Lu Zhenjin of Zhejiang Education College
First, the significance of writing research reports and papers
Two. Types and structure of research reports
Third, the writing requirements
Fourth, research reports and thesis writing
Verb (abbreviation of verb) article type and submission strategy
First, the significance of writing research papers
These research reports and papers are:
1, a faithful record of researchers' ideological development.
2. The symbol of the level and value of discipline research.
3, an important form of academic exchange and promotion of scientific research achievements. (across time and space)
4. Once again, it is an important practical activity to deepen original research results, improve one's research level and develop one's research ability.
Two. Types and structure of research reports
(1) type
1, empirical research report
2. Literature research report
3. Theoretical research report
(2) Structure
Title, signature, abstract and keywords, preface, text, conclusion, notes, references and appendices.
1, empirical research report: such as education investigation report, experiment report, experience summary report, etc. Mainly use facts to explain the problem, the materials strive to be specific and typical, informative and reliable, and the format is standardized. This kind of report requires the introduction and analysis of relevant information, data and typical cases, summing up experience, finding out laws, pointing out problems and making suggestions. This kind of research report pays attention to both theory and practice, and is often related to contact research methods.
2. Literature research report: mainly using literature as research materials, non-contact research methods as the main content, textual research, analysis, comparison and synthesis of literature as the main content, focusing on the information, progress and trend of a certain aspect of education, and commenting and summarizing articles as the main forms of expression. Generally used in educational history and literature review research.
3. Theoretical research report: narrow sense paper. The main content is to explain the theoretical understanding of a certain thing and a certain problem, focusing on the nature and regularity of the research object. Unique views, novel opinions, profound philosophy, strict logic and personalized language style are its inherent characteristics. There is no empirical research process in theoretical research reports, so there are higher requirements for researchers' logical analysis ability and thinking level, as well as higher professional theoretical literacy.
There are three basic elements in the paper: first, the topic, that is, the proposition and viewpoint whose authenticity will be verified (demonstrated). The main source of the paper is the hypothesis put forward by the research topic and the result of the hypothesis verification by the research. Finally, the paper is to demonstrate the authenticity of the topic and put forward a clear argument. The second is the argument, that is, the basis to prove the authenticity of the topic. The source of the argument should be reliable and effective factual materials obtained in the research process, including qualitative and quantitative materials. The third is argumentation, that is, the discussion process of proving the topic with arguments. Argumentative writing is a comprehensive reflection of the article's structural level, the logic and rigor of material organization, the correctness, scientificity and profundity of the article's thought, and the accuracy, effectiveness and skill of language expression.
The paper is different from the empirical research report. It generally extracts the most important, wonderful and creative contents and achievements in scientific research and expresses them in concise and clear language. The paper does not include too many specific research methods and processes, but emphasizes the innovation and academic value of the content. The results of any research topic can be expressed in papers.
Third, the writing content and requirements
(1) title
1, title content
Type, direction and function
2. Writing requirements
The title should be accurate
The title should be novel
Problems can be varied.
The title should be concise.
(2) Department name
1, signature method
Collective signature
idiograph
2, the rules of signature
Contribution: put forward research ideas, undertake research work and solve key problems.
convention
(c) executive summary and keywords
(4) Preface
(C) keywords in the executive summary
1, abstract: central content, structure, main arguments and comments; The requirements are focused, concise and clear, generally without the first person, 200-300 words is appropriate. Academic papers should not exceed 1000 words, and relevant publications should have Chinese and English abstracts.
2. Keywords: must be standardized scientific terminology. Generally, each article has 3 to 5 keywords (keywords). Belongs to the pillar concept.
(4) Preface
1, content: the origin of the problem; Literature review: definition of theme (explanation of conceptual terms) and statement of problems; Theoretical and practical significance of the research.
2. Writing requirements: the topic should be clearly and accurately stated and the center should be prominent; Evaluate other people's research results objectively, fairly, scientifically and accurately; Briefly introduce the motivation and significance of the research.
(5) Text
1. Content: It is necessary to comprehensively expound and demonstrate the contents and methods of the research, comprehensively and systematically sort out and analyze the data obtained in the research process, and put forward arguments, analyze arguments and demonstrate them through charts, statistical results and documents, or through vertical development process or horizontal category analysis.
The research report is divided into: 1, research object and method 2, research content and hypothesis 3, research steps and process 4, analysis and discussion of research results: the key part of the research report. A. qualitative and quantitative analysis of the results, B. discussion of the research results.
Results Analyze and discuss the reasons for the lack of materials.
The research design lacks a systematic view and the thinking of discussing problems is narrow.
If the operation process is not in place and the operation measures are not implemented, there will be no profound feelings and experiences.
Lack of literature retrieval, lack of understanding of other people's research, lack of objectivity and support for their own results discussion.
