history of the Ministry of Rites.

Mingrui, don't follow the better. Making friends with people always changes a lot. Successful scholars are often famous. The more you quote, the more you are called a "Korean disciple." The more official you are, the more you thank me. All relatives inside and outside, friends without the latter, sympathize with their families in order to get married and send orphans. Sister-in-law Zheng's funeral was reported for his service.

Since Sima Xiangru, Tai Shigong, Liu Xiang and Yang Xiong in the Han Dynasty, the author of every article has never been published publicly, so the more you dig deep into the elements of the original work, the more outstanding it is, and the more it becomes a consensus. His dozens of articles, such as The Original Road, The Original Nature, The Teacher's Commentary, are extensive and profound, and are integrated with Monk and Yang Xiong. As far as other articles are concerned, it is necessary to make some remarks for those who do not follow their predecessors. However, the more you do it, the more you do it to your disciples Li Ao, Li Han and Huangfu. Those who travel frequently, such as Meng Jiao and Zhang Ji, are also famous for their time.

□ History of China Literature (Zhang, Luo)

The revival of the so-called "ancient prose" depends on the appearance of Han Yu. Speaking of Han Yu, we must see his versatility. On the one hand, Han Yu has the enthusiasm to actively defend feudal autocracy and Confucian orthodoxy; on the other hand, Han Yu is a person with strong personality and strong desire for self-expression. In his grotesque poems by Wang Yang, we can already feel that he is unwilling to be ordinary and loves to make public. However, the self-description such as "Song of Peony" is not a formal image. Even under the guise of pursuing Mencius and inheriting orthodoxy, he can be said to be the same performance of the above two factors. Therefore, when Han Yu devoted himself to the revival of ancient Chinese prose, his attitude was very different from that of his predecessors. In the basic position of reviving Confucianism as the core purpose, he did inherit the predecessors; But his whole prose theory, especially in changing the style of writing and promoting creation, has added many new and more reasonable contents. The success of the ancient prose movement is not only due to his theory, but more importantly, because he wrote many excellent works full of personality, talent and creativity, and re-established the literary status of prose in practice. At the same time, he strongly advocated and called for style reform, United a group of writers who wrote prose, and made prose creation form a greater literary trend.

The Biography of Han Yu in Old Tang Dynasty said: "From Dali to Zhenyuan, most of the characters were ancient prose, mainly Yang Xiong and Dong Zhongshu, while Duguji and Liang Su were the most profound and valued scholars. The more he travels from his disciples, the more determined he is to learn and shake himself up in a generation. " Among them, Dugu and his influence on Han Yu should be indirect, because Dugu was only ten years old when he died in the twelfth year of Dali. But Liang Su had a direct influence on Han Yu. Liang Su's support for himself and his friends has been mentioned in Han Yu's Foreign Affairs with the Ancestors, and Tang Yuyan also recorded that Han Yu, Li Guan, Li Jiang and Cui Qun traveled in Liang Su, but they didn't meet each other for three years. Liang Su praised them at first sight, so he praised their articles. This may be a story invented by later generations, but there is no doubt that Han Yu accepted Liang Su's prose theory. However, Han Yu's ancient prose theory is by no means simply copying or following the opinions of predecessors, and its actual content is much richer.

First, Han Yu advocates writing prose "to learn from the ancient sages" (Answer to Liu), but learning ancient prose is not because "its sentence reading is different from that of today", but because "learning ancient prose is to combine words with words, and the people who use words are also determined by ancient prose" (After the funeral of Ouyang Sheng), that is to say, learning ancient prose is basically for learning ". However, the "Tao" mentioned by Xiao and others only refers to ethics, that is, the external ethics in Confucianism, while the "Tao" mentioned by Han Yu refers to (sometimes emphasizes) people's internal moral cultivation and personality spirit. He once said in Three Instruments that "one cannot be dishonest" and in Answer to Wei Chisheng's Book that "a man's so-called writer must be among them, so a gentleman should be careful" and repeatedly emphasized that Mencius "prepared everything for me, but was sincere" (Answer to Hou Sheng's Questions about the Analects of Confucius), so he attached great importance to "qi".

