Graduation thesis is the last link for undergraduates majoring in higher education self-study examination to complete their undergraduate studies. For candidates, it is a summative independent assignment, which aims to sum up their own learning results and cultivate their ability to solve practical problems by comprehensively applying what they have learned. Stylistically speaking, it is also a meaningful essay for scientific research and exploration of practical or theoretical problems in a certain professional field. The writing of graduation thesis can be divided into two steps, namely, topic selection and research topic.

The first is the topic selection. Topic selection is the key to success or failure of thesis writing. Because choosing a topic is the first step in writing a graduation thesis, it is actually to determine the question of "what to write", that is, to determine the direction of scientific research. If "what to write" is not clear, "how to write" is impossible.

The practice and requirement of the Self-taught Examination Office of the Ministry of Education on the topic selection of graduation thesis is that "in order to encourage the combination of theory and work practice, candidates can put forward the topic selection according to their own work and submit it to the examiner's school for approval. Thesis topics can also be published by the examiner's school, and candidates can choose by themselves. The overall requirements of graduation thesis should be consistent with ordinary full-time colleges and universities, so as to test candidates' comprehensive application of professional knowledge through thesis writing and defense assessment. " However, regardless of whether candidates choose their own topics at will or choose from the designated topics announced by the examiner colleges, they should insist on choosing practical topics with scientific value and practical significance. Choosing the right topic is half the battle for graduation thesis.

First, we should insist on choosing topics with scientific value and practical significance. The purpose of scientific research is to better understand and transform the world, thus promoting the continuous progress and development of society. Therefore, the topic selection of graduation thesis must be closely combined with the needs of socialist material civilization and spiritual civilization construction, with promoting the development of scientific undertakings and solving practical problems as the starting point and destination. The topic selection should conform to the correct direction of scientific research, be novel and innovative, and have theoretical value and practical guiding significance or promoting effect. A meaningless research, even if it takes a lot of energy and the expression is perfect, is worthless. Specifically, candidates can choose topics from the following three aspects. First of all, we should choose a topic from the disadvantages of reality and learn professional knowledge. We should not only stay in books and theories, but also try to integrate theory with practice and use our professional knowledge to find and solve problems that need to be solved urgently in work practice. Secondly, we should select topics from the blank and marginal fields of scientific research and conduct scientific research.

There are still many virgin lands that have not been reclaimed, and there are still many defects and gaps that need to be filled. Candidates should have unique vision and advanced consciousness to think, discover and study. Finally, we should choose the topic from finding the shortcomings and mistakes of previous studies. Many of the research topics put forward by predecessors have achieved initial research results, but with the continuous development of society, they still need to be enriched, improved and developed. This supplementary or revised research topic also has scientific value and practical guiding significance.

Second, we should choose practical topics according to our own abilities. The writing of graduation thesis is a kind of creative labor, which requires not only the personal views and opinions of candidates, but also certain objective conditions. Because the subjective and objective conditions of candidates are different, they should also choose the topic according to their own specialties, interests and objective conditions. Specifically, candidates can comprehensively consider the following three aspects. First of all, there should be sufficient sources of information. "A clever woman can't cook without rice", and it is difficult to write a high-quality paper in the absence of information. Choosing a subject with rich data sources is very helpful for the in-depth research and development of the subject. Secondly, you should have a strong interest in research and choose the topics you are interested in, which can stimulate your research enthusiasm, mobilize your initiative and enthusiasm, and complete it with a positive attitude of concentration, carefulness, persistence and patience. Finally, every candidate has his own specialty regardless of his ability level and job position. Choosing a subject that can combine one's own work and give full play to one's professional expertise is of great benefit to the successful completion of the research of the subject.

After choosing the topic, the next task is to study the topic. The general procedure of the research topic is: collecting data and research materials, clarifying arguments, selecting materials, and finally writing, revising and finalizing.

First, the basic work of the research topic-collecting data. Candidates can collect information from three aspects: consulting materials in libraries and reference rooms, doing field research, experiments and observations. gather data ......

