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Previous life of photography
Speaking of the origin of photography, the quintessence of Chinese culture may be tempted to quote the pinhole imaging mentioned in China Mo Jing in the Spring and Autumn Period over 400 BC, as if this hole can prove that the Chinese nation is the inventor of the camera (principle). To tell the truth, it can't be completely psychosexuality. Whether it is/kloc-the bulky box machine more than 0/00 years ago, various film cameras in previous decades, or today's digital cameras, the imaging principle is exactly the same as that described by our ancestors: take a sealed box, drill a small round hole on both sides, and then point the punched side out of the window. Scenery outside the window, such as a tree, will produce a reflection of the tree on the box wall opposite the round hole.
Theoretically, any sealed box with a small hole is an original camera. But this original camera can only count as half at most. When the sun goes down and everything returns to darkness, we still have nothing. This is a camera without film. It can't be recorded.
1826 One day, the Frenchman Nipps (1765 ~ 1833) finally discovered the first film-asphalt. He painted a tin alloy plate with white asphalt that can be hardened after exposure, put it in a black box and exposed it to the window for 8 hours, and got the first photo in human history. The photo is about a part of a rural house under the sky. Because of the long exposure time and blurred image, his invention could not be popularized.
It seems that asphalt is not a good photosensitive material. It takes 8 hours to take a blurred photo. By 1839, Daguerre, a Frenchman, invented a kind of silver lithography, which used silver iodide instead of white asphalt, exposed the steel plate coated with silver iodide in a black box, developed it with mercury vapor, and then fixed it with hypo solution, and finally got a very clear metal photo. The photographic exposure of the silver plate takes about 10 to 30 minutes.
There is no negative film in Daguerre Silver Photography, and one photo is taken at a time, which is similar to the Polaroid photo of 10 yuan that can be seen everywhere in tourist attractions, and cannot be copied. Cannot be copied. What's the price difference? Therefore, the "Colotype" photography invented by William Henry Fox Talbot (UK,1800–1877) is of greater significance. Although the initial definition of Carlo method is not as good as that of silver plate method, it has negative film and can be copied indefinitely. So, to be exact, Talbot, an Englishman, was the real inventor of photography. 1844, Talbot published the first album "Nature's Pencil" in London, with a print run of 150.
In particular, the exposure time of Carlo method is only 3 to 5 minutes, which is obviously better than that of Daguerre's silver plate method. The reason why exposure time is emphasized is that sensitivity is one of the most important indexes of negative film. If the exposure time is more than ten minutes, this kind of photography is not very practical, and it can only be used to shoot natural scenery, and it is impossible (or difficult) to take portraits-portraits mean that it is difficult for a living person to maintain a posture for ten minutes in front of the camera, let alone capture street scenes and sports photography.
In the following decades, photographic negatives have made continuous progress in raw materials and sensitivity. 185 1 year, a Londoner named Frederick Scott Archer (18 13-1857) invented collodion photography (mixed with silver iodide), also known as wet plate photography. Wet plate method further reduces the cost of negative film and reduces the exposure time to less than one minute.
After 187 1 year, the wet plate was replaced by the dry plate method, and the exposure time was further shortened to 1/25 seconds (under outdoor illumination). Great progress. 1/25 seconds means you can hold the camera. Before that, all the shooting must use a tripod.
But the movie board is still troublesome. Can you roll it up? 1888, Heismann officially began to sell packaging Kodak film mainly made of celluloid film. At that time, the sensitivity of this film was ISO 12. Soon, the film with sensitivity above ISO 100 was also developed, so the problem of photographic film was completely solved. In the next hundred years, the film did not change much. Maybe color film was a great development later, but I think color is the last thing to consider in photography.
The development of science and technology not only solves the problems of film material and sensitivity, but also solves the problems of the camera itself. When wet printing was used in early tourism photography, a photographer had to hire several people to carry boxes and negatives, which was called a weight! All the war photographers in the American Civil War used big trucks to transport their equipment. This kind of truck is called a camera truck. Because the negatives are all large plates coated with photosensitive materials, the size is above 8X 10 inch. At that time, the camera was as big as a small box-you can't make a camera smaller than the negative, can you?
Whether traveling photography or reporting photography, more portable cameras are urgently needed. After Kodak film was put on the market at 1888, the sizes of cameras and negatives became smaller and smaller. Around 1890, a film with the size of 6X6 cm appeared, which is the 120 film commonly used today. It is said that Edison was cut from the middle of the latest 70mm film of Kodak Company in Huysmans at that time, and small holes were punched on both sides for easy rolling, which became the 35mm film commonly used today. Its actual size is 24X36 each.