In Mencius' words, if you have a noble personality and rich interests, the article will be enriched. "Richness is called beauty, and richness is called greatness" (ibid.). In response to Li Yi's book, he said:

Air, water, words and floating objects. When the water is big, things float, and the size floats, and the qi and characters are still the same.

Of course, this is not Han Yu's invention. Han Yu's re-presentation of these opinions has two meanings: first, he changed "writing in the Tao" from the external constraints of etiquette and moral beliefs to the determination of literary content by people's internal personality cultivation. Although Han Yu's personality cultivation and inner spirit generally do not conflict with Confucian etiquette, it makes literature tend to be consciously expressed rather than passively interpreted. Secondly, Han Yu affirmed the position of emotion in inner spirit and personality cultivation.

The so-called "qi" also includes "injustice makes a sound" (preface to farewell to Meng Dongye), "anger and poverty, sorrow and joy, resentment and thinking, drunkenness and annoyance" (preface to farewell to Gao Xian), "sad voice" and "words of poverty" (preface to static pool singing and poetry) and so on. This shows that Han Yu's exposition on "writing with Ming Dow" is inclusive and does not exclude or even recognize the existence of strong emotions.

Second, learning the prose physique of the ancients is mainly to learn the ancient "words must come out" (Nanyang Fan Shaoshu's epitaph), rather than simply imitating ancient prose. An important feature of parallel prose is that it is easy to use allusions, but the author who lacks creativity repeatedly embeds some familiar platitudes in it, which has neither true feelings nor fresh language. Han Yu, who advocated prose in view of this defect, attached great importance to "acting only by words" (in reply to Li Yishu). Although he also attaches great importance to learning languages from the works of the ancients, such as Zhou Pansuan, the meticulousness of Spring and Autumn Annals, the exaggeration of Zuo Shi, the fantasy of Yi, and the aestheticism of poetry. In "Answer to Li Yishu", he said that at first he was afraid to read the books of the Three Dynasties and the Han Dynasty, and he was afraid to keep his ambition, but he could not "just focus on what he said." Since then, "those who know the truth and falsehood of ancient books are correct and do not think deeply" have gradually gained experience, so "if you take it from your heart and note it in your hand, you will surely gurgle." Finally, as the ancients said, "Stay away from it and wait and see", only by holding your breath and keeping your breath can you reach the state of transformation and write your own words and your own heart freely. It can be seen that what Han Yu requires is the method of learning ancient Chinese and the language style of "self-reliance, not conformity" (answering Liu's letter). In fact, his reference and absorption of previous articles are very extensive, including the elements of parallel prose.

The essence of Han Yu's prose theory is to advocate "Ming Dow as a style" while acknowledging the rationality of the author's personal inner feelings in prose, and to emphasize the innovation of language and the individualization of style while advocating "learning from the past". However, it is not easy to unify the expression of personal inner feelings and personality with the requirements of "Tao", but there are often contradictions. Facing this contradiction, Han Yu still puts "Tao" in the first place in theory. On the one hand, he admits that people's inner feelings are the basis of the success or failure of literary creation, but on the other hand, he tries his best to bring these feelings into the norms that conform to feudal ethics. He said that his "Tao" is "the Tao preached by Confucius and Mencius" (an answer), and his "Wen" is a text praising the Tao of Yao and Shun, and its content is "the capital of the Six Classics", although there are strange words to win the world. In a word, the tolerance of Tao to personality and emotion is limited.