Brief introduction on how to write the characteristics of graduation thesis

It is the highlight of your paper, such as what special effect your method has, or what improvement your method has compared with the original method.

How to write the characteristics of graduation design thesis works

I know the format and I can finish it.

work

How to write the basic requirements of graduation design?

Basic requirements of graduation design

1. According to the regulations of the task book, students independently complete the specified content under the guidance of teachers, and plagiarism is strictly prohibited;

2. The design scheme is reasonable and feasible, the quality of drawings meets the requirements, the instructions are fluent in arts and sciences, and the handwriting is neat;

3. The argument is clear, the argument is sufficient and the conclusion is correct;

4. Reflect advanced technology, new test methods and calculation methods;

5. Have certain technical and economic analysis;

6. Workload requirements (based on 12 weeks)

(1) The drawing workload completed by students' graduation design is determined by colleges, departments and instructors according to graduation design. Thesis? Determine the specific situation;

(2) Graduation design instructions should be written in a unified format. The calculation description of engineering design should be no less than 15000 words, and other types of calculation description and experimental analysis should be no less than 19000 words.

(3) For disciplines with special requirements, graduation design (thesis) can be completed according to the characteristics of the major studied and the requirements of the above workload;

(4) Translate a foreign language reference related to this graduation project (thesis) with no less than 5,000 words.

7. Instructors should write the Graduation Design of Lanzhou Jiaotong University after the topic of graduation design (thesis) is determined. Thesis? Task book ",and in the graduation project (thesis) two weeks before the start of work to students.

8. Instructors should instruct students to complete the "opening report" within two weeks after the commencement of graduation design (thesis) (see Annex II), and the graduation design (thesis) can only be started after passing the examination.

9. Students should fill in the Graduation Design of Lanzhou Jiaotong University in the sixth week after graduation design (thesis) begins. Thesis? See Annex 3 for the student self-inspection form.

How to write graduation design according to the characteristics of graduation design results?

First, it can reflect the author's overall thinking. Outline is a kind of logic diagram composed of sequence codes and words, and it is a writing design diagram to help the author consider the logic of the whole article. Its advantage lies in that it is convenient for the author to grasp the overall situation of the paper structure, with clear levels, clear focus, conciseness and clarity at a glance.

Second, it is conducive to the echo of the paper. With the outline, we can establish the concept of the whole, and test the position and function of each part from the perspective of the whole, whether there is a logical connection between them, whether the space occupied by each part is commensurate with its position and function in the overall situation, whether the proportion between each part is appropriate and harmonious, whether every word, sentence, paragraph and part is needed by the overall situation, and whether it is coherent and coordinated into a whole. After such consideration and writing, the structure of the paper can be unified and complete, and it can serve the content of the paper well.

Third, it is conducive to timely adjustment and avoid major rework. In the research and writing process of graduation thesis, the author's thinking activity is very active. Some unremarkable materials, seemingly irrelevant materials, often produce new associations or new viewpoints after being familiar with and thinking. If you don't write an outline carefully, you will be disturbed by this phenomenon, and you will have to keep writing, rethinking and even overturning what you have written. This not only increases the workload, but also greatly affects the writing mood. The outline of graduation thesis is like the blueprint of the project. As long as you carefully consider the outline before you start writing and spend more time and energy to make it solid, you can form a clear and logical paper framework, thus avoiding a lot of unnecessary rework. In addition, if the students who have just started to write a thesis write their own ideas as an outline first, and then ask others for advice, they can understand them at first sight, and it is easier to put forward some suggestions for revision and supplement, so as to get effective guidance.

How to write the characteristics and innovation of graduation thesis

1, the topic is novel. At present, most of the research is about the relationship between equity incentives and corporate performance of all listed companies, and there are few studies on state-owned listed companies alone. However, with the promulgation of the "Two Measures" one after another, equity incentive has entered the field of vision of state-controlled listed companies, and the particularity of state-owned enterprises will determine the particularity of their research. Therefore, this paper will study the effectiveness of equity incentive in the specific micro-background of state-controlled listed companies. To enrich the research in related fields.