19 14 years, Barnach, an engineer working in Lai Ci Microscope Factory, made the world's first 135 camera with 35mm film, which is the famous Leica prototype Ur- Leica. From then on, those heavy wooden boxes began to be abandoned, and the product of precision machinery and optics-135 camera began to dominate the world. At first, it was a side view 135 camera represented by Lycra. By 1948, Zeiss Company in East Germany had produced a 135 camera, which could * * * shoot with one lens. This is the single-lens reflex camera we are using now, referred to as SLR.
120 and 135 cameras began large-scale industrial production, and films and cameras were sold at cabbage prices, which everyone could afford. Film is also very fast. ?Even the rubber roll of1O800 has come out, and the camera is small enough to fit into the pocket. You can shoot anywhere. How cool! Just when the whole world thought that 135 camera and Kodak film were perfect and would go down in history, in 1969, an invention really made the traditional 135 film immortal. This year, two scientists at Bell Laboratories, Dr. Boyle and Dr. Smith, discovered that a semiconductor is very sensitive to light. When it is illuminated, it will produce an electronic signal. This photosensitive semiconductor is named CCD, charge coupled device, which is called charge coupler in Chinese. It may sound strange. CCD is actually an electronic photoreceptor. Let's call it electronic film There are many kinds of photosensitive semiconductors (electronic photoreceptors), CCD is one of them, and other common ones are CMOS, X3 of Foveon and so on. After this book, CCD refers to the heart of all digital cameras-electronic photosensitive chip.
It's not difficult for me to write down the words "I can take pictures without film" today, but if I scribble before 1969, I guess I will be sent to an insane asylum soon. The invention of electronic photoreceptor CCD means that you can take pictures without film. Since then, the digital era of recording light has begun. Traditional movies have undergone revolutionary changes. Up to now, almost everyone has one or two CCDs in their hands. Please take the phone apart if you don't believe me.
1975, Steven Sasson of Kodak Company developed the first digital camera. The CCD of this camera is only 10000 pixels (think of10000 pixels flying all over the sky today), the power supply is 16 battery, the memory card is an ordinary recording tape, and the camera weighs about 4 kilograms. 1975 It was certainly possible to produce a10 megapixel digital camera at that time, but I estimate that CCD may be equivalent to your living room area.
Since 1975, both computer CPU and digital camera CCD have benefited from semiconductor processing and large-scale integrated circuit technology. By 1986, Kodak had developed a CCD with/kloc-0.0 million pixels, which opened the first light for digital film control.
Today's Digital Camera (AD 2008)
Everyone knows the next story. This incredible CCD has slowly changed the life of the film since then. 1998 is the first year of domestic digital cameras with millions of pixels. Since then, the CCD of digital cameras has increased by one million pixels every year, and the price has decreased by 10% every year (the same type of cameras).
By 2008, few people had traveled by film. Everyone has a small number, at least 6 million pixels, and the price is almost the price of cabbage (many small numbers with 7 million pixels are below 65,438 yuan+0,000 yuan). High-end small digital is already12 million pixels, and the price is 2000 yuan. Digital SLR DSLR has also been sold to the stall price, and the100000 pixel set (body plus standard zoom lens) is less than 5000 yuan. The top digital back reaches 39 million pixels (Phase 1 P45+). I haven't played with this guy, but it is said that a 39-megapixel digital camera is better than a 4X5-inch negative roller scan, but it is also more expensive than a Toyota Corolla. Anyway, since 2008, movies can basically enter museums.
From 1998 to 2007, there were dozens of brands and thousands of models of digital cameras. Personally, I think the following four products are epoch-making products:
Nikon Coolpix 950 is a 2-megapixel household DC, which sold for 890 1999 USD in February. This machine means that ordinary families can also afford high-quality travel digital cameras. Two million pixels is an important benchmark, because two million pixels can print a 5X7-inch photo, which is the size of most family photos.
Nikon D 1.26 million pixel professional digital SLR, priced at $5,000, 1.999 June. As soon as the machine came out, digital SLR began to quickly occupy the media and publishing industries. D 1 also means that the era of robbing money for Kodak DCS series professional digital SLR is over. Before D 1, Kodak's DCS series was never less than $0/0000 per set. After D 1, Kodak did not turn over in the digital camera market until 2007. This is called punching the master to death.