As for Han Yu's own creation, it can better reflect his temperament as a writer than his theory. Although there are a lot of works about Tao and sex, such as The Original Tao and Reading Xunzi, there are also many literary works that are based on true feelings and deliberately pursue artistry. Therefore, Pei Du, a person at that time, said that he "relied on stunts and was often uninhibited. He didn't write by system, but regarded writing as a kind of play "(Li Ao's book). Later, he said that he "teaches people by words" (Wang Anshi's Book of Masters) and "the first scholar's ear" (Song Shiqi Song's Non-Korea). "I thought there were many scholars, but I didn't know enough. However, this is precisely the reason why Han Yu succeeded in literary creation. In his creative practice, he not only devoted rich emotions, but also used superb language skills to write many excellent prose works.

Han Yu's argumentative essays, such as The Original Road, Mourning, Teacher's Theory and Argument for Officials, are rigorous in structure and attach importance to the momentum and logic of writing. They were praised by ordinary ancient writers in the past, but their literary value was not high. It's some argumentative papers, rich in emotion and sincere and moving. For example, "Preface to Send Meng Dongye" is unfair to Meng Jiao and gives vent to the phenomenon of burying talents in the society of the times; The Preface to Farewell to Dong Shaonan comforted Dong Shaonan that he had to go to Zhao Yan to find a job because he was promoted to a scholar, but he could not even aspire to a job, and expressed his feelings about the talent's poverty and untimely birth.

The Preface to Send Li May Return to Pangu eulogizes lofty retired people and rebukes the despicable behavior of those villains who "wait on the door of the official, run on the road of the current situation, and then prevaricate and talk about it in Kan Kan", which contains a kind of "injustice" that the lower literati are eager to vent under social repression. In addition, there are some allegorical miscellaneous feelings, which are sharp, sharp and vivid, often hitting the nail on the head, but quietly.

For example, Miscellaneous Notes on Dragons, Miscellaneous Notes on Horses and Understanding by Lin all take the experiences of animals such as dragons, horses and forests as themes, and these miscellaneous feelings often contain Han Yu's perception of his own talents or his sigh of poverty and loneliness. Such as the famous "said the horse":

Where there is Bole, there is a swift horse. There are often swift horses, but Bole is rare. Therefore, although there is a famous horse, it is only humiliated by a slave, and it is not called a thousand miles to die in a trough. A horse can travel thousands of miles, and a stone can eat it all. People who eat horses don't know that they can walk Wan Li Road, but they are horses. Although they have the ability to walk the Wan Li Road, they are hungry and exhausted, so they are beautiful. They want to be as good as ordinary horses. If you don't follow its path, you can't make full use of your food, but you can't understand its meaning. When you carry out the policy, you say, "There are no horses in the world!" Oh! Is it really innocent? I really don't understand horses!

In Han Yu's prose, Ode to Twelve Lang, written in memory of my nephew Han Laocheng, is particularly lyrical. Most of the predecessors wrote eulogies in parallel prose or four-character poems, seeking a sense of Zhuang Su in a neat format. However, this article has no format or rhetoric, and it is not as structural as Han Yu's other articles. In the tone of telling the deceased, the full text laments the decline of the family, mourns the early death of the deceased, doubts the justice of providence and the gods, doubts the number of life and death and even the establishment of heirs, and writes inner bitterness and sorrow; When writing the first bad news in the middle, the psychology of being suspicious, unwilling to believe and having to believe is particularly sad and moving. The repetition of the meaning of the article can best reflect the superiority of prose over parallel prose in a specific situation.

Han Yu's narratives, such as Biography of Zhang Zhongcheng, Biography of Mao Ying and Preface of Ding Shilian, are vivid and humorous. For example, in Introduction to Zhang Zhongcheng's Biography, Nan Jiyun turned to Helan Jin Ming for help, and Helan Jin Ming held his ground out of jealousy, but gave a banquet to win over Nan Jiyun. At this time, Han Yu wrote with a thick pen:

Ji Yun said generously, "When the clouds come, people who have no affection for Yang will not eat the rest of the month. Although the cloud wants to eat alone, it can't bear it. " : although you eat, you don't swallow. "Because he drew his sword and broke a finger, bleeding profusely, and showed it to Helan, everyone was frightened and he was grateful.