2. The novelty of indicators to measure the effectiveness of equity incentives. In the past, almost all researches chose the company performance as the measure of the effectiveness of equity incentive, but the object of equity incentive is the company management, and the performance of management should be measured when evaluating the effectiveness of incentive. At present, most domestic studies do not distinguish between corporate performance and management performance. Considering the particularity of state-owned enterprises, this paper chooses management performance as the measure of the effectiveness of equity incentive, and observes the real effect of equity incentive in state-owned enterprises after excluding the influence of market environment, market structure and enterprise resources on the economic performance of enterprises. It provides an empirical basis for the establishment of long-term and effective incentive system for state-owned enterprises in China.

3. Introduce the theory of relative performance evaluation. This paper systematically expounds the theory of relative performance evaluation, and based on the theory of relative performance evaluation and the characteristics of state-owned enterprises in China, determines the relative performance of state-owned listed companies from three different angles: accounting income, company development and stock income.

4. Use the new model. In the empirical analysis of the effectiveness of equity incentive in China's state-owned listed companies, this paper does not directly use the previous models, but makes a regression comparison of various models to explore the best model, so that the regression results can reflect the relationship between equity incentive ratio and operating performance more truly and accurately, which has direct reference significance for China's state-owned listed companies.

In the research on equity incentive of state-owned listed companies, the author deeply felt the infinite seconds of this research topic. Although the author has done a lot of research and efforts, but because the personal understanding of equity incentives is not deep enough, coupled with personal energy and ability is limited, this paper still has the following shortcomings:

1, limitations of the research object. In this paper, the management equity incentive is only aimed at state-owned listed companies, but the management incentive problem exists not only in state-owned listed companies, but also in a large number of state-owned unlisted companies. Because it is difficult to collect and sort out the relevant data of state-owned unlisted companies, the conclusion of this paper may only be applicable to state-owned listed companies, and its applicability to state-owned unlisted companies needs to be studied, which leads to the lack of application basis for the promotion of research results.

2. Limitations of data selection. Because this paper selects the data after the share-trading reform as the research sample, the time of the share-trading reform in China is very short, and the relevant laws and regulations are not perfect, so there are not many state-owned listed companies that implement equity incentives, resulting in a relatively small sample size.

3. Limitations of index selection. This paper chooses relative performance as the explanatory variable. Due to the difficulty in quantifying non-financial indicators and the particularity of performance evaluation of state-owned enterprises in China, this paper only chooses a single financial indicator when measuring relative performance, and does not build a comprehensive relative performance evaluation system. Secondly, there are many factors that affect the effectiveness of equity incentives. Due to the limitation of the author's knowledge reserve, only some control variables are selected in this study, which may not be considered in detail, which will affect the accuracy of the research results.

4. Limitations of research methods. In this paper, relative performance is chosen as a substitute variable of limited equity incentive, but the development time of relative performance evaluation theory is still short. There are many researches on the theory of relative performance evaluation abroad, but the research in China is still in its infancy. And most of them are used to study the salary of management, and almost no equity incentive is touched. Then the applicability of relative performance evaluation theory to equity incentive needs further testing.

5. Lack of verification. Due to the limitation of data collection and time, whether the performance of state-owned listed companies has changed before and after equity incentive has not been verified in descriptive analysis, which is another deficiency of this paper.

How to write the meaning and requirements of graduation thesis topic selection?

The global LTE is booming, with huge market opportunities and unlimited development potential. As of May 20 12, 64 LTE networks in 34 countries have been put into commercial use, including 6 TD-LTE networks. In China, six cities, including Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Xiamen, have built experimental networks, and Hangzhou has achieved trial commercialization in May.