Canon 30D, 3 megapixel digital SLR, priced at $2,800, May 2000. 30D means that photographers can also afford digital SLR. Before that, the determination to buy a digital SLR was similar to buying a car.
Canon 300D, 6 megapixel digital SLR, priced at $900, August 2003. One thousand yuan is a watershed in the popularization of electronic products. The release of the 300D with a price of 900 dollars means that digital SLR has entered thousands of households since then, and traditional film SLR can basically enter museums.
Will the pixels of digital camera CCD grow indefinitely? For example, in a few years, get a 200 million pixel or something? Personally, I think not. Because mainstream digital cameras have completely reached the resolution of traditional 135 film, they can meet all the needs of ordinary people, and the lack of strong demand promotes their continuous increase.
Over the years, many people have been arguing about how many pixels 135 film is equivalent to. Finally, there is no conclusion, and the problem is not solved and it hurts feelings. Photography is to get photos, and film making is the last word. Generally speaking, the limit of fine drawing of 135 film is 20 inches, and the limit of fine drawing of 8 megapixel digital camera is also around 20 inches. So 135 film is roughly equivalent to 8 million pixels.
Explain this beautiful painting. The so-called fine, that is, after the photo is printed, it can stand a close look in your hand (close-up). How big can a minus sign hold? It depends on how far you stand. If you like, I can show you a picture as big as a wall with 135 film. That's what cinemas do. This kind of giant picture can only be seen from a distance, but not played near, because the particles are too thick. I am talking nonsense. No one will watch movies around the screen.
Since1000000 pixels can be fully qualified for 20-inch fine drawing, it is meaningless for CCD to continue to add pixels. Except for the wedding dress, who enlarged the pictures at home to more than 20 inches? You don't need to take your own wedding dress. Even if you have to shoot your own wedding dress, it will only be once or twice in your life. You can rent a high-end camera, and there is no need to spend money.
In 2008, there were many small digital products with12 million pixels on the market. I feel dizzy. This market is being misled. Many people think that the more pixels, the better the photo. This is a complete misunderstanding. When the CCD area is fixed, adding more pixels will lead to the decline of image quality.
In order to cater to the misunderstanding of the public, the majority of digital camera marketers constantly urge the R&D department to manufacture CCD with higher pixels, which is really the sorrow of turning mistakes into mistakes. I think that digital cameras should not simply add up millions of pixels above 6.5438+millions of pixels, but should work hard to improve the quality of CCD. It is urgent to reduce the noise level of high sensitivity (high ISO) and increase the exposure latitude.
Nothing can change the nature of photography.
What is photography? 100 people have 108 answers. I think the essential function of words, photography and movies is the same, that is, recording. Notes, photographic notes, movies record dynamic scenes.
Photographic pictures, like words and movies, have the function of artistic creation in addition to the basic recording function. Words can be used to write poems and novels; Photos can also be used to express personal feelings and artistic creativity. Not to mention movies, which are basically fictional things.
From the invention of 1826 to 180 in 2007, photography has undergone earth-shaking changes, but it has been changing all the time to make it easier to record. For the convenience of taking photos, we changed the wet version to the dry version, and the dry version was changed to film. In recent years, electronic film CCD has replaced traditional film, and digital cameras have become popular. With the development of science and technology, biosensors may replace the existing digital camera CCD (CMOS) in the future. But no matter how the recording medium changes, the essence of photography will not change.
The biggest advantage of digital cameras now is that they can get pictures instantly. Humans are becoming more and more impatient. We haven't been in love for a year or so before. At least we have to find a matchmaker or something. Now we need to get everything at once and solve the problem overnight. Taking pictures with a digital camera means getting them right away, just taking pictures and not looking. Judging from the post-production of pictures, digital photography means that the traditional chemical darkroom is no longer needed, and pictures can be made by connecting a printer with a little adjustment.
/kloc-the development of photography technology in the past 0/80 years has made the whole process of photography simpler and simpler, greatly lowered the threshold of this art (craft), and made photography further enter thousands of households in the form that people like, which is also the most worthy of recognition and praise for digital cameras now.
Although the photography process is easy, it is not so easy to take good photos. Technically, you still need good ideas and hard practice. As the saying goes, third-rate photographers are better than cameras, second-rate photographers are better than technology, and first-class photographers are better than creativity. There is no shortcut to improve one's ideological quality. Read thousands of books, take Wan Li Road, the road is long, and I will go up and down.