Next, add another section:

(Nan Jiyun) will go out of the city and shoot an arrow at the floating picture of the Buddhist temple. He said, "If I answer the thief, I will destroy Helan. This arrow depends on it. "

These two paragraphs not only depict Nan Jiyun's brave and loyal character, but also highlight Nan Jiyun's strong personality. In Preface to Poems, Han Yu made full use of the methods of playing hard to get, borrowing and revealing, and described the dramatic process and psychological changes of talented Taoist XuanYuanMimi, Master Liu and Hou.

First of all, he wrote that the Taoist priest's appearance is not strange, "white beard and black face, long neck and high knot, Chu language in his throat", which reflects the arrogance of Hou and others who "ignore" seems reasonable. However, this psychological arrogance began to change when Mi Ming invited him to write poems. At the beginning, Master Liu was "overjoyed, that is, he helped to write the first two sentences", and he did his part, "full of enthusiasm, that is, he bowed his head", while the Taoist priest was "sitting on the north wall with his hands folded" and chanted two sentences, "The dragon head is stupid, shrinking bacteria", but they still refused to accept it and wanted to win more. "It is not surprising that sound is good for sorrow. If you want to write, you will stop." Taoist priests "should be like a ring, all of which stand out with sarcasm."

Until the third night, the two men were completely defeated psychologically, and the Taoist priest "sang forty more sentences." At this time, both of them were "scared to stand up and worship under the bed", but the Taoist priest had "slept against the wall and snored like thunder". Like a novel, this passage vividly describes the appearance of two literati, their psychology of changing from arrogance to respect, and an informal, dissolute and humorous Taoist image.

Throughout Han Yu's prose creation, his artistic skills can be summarized as the following three aspects:

First of all, Han Yu pays great attention to the innovation of vocabulary. An important defect of parallel prose is that the language is outdated, the routines are too familiar and the allusions are easy to use. However, he introduced new words from the vocabulary of his predecessors, refined new words from the spoken language at that time, and created many novel words, which often made quips and aphorisms flash in his articles, adding a lot of life. For example, if you see poverty, you will feel sick and depressed, you will easily take the blame, your teeth will be twisted, your career will be good at being diligent and lazy, your success will be destroyed by thinking, and your original road will not be blocked. Not only can you not do it. In addition, Han Yu also changed the habit of using flowery words in parallel prose and adopted some words that were not used by people or were very irritating. For example, "Farewell to the Poor" describes ghosts as "opening their eyes and sticking out their tongues, jumping over servants, stomping their feet, laughing and caring for each other", and "Preface to Poems" describes people as "white beard and black face with a long neck and a high knot". Of course, Han sometimes can't help but overdo it, using some obscure words to make the article groggy and difficult to understand.

Secondly, Han Yu pays great attention to the design of sentence patterns. Although the sentence patterns of parallel prose are in tune and the syllables are loud, they change little and have a weak momentum. Han Yu's prose is very good at inserting various repetitive sentences, parallelism sentences and antithesis sentences to increase the change and momentum of the article, give play to the advantages of long and short sentences in prose, and make up for the lack of musical beauty and rhythm in prose. For example, the second paragraph talks about Mr. Wang's knowledge, Confucianism, Taoism, articles and being a man. The four-layer narrative ends with "Mr. Wang's career can be described as diligent", "Mr. Wang's contribution to Confucianism can be described as tiring", "Mr. Wang's contribution to literature can be described as grand" and "Mr. Wang's contribution to being a man can be described as successful", which makes the rhythm of the four-layer meaning appear very neat and clear. Another example is the person in the painting described in the picture, which repeatedly lists 123 people in 32 postures, such as "five people ride and stand, ten people ride with a back, one stands in front of the flag, ten people ride with a back and lead, and two people ride and lose ...".