It is difficult to determine the project indicators that reflect the results.
It is difficult to choose the methods and means of measurement.
The requirements for data processing and analysis are also increasing.
The analysis and discussion of results need the theoretical literacy and insight of researchers.
There is no further research direction.
2. Writing requirements
2. Writing requirements:
General requirements: scientific and creative; Fairness and accuracy; Academics and popularization.
The specific requirements are: 1, and the materials should be fully mastered. 2. Analysis and arrangement should be scientific. 3. Use charts appropriately. 4. The viewpoint materials should be unified. 5. Language use should be standardized. Correctly distinguish between academic concepts and life concepts, spoken language and written language. 6. Be careful when quoting arguments. Meet and confirm; Some good ideas in other people's views should be refined and synthesized; One-sided truth, pioneering thinking and careful judgment; Contrary to the authoritative point of view, find out what is wrong. (cite the past but not the present, cite foreign countries and China, cite publications and collections) 7. Internal logic should be strict. 8. The serial number of book titles should be standardized. 9. The discussion section should be concise.
(6) Conclusion, (7) Notes and references, and (8) Appendix.
(6) Conclusion
1, content: summary and summary of the whole report. Summary of results (conclusion must point out which problems have been solved and which problems have not been solved? ); Future research prospects; Suggestions on education and teaching practice.
2. Requirements: summarize the full text, deepen the theme, reveal the law and point out the direction.
(7) Notes and references
1, content: books, publications, newspapers, internet.
2. Requirements: indicate the source completely.
(8) Appendix: questionnaires, scales, research materials, statistical data, plans, schemes, etc.
Fourth, research reports and thesis writing
Factors affecting the quality of research reports and papers
1, the research work itself
2. The philosophical level and research quality of researchers.
3. Language expression ability and writing level
(2) Writing steps
1, determine the type and theme of the result-positioning.
2. Give an idea and draw up a writing outline.
Multi-disciplinary and multi-angle comprehensive analysis of the research content, forming as complete a content framework system as possible. (release)
Select three characteristics (specialty, characteristics and characteristics) for creative conception, highlight key points and difficulties, and systematically sort out the central arguments. (receiving)
Take care of the symmetry of the structural proportion of the article and make appropriate content adjustments.
Draw up writing outline: sentence outline, title outline, paragraph outline, chart outline.
3, the first draft writing
1) have something to say
2) Nothing to say
forget
return
jump
3) Have something to say
4. Modify the final version
1) Pay attention to three questions:
Global issues
Locality problem
Details
2) Modification method:
Storage-cooling-correction method
Writing and correcting-the method of harmony and balance
Peer communication-tutor's comments-self-revision method.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) article type and submission strategy
(a) type of article
copy
polymerize
close
flow
(2) Submission strategy:
1. Understand the characteristics of the magazine: editing direction, genre style, column and author group.
2, because of the marriage essay, from the end; Strengthen many times and end the good fruit.
3. Concentrate, dig deep and become a small expert.
Sixth, the problems of teachers in the process of research and writing.
I) theme selection:
Too big, space, too broad, lack of effectiveness.
The phenomenon of chasing the wind is obvious
Propositional composition and situational composition are obvious, and most of them are perfunctory behaviors.
2) Writing
The orientation of genre selection of article types is inaccurate;
It is difficult to solve the problem and grasp the intersection of the starting point and the combining point.
The center is not clear and the focus is not prominent.
The concept is unclear, the division is not unified, and it is endless; The basic concepts and terms are not well understood, and there are many empty words and expressions, which are obviously misused;
Lack of systematic view and holistic view, the way of thinking is satisfied with simple listing and enumeration, there is jump thinking and wandering thinking, stepping on watermelon skin and sliding there;
The structure is chaotic and the thinking is unclear; Lack of theoretical deduction makes it difficult to build a theoretical system;
Limited to personal experiences and feelings, follow your feelings; There is no intentional confirmation of theory and practice, theory and practice are out of touch, arguments are out of touch with cases, and necessary case analysis is lacking;
Lack of awareness of data collection and comprehensive analysis; The collection is not comprehensive and sufficient, and the viewpoint materials are not unified;
Difficult to select materials; The data processing is unscientific, and the analysis level is relatively simple and primitive;
The attitude of academic research is not rigorous, the conclusion is inferred casually, and there is not enough necessary empirical research data to support it, and conclusions are often drawn based on sensory experience;
There are obvious traces of patchwork of language, blind pursuit of neatness of antithesis, and obvious literary tendency; Language expression is not smooth; The topic is long and not concise enough.
cause
Insufficient motivation for theoretical study, no real effort; There are knowledge defects, ignoring conditional and methodological knowledge learning.