TD-LTE network optimization process TD-LTE network optimization includes optimization project start-up, single station verification, RF optimization, KPI optimization and network acceptance. Single station verification refers to ensuring the normal operation of each cell, including normal access and throughput within the normal range. Radio frequency optimization is used to ensure wireless signal coverage in the network and solve business problems caused by radio frequency. Radio frequency optimization is generally cluster optimization, mainly referring to drive test data. When optimizing radio frequency partition, the network edge between regions also needs attention and optimization. KPI optimization includes the analysis of drive test data and conversation data to make up for the wireless network problems that are not considered in RF optimization. Through KPI optimization, we can solve various business-related problems such as access failure, disconnection and handover failure in the network. Comparison between TD-LTE and 2G/3G network optimization: TD-LTE network optimization has the same idea as 2G/3G optimization, and also pays attention to network coverage, capacity and quality. Through coverage adjustment, interference adjustment, parameter adjustment, fault handling and other network optimization means, the network is dynamically balanced, the network quality is improved, and the user perception is guaranteed. TD-LTE is different from 2G/3G system, which leads to different parameters involved in various processes such as reselection, access and handover in system optimization. The interference source of TD-LTE system is also very different from that of 2G/3G system, which needs to be avoided by different means. The cell capacity of TD-LTE will gradually decrease with the increase of cell coverage, and the balance between coverage and capacity should be paid attention to in optimization. The performance of LTE depends heavily on SINR, and the throughput will decrease rapidly with the deterioration of SINR. Because of the same frequency networking, in order to improve the performance of LTE, the scope of the main service area is stricter than that of 2G/3G. TD-LTE network optimization content TD-LTE optimization content mainly includes PCI optimization, interference investigation, coverage optimization, neighbor optimization and system parameter optimization.

PCI optimization PCI interference is prone to problems such as dropped calls and slow download speed. PCI optimization needs to follow the following three principles: PCI multiplexing should be separated by at least 4 cells, and the cell radius should be more than 5 times; All neighbor lists in the same cell cannot have the same PCI, and the pilot positions in adjacent cells are staggered as much as possible, that is, the remainders after modulo 3 in adjacent cells are different. Interference troubleshooting According to different interference sources, interference can be divided into two categories. One is internal interference, including GPS deviation, equipment hidden failure, antenna feed system failure and so on. The other is external interference, including stray interference, barrage jamming and intermodulation interference. Common network coverage problems in coverage optimization are all caused by over-coverage, under-coverage or unbalanced coverage, which leads to lower access success rate, higher drop rate, lower handover success rate and lower download rate. There are many reasons for the problem of wireless coverage, including the engineering quality problem of antenna feeder system, antenna selection, the rationality of coverage related parameters setting, equipment failure and other reasons. The coverage optimization measures include checking antenna installation, adjusting antenna direction angle and inclination angle, adjusting antenna sector beamforming coefficient, troubleshooting equipment, checking the relationship between adjacent cells and adjusting reference power. Neighbor optimization Neighbor optimization aims to improve coverage, reduce drop-off rate and improve handover success rate. There are two main problems in the process of neighbor cell configuration. The loss of adjacent cell configuration may directly lead to disconnection. Multi-neighbor cell configuration will not only occupy the number of neighbor cell configurations, but also affect the timeliness of measurement. It is very important to configure neighboring cells correctly and reasonably. In the optimization, it is necessary to check, adjust and optimize the neighboring cells according to the geographical location, wireless environment, KPI indicators and test conditions. System parameter optimization At present, TD-LTE mainly includes power parameters, PCI parameters, handover parameters, interference avoidance algorithm parameters and antenna technical parameters. The network optimization of TD-SCDMA lays the foundation of data optimization for the network optimization of TD-LTE, and many optimization ideas can be used for reference. ......

The process of graduation design obtains the characteristics of the work.

Papers-scientific papers should be signed with real names and real work units. It mainly shows the attribution of obligations and achievements, which is convenient for future generations to follow up and discuss. Strictly speaking, the author of a paper refers to the topic. . It's not that hard. I really can't write it. I'll write for you.

How to write a detailed analysis of topic types in the graduation project application form?

Argument is the material to support the argument and the reason and basis used by the author to prove the argument, which can be divided into factual argument and theoretical argument. 1. factual argument: the role of facts in argumentative writing is very obvious. Analyze the facts, see the truth clearly, and check whether it is consistent with the logic of the article. Representative examples, conclusive data, reliable historical facts, etc. .. I can write this. Oh, do you want it?