The horse in the painting is written with 27 kinds of horse postures. It looks verbose, but it is beautiful to read. All kinds of people and horses are drawn, and all kinds of sentence patterns with different lengths and rhythms are extremely complicated, which just makes people feel that this is a huge, fine and uneven layout. In addition, the preface to seeing off Meng Dongye uses thirty-eight "Ming" in succession, which is not monotonous because of the change of sentence patterns, but has the momentum of spewing and pressing; As mentioned earlier, the psychological paragraph of the poem "Sacrificing Twelve Lang" is written in the first message, and auxiliary words are used at the end of the sentence, but the different tones of "Ye", "Hu" and "Ye" are mixed, long or short, which really shows the intense ups and downs of feelings.

Third, Han Yu pays great attention to the structural layout of the article. Sometimes, he will suddenly appear with a heavy pen, grab the reader's attention, and then turn to this topic. For example, the preface to See Dong Shaonan begins with "How sad Yanzhao once called people", and the preface to send a letter to Heyang Army begins with "Bole crossed the wilderness of northern Hebei, and the horse was empty";

Sometimes it comes around from a distance. For example, The Preface to Sending District Books first states that Yangshan is secluded, cold and backward in culture, and then borrows Zhuangzi's words about people fleeing from the world who are glad to hear the footsteps in the empty valley, and writes about the pleasure of making friends with district books in its current environment. As for the preface to seeing off Meng Dongye, it is a combination of the above two types. Later, the epigram "Everything is uneven, there must be a voice" was aroused, but Meng Jiao did not introduce it, but from the voice of things to the voice of people, from the voice of people to rhetoric, rhetoric from ancient times to the Tang Dynasty, vague and irrelevant. The last few words come down to Meng Jiao. Looking back on the last article is not only the expression of the author's own life feelings, but also the foreshadowing of this topic. In addition, like the original way, the progressive layers, the positive and negative reflections, and the overall contrast with the original destruction are all simple reasoning words, but the truth of the article is the same. It is worth noting that in some cases, Han Yu also deliberately avoided the swaying article structure. For example, Liu Zongyuan's epitaph is plain, showing his love for personality and talent, but cherishing his behavior (Han disapproves of Liu's participation in Yongzhen's innovation) and pity for his feelings; "Sacrifice to Twelve Lang" is also a direct expression of feelings, and it is not intended to be a text. But this is actually a careful consideration of the structure of the article, that is, in this case, natural and plain is the best structure.

There are various styles in Korean, and the styles are different. Its most striking features are majestic, full of emotion, strange and novel writing style, staggered sentence patterns and changeable structure. The predecessors said that it was "wild and arrogant" (Liu Zongyuan's Answer to Wei Heng, Showing Han Yu as a Book of Pen and Ink), "Like the Yangtze River, it is full of confusion and confusion. Of course, Han Yu has worked hard on the article, and the trace of "doing" is inevitable.

At that time, Han Yu was a literary leader. He not only put forward his own theory and participated in practice, but also vigorously promoted his fellow writers in literature. For example, he recommended Meng Jiao in his poems, Zhang Ji and Fan Zongshi in his writing, and wrote articles for Li He (taboo). He himself said that he has a wide range of friends. "There are thousands of people who know each other in art and literature" (With Cui Shu), while Li Ao said that he was "quite virtuous", like "Hao Juan, one of the heroes of Qin and Han Dynasties" (Answering Han Shu). So a group of writers has formed around him, and they have both poems and essays. There are many people who have made achievements in poetry, but in prose, no one else has made any achievements except Han Yu. Li Ao, for example, is mainly argumentative. Although he is orderly in structure, he lacks literary talent and momentum. Huangfushi's prose pays more attention to the strange rise of external language forms, but its emotional strength is weak and its momentum is not strong enough. Fan Zongshi's prose pushed Han Yu's strange language to the extreme. Although "words must be spoken", he ignored the general principles of language communication and went to obscurity.