The theoretical background is not solid and the comprehensive analysis ability is lacking; There is a lack of reasonable construction among means, measures, conditions and goals, and there is a lack of inevitable connection between what should be and what is, ideas, experiences and behaviors;
Insufficient understanding of the current research situation; It is difficult to grasp the key points, difficulties and keys of the research; It is difficult to grasp the source problem and make a fuss; It is prone to the phenomenon of center of gravity deviation and inaccurate positioning;
Insufficient reflection on one's own teaching experience, and inaccurate coincidence between theory and experience; Experience cannot be sublimated into theory;
The research design is unscientific, the process is not implemented, the operation is arbitrary, and there is no specific grasp and practical measures.
How to write a research report on educational science
(A) the types of educational research reports
Educational scientific research report is an important embodiment of educational scientific research achievements, and it is also the main form to reveal educational laws.
Educational scientific research reports can be divided into four categories according to their contents and writing forms: descriptive research reports, empirical or experimental research reports and documentary research reports.
Discussion research report: this is a research report aimed at clarifying the nature and regularity of the research object.
Descriptive research report: this is a research report, which aims to explain what the research object is and what happened.
Empirical and experimental research report: this is a research report aimed at explaining the relationship between phenomena or things, the mutual cause and effect, and the causes and ways of phenomena.
Literature research report: this is a research report based on oral, written, audio-visual and other materials, which aims to analyze and identify the information, level, process, controversy and trend of a certain research.
(B) the basic composition of education and scientific research reports
L, full text abstract: Abstract is an overview of the research work; Must be able to accurately reflect the content and purpose of the report, the text is clear and easy to read, try to be faithful to the report and avoid comments. The number of words is between 250 and 300, with a maximum of 600.
2. The purpose and significance of the research.
3. The simple process of research work.
4. Research object, scope and methods.
5. Briefly introduce the work done by predecessors at home and abroad on this issue.
6. Analysis of research results. This part is the core of the report. Its writing work should be clearly described according to the hypothesis or purpose of the research, that is, the description of the research results. This part can not only be described in words, but also displayed with the help of charts, from which important research results can be reflected more clearly and intuitively.
7. Discussion: The discussion is about whether the analysis of the research is appropriate. An amendment should be proposed.
8. Conclusion: It must be based on a large number of materials and analysis results to show the reliability of the conclusion.
9. Suggestion: In addition to the same requirements as educational research papers, we should also pay attention to two points. First, according to the conclusion of the research and the present situation of the research problems, some reform suggestions are put forward for the leading departments to choose. The content of the proposal cannot be irrelevant to the conclusion of the report, otherwise it will lose its meaning and value. The expression of suggestions should leave room, not be too arbitrary, and not be influenced by personal emotions. Second, suggestions for further research should point out the necessity and possibility of further research, the areas that need to be improved in future research, and related issues that need further research, so as to provide reference for future generations' research.
(3) Several basic principles of writing educational scientific research reports.
In order to see the individuality, this paper mainly introduces the writing of empirical research reports, and it is not difficult to understand the individuality of such reports.
How to write a good empirical research report? Let's talk about a few basic principles first
1. Who wants to study the data and examples listed in the report according to the facts? All data and examples should be true facts, and there should be no falsehood, fabrication or fabrication. The causal analysis of educational phenomena and the exploration of educational principles and laws in the report should also be based on facts. Every sentence in the scientific research report is decisive. It must be based on sufficient, credible and convincing facts. Of course, scientific research reports must also distinguish a large number of factual materials needed to study problems from the most convincing factual materials that should be cited when writing reports. Some factual materials, if not closely related to the research topic, should bear the pain and give up what one favours; Some factual materials should be made into intuitive forms such as tables and legends as far as possible.
2. The content of the discussion is logical. The contents of the empirical research report are generally consistent with the logical development order of the research work. In order to ensure the logic of the research report, we should first consider the development order of the whole research work, and then consider the expression of the report. The logic of the research report is a portrayal of the logic of the whole research idea. Without a good research foundation, you can never write a good research report. Scientific research reports must absolutely and truly reflect the objective situation, and all descriptions, explanations, inferences and quotations must be appropriate. Use words and expressions as accurately as possible. Concepts should be expressed in scientific terms as far as possible, and common sense terms should be avoided to avoid confusion or ambiguity for readers. Of course, the text of the research report must also be simple and clear, fluent, not only clear, but also accurately and scientifically express the research results.
3. References should indicate the source. You can quote and adopt other people's scientific research achievements in educational scientific research reports, but you must respect other people's labor. On the one hand, we should evaluate and quote realistically; On the other hand, don't turn other people's achievements into your own. Therefore, in the research report, whenever there are quotations from other people's data, research results or opinions, they must be annotated or explained to show the readers the boundaries of the results.
References:
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