How to write the main content of graduation thesis design?

[Turn around]

Graduation thesis has certain requirements in content and form, which is also one of the basic basis for assessing the achievements of the thesis. The specific requirements of graduation thesis writing will be discussed in detail in the relevant chapters in the future. Here, let's talk about some principles of graduation thesis writing.

First, adhere to the principle of integrating theory with practice.

Writing graduation thesis must adhere to the principle of integrating theory with practice. Theoretical research, especially social science research, must serve reality, socialist modernization and the construction of two civilizations. Theory comes from practice and reacts to practice. Scientific theory plays a guiding role in practice and can be transformed into great material strength through people's practical activities. The task of scientific research is to reveal the regularity of the movement of things, and use this regularity to guide people's practice and promote social progress and development. Therefore, the graduation thesis must pay attention to the reality of socialist modernization and pay close attention to the new situation and new problems in social life.

To adhere to the reality of theoretical research and integrate theory with practice, we must spread our feet, go deep into reality and conduct social investigation and research. This is also the basic way for us to correctly understand society. Only when people go deep into reality, widely contact with objective things, get a lot of perceptual materials, and then use scientific logical thinking methods to get rid of the rough and extract the essence from these materials, and then, from the outside to the inside, can we find a new topic that is practical and suitable for our own research. In the practice of China's reform and opening up, new situations, new problems and new experiences emerge one after another, and problems that need to be studied are all over the society. As long as you have a strong interest in practical problems and a high degree of sensitivity, and are good at capturing vivid and typical realistic materials, through in-depth thinking and research, you can get a regular understanding that is conducive to socialist modernization and improve the value of your graduation thesis. Of course, writing a graduation thesis has a wide range of topics, not limited to real-life problems, but also can study professional basic theories and comparative studies between China and the West. However, no matter what research topic you choose, you should implement the principle of integrating theory with practice, make the past serve the present and make foreign things serve China, learn from historical research that is beneficial to the development of real society, learn from foreign research, learn from their successful experiences and failed lessons, or provide some basis for China's foreign policy.

To implement the principle and method of integrating theory with practice, we must study hard and master theoretical weapons. Comrade * * * pointed out: "Emphasizing the combination with practice does not mean denying the importance of reading. On the contrary, read carefully, read repeatedly, study hard and really understand. Otherwise, if you don't master theory, how can you talk about integrating theory with practice? " (Qiushi Magazine No.24 1989) Serious reading includes two aspects: First, learn professional courses well and have basic professional knowledge. This is the prerequisite and necessary condition for writing a graduation thesis. Experience tells us that only with the corresponding level of knowledge accumulation can we understand a certain depth of academic problems; At the same time, only with a specific knowledge structure can we study the problems of a certain subject. As Hegel said, before discussing academic issues, we must "have some knowledge", otherwise, "without the basis of discussion, they can only wander in vague and meaningless situations". (Preface to the Third Edition of Little Logic) Second, we should seriously study the basic principles of Marxism and learn to use Marxist positions, viewpoints and methods to analyze and solve problems. Marxism correctly reveals the most general laws of the development of nature, human society and thinking, and has become a powerful ideological weapon for the proletariat and revolutionary people to understand and transform the world. As a great cognitive tool, Marxism does not directly provide answers to various specific problems, but it provides us with correct positions, viewpoints and methods on how to correctly discover, analyze and solve problems. Therefore, when writing graduation thesis, college graduates should learn and master the basic theory of Marxism, and consciously use Marxist positions, viewpoints and methods to guide the writing of graduation thesis.

Second, the argument should be scientific and the viewpoint should be innovative.

(A) the argument should be scientific

The scientific nature of graduation thesis means that the basic viewpoints and contents of the article can reflect the objective law of the development of things. The basic idea of the article must come from the analysis and research of specific materials, not from subjective imagination. The function of scientific research lies in revealing laws, exploring truth and opening up ways for people to understand and transform the world. judge ......